... as the building block of our understanding of complex biological processes. Many tools exist to perturb...silencing,” of any gene that contains sequence complementary to the dsRNA (Wilson and Doudna, 2013). RNAi... translation, or chromatin modifications of complementary gene sequences (Figure 1). As a result, gene...unmodified dsRNA elicits immunogenic reactions that complicate the effectiveness and interpretation of RNAi.... of interfering RNAs.   RNAi vs. CRISPR: Complementary techniques It is fair to say that CRISPR has...Stainier, 2020). Additionally, a study that directly compared CRISPR to RNAi in the context of a high throughput...data generated from both methods did a more comprehensive gene list emerge that accurately reflected the...

...scientific art competitions where creations can go on display for all to enjoy. The largest competition of this... University’s Annual Art in Science competition. This competition has gained so much public interest for...moonlighting as artists can compete in the Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition - a 40 year old international...voyage. Previous destructive techniques were incompatible with the need to conserve these unique samples...been featured in Time magazine . Other smaller competitions are now taking place and gathering momentum,...international competition that last year received over 2,000 entries. Do you mix your passion for art and...

...them for use in your lab. Structural Comparison Functional Comparison Advantages of Nanobodies How to Use...for a comparison of nanobody, HCab, and traditional IgG antibody structures. Functional comparison Strong...nanobodies and how their structure and function compare to IgG antibodies, as well as how to produce them...Nanobody Toolbox Find Nanobody Plasmids Structural comparison As the name suggests, nanobodies are smaller ...incubated together without forming large oligomeric complexes. Antibodies are also too large to be expressed... antibody incubation. See figure 4A below for comparison of this one-step staining with nanobodies vs ...localization patterns as cells stained for one target (compare nanobodies staining in figure 4A vs 4B). How to...

... function as a kind of “GPS for the genome” to compute coordinates for genetic elements like protein, ...action at a distance.” Through the marvel of DNA compaction, an enhancer can increase the expression of a...millions of base pairs away. (For details on DNA compaction and the structural proteins that make it possible...appendix DNA is a 3D fractal). Enhancer biology is a complex and dynamic field. We’re going to focus on a tried...details. DNA is a 3D Fractal Figure 2: DNA compaction. Graphics courtesy of beyondthedish (left) and...People are wrong. In reality, cellular DNA is a complex three-dimensional globule of chromatin. Chromatin...tertiary structures (globules) to achieve exquisite compaction—on the order of 700 terabytes per gram—and form...

... advise pharmaceutical companies, biotech start-ups, health insurance companies, and governments on the...the part of the company involved: Research & Development (R&D) teams at pharma companies carry out preclinical... acquisitions of or collaborations with other companies. Medical Affairs groups work on building awareness... patients, shaping discussions with insurance companies about the pricing and coverage of drugs, and developing... teams, reflecting the need for all parts of a company to collaborate whenever it faces an important challenge...investments over the next 3, 5, or 10 years. Complicating these challenges is the fact that they occur...their jobs most, get pleasure from taking up such complex challenges, quickly breaking them up into smaller...

...derived from the more complex type III-A and III-B systems. Though it was composed of many protein subunits...might be phylogenetically classified as the more complex Class I systems that contain multiple subunits,...evolution, were also working on the project. Using computational observations, Koonin and Makarova found that...the domains into a single protein, shedding the complexity of its ancestors. They classified the system ...system contains two pieces: a single protein, computationally described as a fusion of four Cas7 proteins...significantly reduced amount of off-target toxicity compared to other RNA editing methods — streamlining experimental...mammalian cell lines. However, in those same comparisons, the AbuGoot lab reported no detectable effect...

...But what exactly is an antibody, and how is a component of the immune system useful as a research reagent...heavy chains, and the rest of the Fab regions are completed with the Ig light chains. The variable region ...production strategy has advantages and disadvantages compared to each other. Polyclonal antibodies These antibodies...Single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) Figure 2: Comparison between the IgG antibody and scFv. Because... their lower affinity for their target protein compared to whole antibodies (Crivianu-Gaita 2016). Get...Variables (scFvs). Nanobodies Figure 3: Comparison of the Hcab and nanobody. Nanobodies are the...fluorescence. Western blots are frequently used to compare relative levels of protein expression between cell...

...Table 1: Taking it a Step Further - Big Company v. Small Company Big (e.g. Pharma) Small (e.g. Biotech...advancement in one company, good performers in for the long haul Limited movement in one company, likely will...academic silo to tenured professor.  Non-academia encompasses millions of choices including pharma, tech transfer...options in nonprofit science. No one list can ever encompass them all. We can’t designate non-academic jobs...and teach students Collaborations may be less “complicated” - for example, easy to initiate a collaboration...More sources of training and resources within the company Must find own sources of knowledge often externally...every 3-6 years—a short and exciting ride Complicated matrix structures are common Small integrated...

...protein:DNA complexes with antibodies specific to your protein(s) of interest. Once the complex is captured...protein:DNA complexes and finally (5) isolated the DNA from your antibody:protein:DNA complexes. Your DNA... the first step is to ensure your protein:DNA complexes will remain bound to each other until you are ...reversible bonds. This will keep the protein:DNA complexes together until you want to break them. Crosslinking...digestion can preserve more of the protein:DNA complexes. Once you’ve finished fragmenting the DNA, spin...that?  So while this method is certainly long and complex, you may be thinking, well, these are mostly fairly...techniques. What’s all the fuss? Well, ChIP’s complexities come not from the techniques used, but from ...

...that the classroom cannot offer. Furthermore, companies across most industries tend to hire their former...Prior to March 2020, internships were a fiercely competitive endeavor. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, students...college, and graduate students. In order to gain a competitive advantage this cycle, consider the advice below...which is the perfect opportunity to paint a comprehensive picture of your academic interests, potential... impress the judges on your ability to tell a compelling narrative that is positive, and forward-looking...counterintuitive since that approach seems to create competition for your own spot. True! But you create a network...sense approaches that will prepare you for the competitive landscape beyond college. They will also serve...