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We narrowed to 267 results for: gnal

Showing: 21 - 40 of 267 results

  1. Antibodies 101: Reading a Flow Plot

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...variations in fluorescent signals, and how the machine reads/interprets the signals, the axis is instead divided...the cut-off value for a positive signal (Figure 8). Note that the signal is actually on the X axis; what...passes through the machine’s lasers and gives off a signal read by the machine’s sensors. (Usually this something...(right.) Each event is plotted by the amount of signal read from Marker A and Marker B. Created with biorender.com... divided into positive and negative signal at a point on the axis determined by the researcher, based ...frequency of events on the Y axis and strength of signal read on the X axis may be presented. A horizontal...peak is sufficiently narrow to count as a “true” signal.  Figure 8: A series of histograms from ...

  2. Antibodies 101: The Four ELISAs and When to Use Them

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...common enzyme-based reporter methods. For enzymatic signal detection, users provide a substrate that the enzyme...into a detectable product. Scientists compare the signal intensity of the sample to that of a standard curve...direct, indirect and sandwich ELISA the reporter signal is directly proportional to the level of antigen...sample whereas in a competitive ELISA the reporter signal is inversely proportional to the level of antigen...reacts with a provided substrate and produces a signal that is directly proportional to the level of antigen...background staining. Direct ELISAs also lack the signal amplification afforded by secondary antibodies ...single primary antibody and thereby amplify the signal. Since the primary antibody does not need to be...

  3. Technologies Enabled by NanoLuc® Luciferase

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...powerful the FRET signal. In well-designed FRET-based biosensors, the intensity of the FRET signal can be correlated...depolarization increases the BRET signal whereas hyperpolarization decreases the signal. The authors additionally...GpNLuc and OgNLuc BRET reporters produced bright signals without exogenous excitation and with OgNLuc being... later demonstrated a more than 2-fold brighter signal from Antares as compared to Fluc in this model....overcome these problems but has been hampered by dim signals from the coupled luciferase. This strategy was ...fusions coelenterazine intiates the fluorescent signal and these FP-RLuc8 fusions were dubbed Nano-Lanterns...proteins together thereby increasing their FRET signal. FRET is a non-radiative transfer of energy from...

  4. RANbodies: Reporter Nanobody Fusions

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...they are detected with tyramide signal amplification. Tyramide signal amplification occurs when HRP converts... a ≥100-fold increase in signal over intrinsic fluorescence. Increased signal is likely due to lower background...cells and are secreted from cells due to their IgGκ signal peptide sequence, making them easy to harvest from...RANbody staining results in a ≥10-fold increase in signal over staining with a primary/ labeled secondary...is indistinguishable since they produce the same signal, so only one HRP-conjugated RANbody can be used...Method Uses Pros Cons Antigens HRP (P) Tyramide signal amplification of HRP Staining cultured cells and... and tissue sections Amplifying weak signals of fluorescent protein (i.e. GFP, RFP) Detecting GFP reconstitution...

  5. Viral Vectors 101: Voltage Indicators

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...and fluorescent signaler. The pro of this system is the kinetic response time from signal input to readable... tools. Why Use Voltage Indicators? Electrical signals are integral to many facets of biology. For example...membrane of cardiac cells. Similarly, neuronal signaling is carried out by action potentials which are ...multiple cells to do things like translate perceived signals to physical actions. Understanding neuronal pathways... cells depends on the ability to monitor their signals – electricity! The research tools for studying ...which can make the kinetics of voltage sensing to signal output slightly slower than other approaches. Functionally... membrane, where it will then localize and emit signal from. This specific example is attractive due to...

  6. Using Ultrasound to Image Bacteria in vivo: Acoustic Reporter Genes

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... detects the signal of the reporter and fail to pinpoint what tissue or organ this signal is coming from... existing bacterial reporters Limited Depth of Signal/Imaging: Fluorescent reporters are not as well ...confounding factors when attempting to interpret signals from these reporters. Lack anatomical context/spatial...also scatter sound waves and therefore produce signals in ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound is an attractive...for differentiation of arg1 and arg2 ultrasound signals. This also means that multiplexing is possible ... arg1 gas vesicles and restore their ultrasound signal. Using acoustic reporter genes for in vivo imaging...localize to somewhere in the mouse abdomen. arg1 signal, however, can be overlaid onto anatomical ultrasound...

