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TypeBlog Post...sufficient spectral overlap, the fluorophores must be located within 1-10nm of each other and be oriented appropriately...decision easier. 1. Müller, Sara M., et al. "Quantification of Förster resonance energy transfer by monitoring...have enhanced the ability of labs to answer sophisticated questions about cellular processes. Currently...PMC18018. 2. Miyawaki, Atsushi, et al. "Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins ...
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Design Tips for Prime Editing
TypeBlog Post...BioRender.com. The pegRNA specifies both the genomic location to be edited and the sequence of the edit, so ...its design changes for every new prime editing application. And optimizing its sequence is important, as...left), while pegRNAs that use other bases in this location bind to Cas9 with canonical sgRNA structure (right...structured motifs like mpknot, use the pegRNA Linker Identification Tool (pegLIT) to create linkers that minimize... -
CRISPR in the Clinic
TypeBlog Post... therapeutic potential in mice with a dominant cataract disorder caused by a single copy of a gene known...known as Crygc (Wu et al). They found that the cataracts phenotype could be rescued by zygote co-injection...substantial relief from both disorders. As of publication, submissions to the UK, EU, and USA federal drug...10.1186/s12943-022-01559-z Zarghamian P, Klermund J, Cathomen T. Clinical genome editing to treat sickle cell... -
Plasmids 101: Modular Cloning
TypeBlog Post...most obvious example of an individual part, this category also includes promoters, UTRs, terminators, etc...multi-purpose it can be. Let’s review a list of MoClo applications. Genetic circuits Most things in biology are...performing production and subsequent necessary modification of these chemical products. The flexible nature...genotype and phenotype is best described with “it’s complicated.” Applying MoClo Interested in using MoClo? You... -
No Llamas Required - Synthetic Nanobodies Against Membrane Proteins
TypeBlog Post...Starting with libraries and a biotinylated (for purification purposes) protein target of interest, the protocol...-30) of sybody candidates are sequenced for identification. All unique sybodies can be subcloned into ...2020) Generation of synthetic nanobodies against delicate proteins. Nature Protocols 15:1707–1741. https...Light to Manipulate Cell Signaling and Protein Purification RANbodies: Reporter Nanobody Fusions Plasmids... -
Chromoproteins: Colorful Proteins For Molecular Biology Experiments
TypeBlog Post... sequencing are more definitive, but visual identification is a good place to start before taking on more...resources are limited or for bioart and teaching applications. Find a chromoprotein for your experiment! ...events: The plasmid carrying the desired genetic modification integrates into the genome (Figure 3). Here,...of Allelic-Exchange Vectors for the Scarless Modification of Proteobacterial Genomes. Applied and Environmental... -
Plasmids 101: 5 factors to help you choose the right cloning method
TypeBlog Post...methodologies, with a special emphasis on these five categories. Please note that many of the following cloning...relies on site-specific recombination reactions catalyzed by BP Clonase and LR Clonase enzyme mixes. After...there is no need for restriction digests, gel purifications, or ligations. The general Gateway cloning protocol...Chaokun, et al. "FastCloning: a highly simplified, purification-free, sequence-and ligation-independent PCR ... -
The Scientific Conference Poster Session: Tips for Success
TypeBlog Post...but will also give you a chance to slow down and catch your breath before diving in to the next figure....don’t fully understand the question, ask for clarification. Having them reframe or elaborate their thought...system, and is interested in a career in science communication. Resources on the Addgene blog Read other... other posts on scientific communication Find more tips for scientific networking Read this blog post ... -
Mobile-CRISPRi: Bringing CRISPRi to Diverse Bacteria
TypeBlog Post...The vast majority of bacteria are undomesticated which limits the tools scientists can use to study them...the genome and is propagated during normal DNA replication and cell division. Mobile-CRISPRi does not disrupt...single-gene knockdown experiments. Mobile-CRISPRi applications Mobile-CRISPRi expands CRISPRi to non-model ...Elizabeth A., and Pamela A. Silver. "Harnessing undomesticated life." Nature microbiology 4.2 (2019): 212.... -
PRIDICT: Predicting Efficiencies of Prime Editing Guide RNAs
TypeBlog Post...genome editing technology that allows precise modifications of DNA (replacements, small insertions, and ...configurations can be used to introduce specific target modifications. Since this means we could design hundreds to...affects prime editing outcomes across many genomic locations. In our study, we used the TRIP (Thousands of ...to chromatin data from over a thousand genomic locations. This allowed us to train ePRIDICT (Figure 3),... -
