...modified slightly with either a 1-7 base poly(U)tail in tRNA-gRNA constructs or a 1-4 base tail from the second...biological pathways;  to observe a phenotype, the modification of multiple genes is often necessary. Guide ...recognition and cleavage. This sequence flexibility indicates that gRNAs could be incorporated into these constructs...the 5’ end. PTG construct schematics. Scissors indicate cleavage sites. After confirming gRNA cleavage...) How many loci can Cas9 modify? To test the application of this system to gRNA multiplexing, Xie et al...deletion with 4-20% frequency at the four loci, indicating that Cas9 can be guided to at least 8 distinct...multiplexing further illustrates the potential of PTGs. Applications of PTGs The major advantage of the PTG system...

...first foray into Reddit. Here are some reasons why: 1. Reddit has a large and active community of people...re more interested in selling a product than communicating your ideas with people or discussing science...to write about in the future. The AMA was also cataloged for permanent reference by the Winnower. The only...I do a lot of public speaking where I enjoy communicating face to face with the audience. I post on LinkedIn...own expertise and your resources for science communication opportunities like an AMA. One of the best things... science communication...

...done.   Figure 1: DNA melting by DnaA and IHF is the first step of replication for the bacterial chromosome...plasmids rely on their host cell's replication machinery in order to replicate—but not always to the same extent...described in our previous Origin of Replication post, DNA replication is initiated at the ori and may or...consider the replication mechanism of plasmids under stringent control, such as pSC101. DNA replication and regulation...review how E. coli normally replicate their chromosomal DNA. Chromosomal replication in bacteria is carefully...entire round of replication. Initiation is the primary control point of DNA replication in bacteria, so... the replication forks reach each other on the opposite end of the chromosome, ending replication.   ...

... and, if you do it right, can be (part of) figure 1 of your next paper or thesis. This series of posts...An explanation of the assay is depicted in figure 1. The strict correlation between the fluorescent protein...protein for your application. Selecting the best fluorescent protein for a specific application can seem like...under conditions that best mimic the intended application. The three key properties for live cell imaging...are converted into emitted photons. These are indicated by the extinction coefficient (EC) and quantum...experimental set up. The practical brightness takes all application specific parameters into account, including the... picture of what can be expected in a 'real' application than the theoretical brightness. Consequently...

...schematic depiction below): 1. Resistant cells among the separate replicates would contain the same labels...development of combination therapies.         References 1. Hyo-eun, C. Bhang, et al. "Studying clonal dynamics...summarized in a recent Nature Medicine paper. In the publication, Bhang and coworkers used the ClonTracer library...propagated it, separated it into roughly identical replicate groups, and treated these groups with the same...subpopulation 2. Resistant cells among the separate replicates would have different labels - i.e. they would... Looking at barcode abundances among multiple replicate populations, they found that similar barcodes ...populations were shared by at least one other replicate; prior to treatment, there are small (previously...

...Introduction to Biosensors. Essays Biochem. 2016 Jun 30;60(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1042/EBC20150001 Leopold, A. V., Shcherbakova...of the biosensors used in research are very sophisticated, but at their core they can all be boiled down...ready-to-use. While biosensors span the gamut of applications within chemistry, biology, and physics, in this...sensors can be targeted to different cellular locations or tissues depending on the biology you are studying...different factors, in different or the same cellular location, all at once! Small molecules What type of small...Neurotransmission and Neuromodulation: Engineering and Applications. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2019 Oct...

...protein of interest will be problem-free. In figure 1 we provide an example of the OSER assay with a number...can be shared by publishing it as (part of) figure 1, uploading it as a preprint, or documenting it in ...aggregates. This property can be tolerated in some applications (e.g. labeling of cells or tracking promotor...promotor activity), but it is problematic in applications in which the fluorescent protein is used as an inert...During the experiment, the solution is diluted, complicating the interpretation. Because of this, these methods...aware that the fluorescent proteins reported in publications are only characterized under a limited number...build a valuable resource with tools and data that indicate the performance of (a set of) fluorescent proteins...

...to reach out to potential depositors in two ways: 1. Fill out our "Suggest a Plasmid" form Fill out the...suggestaplasmid, the name of the plasmid and a publication where we can find the plasmid. While we cannot...

...bioengineering, but it wasn’t clear whether they could 1) be decorated with proteins and remain functional,...Follow her on Twitter @jessicapolka.     References 1. Kanabrocki, J. A., Quackenbush, R. L. & Pond, F. ... modified to extend at different pH levels. Domesticating R bodies We have shown that all three of these...actuators that could be used in a variety of applications. For example, you could use them to lyse cells...matrices) in response to pH changes. Beyond these applications, purified R bodies could also perform as actuators...PubMed PMID: 26814170. Find Plasmids from This Publication at Addgene 4. Petroni, G., Spring, S., Schleifer...