  7. SunTag and Fluorescent Imaging

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...SunTag signal allowed them to cut their laser power by over 80% and still obtain a higher signal-to-noise...transcriptional activation. Multiple nuclear localization signals (NLS) increase protein import into the nucleus....lesson and created a system to amplify fluorescent signals. Named for the "stellar explosion SUperNova," SunTag...have to increase your imaging time to get enough signal. This workaround risks cellular phototoxicity and...system amplifies the intensity of the fluorescent signal and enables single molecule tracking  within living...traditional fluorescent proteins Improved brightness and signal-to-noise ratio Less chance of phototoxicity Reduced...Marvin E., et al. “A protein-tagging system for signal amplification in gene expression and fluorescence...

  8. Luminescent Imaging with Nano-lanterns

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...transfers energy to the FP, resulting in a fluorescent signal. Since their first publication in 2012, the Nagai...transiently expressed in cells, generates much less signal than comparable fluorescent proteins. This weak...brightness over previous BRET probes, with sufficient signal for in vivo and in vitro imaging. Saito et al. ...previously described applications, the enhanced signal of eNL allows their use for the first time in single...with an eNL-based calcium sensor displaying a 500% signal change upon calcium binding. Suzuki et al. also... using CRISPR/Cas9. eNLs offer high luminescent signal for imaging of low-copy number proteins, whereas...fluorescent imaging due to autofluorescence and a high signal-to-noise ratio. Despite the many benefits of Nano-lantern...

  9. mTOR Pathway

    Type
    Collection
    ...pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic signals. mTORC2, which appears to signal upstream of Akt, also promotes...Addgene's plasmids for the mTOR pathway. enhanced signaling of mTOR, a key metabolic regulator, correlates...better-characterized mTORC1 responds to various signals, including amino acids, stress, oxygen, energy ...levels, and growth factors. mTORC1 integrates these signals to determine the nutritional state of the cell ...cytoskeletal organization. Cancer Impact Enhanced signaling through either mTORC1 or mTORC2 correlates with...from David Sabatini & Kris Wood) References mTOR signaling in growth control and disease. Laplante M, Sabatini...

  10. Fluorescent Proteins 101: Visualizing Subcellular Structures & Organelles

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...detection of one fluorescent signal in a channel setup for a different fluorescent signal) and photobleaching ...fusion protein localizes properly by comparing the signal from the fusion itself to the wild-type protein...you might use your fluoresent protein fused to a signal sequence that traffics the fluorescent protein ...the relative colocalization of their fluorescent signals and the potential overlap, it is possible to determine...software are highly sensitive to detecting light signals not visible to the human eye and are indifferent...upon the detection of 2 independent fluorescent signals and their potential overlap, it is essential to...influence each other and thus potentially falsify the signal. As a baseline rule, the emission spectra of the...

  11. Antibodies 101: Designing Your First Flow Panel

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...-Cy7 would show a much brighter signal, while APC would show no signal at all, as it cannot be excited...fluorophores. A fluorophore's brightness refers to the signal strength of the emitted photons detected by the...cytometer. Brighter fluorophores have a stronger signal. Table 1: Degrees of brightness for a few commonly...fluorophore. The brighter a fluorophore, the better the signal-to-noise ratio, and the better the detection of...which creates a relatively stronger — or brighter — signal.   Figure 2: Excitation and emission spectra...Strong brightness makes it easier to distinguish a signal from noise; therefore, it is recommended to use... in our panel) will allow us to detect the eGFP signal. We will now exclude FITC from the rest of our ...

  12. Antibodies 101: Introduction to Gating in Flow Cytometry

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...illumination (see Figure 2). H describes the maximum signal strength, while W results from the time that the...events) based on their expected size. The strong signals close to the graph’s origin mainly stem from cell...to increase the electric current and thereby the signal strength. So, we need to adjust the voltage in ... the cytometer’s software in order to generate signals in a reasonable range. If colleagues in your group...duplicates can’t be reliably analyzed on their staining signals. For this, you’ll need to gate based on the proportion...the separation pattern of positive vs. negative signal remains the same (Figure 5).   A.                                                                                                        ...describing the intensity and duration of the detected signal. Using a practical example of lymphocytes from ...

  13. A Control for All Seasons

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...secondary antibody as usual and the signal measured. If a nonspecific signal is detected, the level of noise...undergo. If the antibody is specific, then the target signal will be present in the wild-type samples and absent...then stained with the preadsorbed antibody. If a signal is detectable, it is likely due to binding interactions...isotype-specific secondary antibodies.  Baseline secondary signaling levels In addition to the above-mentioned safeguards... order to correctly interpret your results, the signal from your target needs to be significantly higher..., secondary antibodies, and labels omitted. Any signal remaining is autofluorescence and should be considered...isotype primary antibody but you still observe a signal from your anti-Mouse IgG2a secondary antibody, ...