Golden Gate Assembly Upgrades: More Fragments, Faster Assembly, and Higher Fidelity
TypeBlog Post...upon growth on LB/Cam/X-gal/IPTG agar plates, indicating successful reconstruction of the coding sequence... sequence-dependent ligation efficiency and identification of mismatch-prone pairings. Using these 4 bp...Kucera is a Principal Development Scientist of Applications & Product Development focusing on DNA cloning...Optimization of Golden Gate assembly through application of ligation sequence-dependent fidelity and bias... -
Addgene's Cancer Collection Pages Connect the Research Community
TypeBlog Post... millions of people die from cancer-related complications each year. Despite these grim statistics, new...any of these genes through several different applications such as fluorescent protein fusion studies and...Lemieux is a Scientist at Addgene with interests in education and scientific writing. References 1. Martz...Martz, Colin A., et al. "Systematic identification of signaling pathways with potential to confer anticancer... -
Transgenic Organisms, Cas9 Gene Drives, and Appropriate Safeguards
TypeBlog Post...strategies is strongly advised. The effects are multiplicative, and there are very few gene drive experiments...An accidental release could delay real-world applications against scourges such as malaria and dengue ...about gene drives can be found in the referenced publications. Thank you to our guest blogger! An inventor...2003). PubMed. Esvelt, K. M., Smidler, A. L., Catteruccia, F. & Church, G. M. Concerning RNA-guided gene... -
INTEGRATE: Bacterial Genome Engineering Using CRISPR-Transposons
TypeBlog Post... and have been adapted for a wide variety of applications - as mutagenesis tools for genetic studies (... The process also creates a 5-bp target-site duplication (TSD), a hallmark characteristic of the Tn7-family...the new streamlined VchINT system was shown to catalyze insertion of mini-transposons up to 10 kb in size...at one or multiple desired genomic loci. Many applications of these systems have already been demonstrated... -
Don’t FRET: Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation Makes Visualizing Protein-Protein Interactions Easy
TypeBlog Post...PIPs, resulting in a fluorescent readout. Applications for bimolecular fluorescence complementation...resulting from the assayed PPI. This high-throughput application is much more straightforward to carry out because...protein construction, cellular expression, and quantification (Kerppola, 2006, 2013). These are described... supraphysiological expression levels. BiFC quantification This is where BiFC outshines FRET — BiFC experiments... -
A Guide to Starting Your Own Journal Club
TypeBlog Post...emerging work by collaboratively discussing recent publications in a specific field(s). Most anyone who has ...the company at large, by polling and informal communications we made a decision to try out a Bioinformatics...major findings and then focusing more on broader implications rather than diving deep into the individual .... These variations are suited for different applications and should be carefully chosen for each group... -
Getting to Know Expansion Microscopy
TypeBlog Post...with an abundance of protocols and examples of applications from across disciplines now available. In this...experiment or evaluating ExM images in a new publication. Why Expansion Microscopy? Traditional...microscopes sounds great, right? But there is always a catch - some limitation of the technique that users should...Tissue expansion is not compatible with in vivo applications and there’s just not much to be done about that... -
CRISPR 101: Making a Knock-In Cell Line
TypeBlog Post...cut site location Position your CRISPR cut site as close as possible to the knock-in location. HDR depends...sequence to be incorporated at a precise genomic location, with little to no room for error. It’s no surprise...nutrients in their media, they will not undergo DNA replication, so make sure you are keeping an eye on those... -
Uncovering Ancestral Bias in CRISPR Research
TypeBlog Post...Dependency Map cancer cell lines (left). Heatmap indicating the breakdown of ancestry associated dependencies...machinery where to cut. Fig. 2: Heatmap indicating loci where SNPs reside on sgRNA target sequences...Understanding the impact Fig. 3: Histograms indicating the frequency (x-axis) which SNPs map to thetargeting...same reference genomes and libraries. Further complicating the issue is the long and ugly history of reporting... -
Better Dyeing Through Chemistry & Small Molecule Fluorophores
TypeBlog Post...Subsequent advances in fluorescent proteins have replicated many of the properties once exclusive to small-molecules...phosphopantetheinyltransferase) – These enzymes catalyze the covalent attachment of a fluorophore ligand...labels for fixed-cell imaging, not for live-cell applications. Thus, these fluorophores are often bulky and...the Addgene Blog Learn About Other Protein Tags Catch Up on Your Fluorescent Protein Background Which ... -