... Zebrafish) (Xiong, et al., 2021).    Fig. 1: Schematic showing the workflow for the BLITZ system...Biol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-021-00836-1 Visual barcodes for live cell clonal multiplexing...of interest and, for in vivo work, generate a dedicated transgenic line. Using zebrafish as a model organism...off-target mutations. These plasmids contain catalytically inactive dCas9 and microbial SSAPs (dCas9-SSAP...clonal multiplexing of cells in live imaging application. Each visual barcode consists of a fluorescent...transcription response element (TRE) or kinase translocation reporters (KTRs). Find visual barcode plasmids...

...non-functional allele. For a 1 kilobase gene, since potential target sites occur ~1 in every 8 nucleotides,...770–788 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-018-0059-1 Veres A, Gosis BS, Ding Q, Collins R, Ragavendran ...the optimal location. It is also important to have good information on the exact location of the TSS. ...appreciable levels of modification. Whole-genome sequencing of cells modified by CRISPR indicates that the consequences...specific base edit, or modulation of gene expression. Location and sequence are important considerations for ... gRNAs. For indels, it's not so important what location in the gene you target, but it is important that...fewer sequences to choose from). Finally, for HDR, location is much more important because you have to target...

...Hsp70, the heat shock releases heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), which subsequently binds to heat shock elements...prokaryotic promoter often used for bacterial protein purification. When arabinose is absent, regulatory protein...

...versions with toxicity to many organisms. Fig. 1: Exogenous sources of dsRNA Cellular sources of... 286-301 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00430-1 More resources on the Addgene blog CRISPR 101: RNA...generate dsRNA as part of their infection and/or replication process within the host. dsRNA viruses are inherently...generate dsRNA intermediates as part of the viral replication process. dsDNA viruses yield dsRNA through a ...

...healthcare system was $35.2 billion (or $140 per $1 invested in the trial). The goal of gendered innovations...is the goal of Gendered Innovations. This project: 1) develops state-of-the-art methods of sex and gender.... To remedy this, Shah et al. provide a table indicating the sex of the most commonly used cell lines ... work to be done! Researchers need to learn sophisticated methods of sex and gender analysis. Universities...

... closely data points fall to each other (see Fig. 1). Alpha values – numerical risk allowance in a ...statistical test assumes your data follows. Fig. 1: Examples of comparable groups with and without equal...values from smallest to largest and ranking them (1 being the smallest value). It calculates the cut off...tests  Statistical tests fall into two general categories: parametric and non-parametric. In this blog ... exist somewhere within your data; it does not indicate which groups the differences exist between. For...that matter. However, this is oftentimes an oversimplification. If your independent variables are affecting...

... as a Professor. Step 1: Your PI forwards you a Request For Applications (RFA), what next? First,...proposal typically lists the deliverables, explains 1-2 potential pitfalls of the intended protocol, and...the grant application process. When my PhD advisor first asked me to write a grant application due the ...in a previously funded grant application to see how funds were allocated. Step 3: Get feedback from your...the next round of applications. Step 5: Keep writing! Each written grant application builds upon the ... project grant application" by the NIH Still want more information on the application process? What types...advisor alone applies for these competitive grant applications; however, in some cases, your advisor may choose...

...all the colors of the CRISPRainbow. Figure 1: CRISPRainbow was used to track the localization of...is available as a kit from Addgene.   References 1. Chen, Baohui, et al. “Dynamic Imaging of Genomic ... every genomic locus, and to do so in vivo. Catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) cannot induce gene editing...Cas9 ortholog, and the target sequence must be located adjacent to that PAM. To scale up fluorescent CRISPR...this rainbow of colors, Ma et al. performed sophisticated tracking of multiple chromosomal loci in live... do not induce genome editing. If used with catalytically active Cas9, the short, CRISPRainbow gRNA will... PMCID: PMC3918502. Find plasmids from this publication at Addgene. 2. Ma, Hanhui, et al. “Multicolor...

... the original plasmid (Option 1) or added using PCR-based amplification (Option 2). Advantages of Golden...Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1116:119-31. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-764-8_9. PubMed. More Resources at Addgene:  ... work around this is to "domesticate" your fragment: PCR-based amplification can be used to create silent...and exciting applications, this system is an incredibly powerful tool for cloning complicated constructs...Type IIS sites (such as BsaI or BbsI), that are located on the outside of the cleavage site. As a result...restriction sites that may not be amenable to "domestication", you might want to consider using an alternative...high-efficiency step. References: Sequential amplification of cloned DNA as tandem multimers using class-IIS...

... plasmid-based system for locating and containing escaped flies. Nature 4:1-22. https://doi.org/4.01.2022...Additional resources on the Addgene blog:  Flies 101: Catching flies in the lab References Abril, U.N.O., et....

...and accurately in a “single pot.’   Figure 1: Single-Pot Assembly: a) Graphic depiction of chromatin...AID system relies on a transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) expressed under a desired promoter with a specific...2021.   The potential tools fall into two categories: probes and editors. A probe array may consist...and should be varied as it can have important implications for the fusion protein effectivity), and a fluorescent...to visualize DNA, an editor targets DNA (via catalytically inactive dCas9) to modify chromatin. A fluorescent...both spatiotemporal protein degradation and quantification of this depletion using imaging-based measurements...BioTag, which can be used in protein affinity purification studies.    Duong et al., Genetics 2021. https...