  14. Antibodies 101: Multiplex Immunofluorescence

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...completely washed away and leave no signal. If you see lots of extra signal in these samples where you don’...simultaneously because you won’t know which label the signal is coming from. But by labeling sequentially with...labeling with the other, you can still record the signal separately for each target.   Figure 2:...targets you like. Plus, indirect IF amplifies the signal since multiple secondary antibodies will bind to...) Goat anti-Rabbit IgG   If you need more signal, another strategy is to use a biotinylated secondary... but can be especially helpful to generate more signal from low abundance targets. Analysis/Presentation...need to quantify the intensity of the different signals in a certain region or calculate a colocalization...

  15. Cancer Research Plasmids and Resources

    Type
    Collection
    ...of plasmids for cancer research, organized by signaling pathway. ... large variety of resources for use in cancer signaling studies, including mutant, knockdown, and overexpression...below organizes the plasmids and resources by signaling pathway, focusing on the main pathways involved.... These pathways are important to normal cell signaling and physiology, and, when dysregulated, can enable... mTOR mTOR is a protein kinase that anchors a signaling network for transitioning between anabolic and... Labs containing cDNAs for studying oncogenic signaling pathways. ClonTracer Library : Barcoding library...

  16. Antibodies 101: Buffers, Storage, and Conjugates

    Type
    Blog Post
    ..., as you risk getting so much signal that you’ll flood out other signals. But PE can be very helpful if...Fluorophores signal are actually quite broad, resulting in spectral overlap, or the signal "spilling over... final topic of this post, the conjugates, or signaling molecules! Please keep in mind that this is just...introduction to the wide, wild, and fascinating field of signaling molecules. Assay Type Westerns and ELISAs mostly...involve multiple antibodies, each with a different signaling molecule, that all need to be detected in the ...

  17. OCaMP: A New Calcium Indicator for Neural Imaging

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...(the measure of signal change during calcium events), Greater brightness, Less signal distortion from ...and muscle function, hormone release, and cell signaling throughout the body. Because calcium levels change... to monitor or control different cell types or signals in the brain. For this to work, each indicator ...example, you might want to use OCaMP to monitor Ca2+ signals, while using  iGluSnFR4 to monitor glutamate in...imaging without compromising on brightness, ∆F/F0, or signal-to-noise ratio (Figure 3). Figure 3: One...from photoswitching or photobleaching Improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Figure 4: Calcium titration...

  18. Immunology Research Plasmids and Resources

    Type
    Collection
    ... genes involved in innate and adaptive immune signaling and cell-cell communication....II molecules found on the surface of APC. BCR Signaling B cells mediate humoral immunity through the secretion... receptor (BCR). The strength and duration of signaling controls the fate of B cells and can lead to the...trigger. Interferons The interferon family of signaling proteins consists of Type I, Type II, and Type... 60 interleukins have been described. NK Cell Signaling Natural killer (NK) cells can kill cells that ...infected cell membrane, triggering cell death. TCR Signaling The T cell receptor (TCR) engages with antigen...immune system, Tumour Growth Factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling and its downstream effector molecules, the Smad...

  19. Antibodies 101: Validation

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...will see a strong antibody signal in the retinal sample, but little to no signal in the liver sample, which...reduced or eliminated antibody signal. If you see a similar antibody signal between your control and your...line and see a great antibody signal in the non-mutant line but no signal in the mutant line! Recombinant...invariable expression and non-specific, background signal, so you’ll need a range of expression strengths...Genetic strategy and looks for increased antibody signal in samples that have had the target protein expression...

  20. Supporting Rare Disease Research with the 2020 BeHEARD Awards

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...-, and intensity-based signaling biosensors to monitor intracellular signaling,” says Hébert. Previous...Prakash! Terry Hébert: How GNB1 mutations affect signaling pathways G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) detect...molecules outside of the cell and translate those signals into cellular responses. For example, GPCRs and...proteins, with an emphasis on oligomerization, signalling complex assembly, and localization to the nucleus...knowledge of GNB1 disorder by understanding affected signaling pathways and how they lead to neurological phenotypes...GNB1 mutations, the lab hopes to capture the signalosome of different receptors upon stimulation. “To ...
Showing: 21 - 40 of 267 results