Tips for Screening with Yeast Two Hybrid Systems
TypeBlog Post... can often be accounted for using appropriate replicates and controls (see Tips below), and by validating...two-hybrid screening Minimizing false positives: Run replicates of the experiment to reduce the likelihood of...expression and correct folding, post-translational modification, protein degradation, access to the nucleus ...co-expression of the enzyme responsible for the modification in the assay host strain can help. In order... -
Analyzing CRISPR Editing Results with ICE from Synthego
TypeBlog Post...either one at a time or as a batch of hundreds, and indicate the guide RNA sequence you used. The ICE tool ...are no parameters that need optimizing and no complicated steps to learn. For increased flexibility and...checked circle. Typically, a yellow check mark indicates that a particular parameter was automatically ...support team at Synthego. Her work centers around educating and supporting novice to expert-level researchers... -
Plasmids 101: Gateway Cloning
TypeBlog Post...attP sites of the donor vector. This reaction is catalyzed by the BP Clonase enzyme mix and generates the...sites of the destination vector. This reaction is catalyzed by the LR Clonase enzyme mix. As a result, an ...carry different antibiotic resistance markers (indicated here by plasmid color), allowing you to easily...is simple - no restriction, ligation or gel purification steps are required! Multiple fragment cloning... -
Mesothelioma - Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
TypeBlog Post...cancer. These later stages of a cancer diagnosis indicate, for Stage 3, that the cancer is large in size...size and may have spread while Stage 4 indicates that the cancer has spread from where it originated to ... dire prognosis for mesothelioma patients is to catch the disease earlier. New techniques are currently... working to fight the cancer. Beyond early modifications to standard treatments and early detection, ... -
Advanced Uses of Cre-lox and Flp-FRT - A Neuroscientist’s View
TypeBlog Post... gives you a single level of control without modification - either Cre is there or it’s not. Cre-mediated... sites can lead to excision, inversion, and translocation of DNA in a similar fashion as between loxP ...37 °C). Smart molecular evolution led to the identification of FLPe which has a temperature optimum of ...-LDB domains of the fusions allowing Cre/FLP translocate to the nucleus where they exert their recombinase... -
The Challenges of Cell Culture
TypeBlog Post...Marker-independent identification of glioma-initiating cells. The International Cell Line Authentication Committee...propagation of the line, and can include assays for authentication and contamination) and cell lines can become...let alone the human cost. Here are just a few publications which have since been retracted due to cell ... -
Plasmids 101: The Promoter Region – Let's Go!
TypeBlog Post...resistance gene and the origin of replication are necessary to replicate plasmids and make sure the cells...length version is strong with high expression. Truncated promoters are constitutive with lower expression...metabolic operon Inducible by arabinose and repressed catabolite repression in the presence of glucose or by competitive... -
Filming Science Videos in the Age of Social Distancing
TypeBlog Post...Creating great educational science videos is tough. Is the content accurate? Are we conveying complex... had set up involved multiple people in tight locations. Conference rooms for on-screen presenters! Labs...wasn’t going to work for the majority of our educational videos. In addition, it’s really asking a lot...receiver, to beam the camera’s image to my remote location, live. After doing a bit of looking, I found an... -
Transferable Skills Guide: Time Management
TypeBlog Post... the planning section below, it’s important to dedicate specific amounts of time to specific tasks beforehand...instance, if I don’t have draft blog post ready for publication for tomorrow, I’d better upload that post from...handle doing a particularly annoying task and then dedicating that much time to it each day. Once you get over...Student Community Learn about Careers in Science Communication Resources at Addgene.org Check out Careers... -
How to Negotiate a Successful Lab Start Up Budget
TypeBlog Post.... After identifying all the major equipment, categorize all of your minor tools, like pipets, or mini-centrifuges...titles in the regions where the host institute is located. For example, salaries in Kansas versus salaries... most start-up P.I.’s. It doesn’t have to be complicated, or difficult to create this list. Start BEFORE...discounts, collaborations, access to internal award applications, etc. If this is the institute that can help...