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TypeBlog Post...mammalian analogue of bacterial transformation is transfection. In stable transfection, DNA from the plasmid is...called transfer vectors. The gene of interest is cloned into a shuttle vector for transfection into producer...post on shuttle vectors delivered by transformation and transfection and left the business of transduction... Plasmids 101: Transformation, Transduction, Bacterial Conjugation, and Transfection Plasmids 101: Choosing... If we all use the same molecular code, can I transfect any old bacterial plasmid into HeLa cells and ...retain the vector as cells divide. In transient transfection, the vector remains episomal, meaning it stays...replication at all. In these cases, transient transfection may be sufficient for your needs even without...
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Tips for a 1st time AAV user (by a Rookie AAV user)
TypeBlog Post...XmaI restriction sites). Another way is to transform AAV transfer plasmids into bacterial strains, like NEB...Overview: The first step in packaging AAV is transfecting HEK293 cells with AAV packaging plasmids. The...help mediate AAV viral replication; and 3) the transfer plasmid which encodes a transgene of interest ...packaged into the virus. Two to five days after transfection, the AAV-containing cells and media are harvested...more details. Pro tips I’m not going to lie, AAV transfer plasmids are kind of a pain to work with. These...structures that are prone to deletion from the transfer plasmid. The good news is there’s a few simple...to grow multiple bacterial cultures of your AAV transfer plasmid at 30 °C instead of 37 °C and then screen... -
Viral Vectors 101: Transductions
TypeBlog Post...The triple T’s of biology are transformations, transfections, and transductions! In this blog we will...lipid-based or electrical-based transfection, most of the nucleic acid transfected will not stably integrate...picky when it comes to transfection/transduction methods. Some ‘difficult to transfect’ cells lines are amenable...transduction? Transduction is the process of transferring foreign nucleic acid into a cell by a viral ...viral agent. Transductions are similar to transfections, processes which introduce foreign nucleic acid into...they require delivery to be viral-mediated. Transformations are usually bacterial in nature. All three ...containing the cargo of interest is then typically transfected along with viral packaging plasmids into a viral... -
The MTA at Addgene
TypeBlog Post...Biological Material Transfer Agreement (UBMTA) is one of the most commonly used ones for transfers between academic...for more information. Happy transferring! Many thanks to our Tech Transfer team members Maura Coughlin...Addgene, then you’ve been involved in the material transfer agreement (MTA) process. Even though this process...curious about the hows and whys of the material transfer agreement, read on! What is the MTA? An MTA...the creation of a standardized agreement on the transfer of biological materials in 1995: the UBMTA. Because...most academic and nonprofit institutes, the Tech Transfer department is responsible for managing research...plasmid with Addgene, your organization’s tech transfer office is sent a deposit agreement. The One-Time... -
Mammalian RNAi Tools
TypeCollection...short interfering RNA). Delivery can occur via transfection or viral delivery of a plasmid. shRNAs are often... -
Plasmids 101: The Wide World of Natural Plasmids
TypeBlog Post...lateral”) gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer can occur naturally through transformation (cellular uptake...? Plasmids 101: Transformation, Transduction, Bacterial Conjugation, and Transfection Resources on Addgene.org...infection by bacteriophages), or conjugation (direct transfer from one cell to another). Bacteria need special...one popular method scientists use to promote transformation, but it isn’t just for lab specimens — there... evidence that lightning can also promote gene transfer in soil bacteria! (Demanèche et al., 2001) Beneficial...humans only noticed last century! Nevertheless, the transfer of plasmids carrying these genes between bacteria...plasmid are now used routinely in biotechnology to transform plant cells. Degradative plasmids: microbial hardiness... -
Synthetic Biology - Overview
TypeCollection...Negative Autoregulation and Yeast-Mammalian Circuit Transfer C. Collins Lab Quorum Sensing Ellis Lab GeneGuard... -
Lab Automation at Addgene
TypeBlog Post...bacterial transformation One protocol that has been automated is high throughput transformation. With our... to do up to 96 transformations in one run compared to doing about 50 transformations in the same amount...easier and more efficient. Here, I’ll discuss transformation, DNA purification, and filling vials with agar...deposits (over 100 deposits per month!), manual transformations were taking a lot of time. Enter the Biomek... We wanted a machine that would improve our transformation protocol and, after looking at a few options... - one pod can pick up 96 tips for easy sample transfer between 96 well plates. The second pod can pick...out your samples. This can be useful if you’re transferring samples from 96 wells plates onto agar q-trays... -
CRISPR 101: Mammalian Expression Systems and Delivery Methods
TypeBlog Post...be present in a single lentiviral transfer vector or separate transfer vectors. May contain reporter gene...Chemical transfection Lipid mediated Cationic polymers Calcium phosphate Cells Transformed cell lines... lines Transformed cell lines Transformed cell lines Cargo Nucleic acids or protein Nucleic acids Nucleic...system. CRISPR reagents can be delivered via transfection, nucleofection, viral transduction or injection...or gRNA in a mammalian cell line that can be transfected at high efficiency. Lentiviral transduction...mammalian cell lines. Useful for difficult to transfect cell types and can be used in vivo. A common choice...4.5kb). CRISPR elements are inserted into an AAV transfer vector and used to generate AAV particles. Transient... -
Selecting Your Plasmid Purification Kit
TypeBlog Post...BioRender.com. Transformation Grade DNA (low quality/low quantity) – Bacterial transformation protocols require...highest-competency cells you will still struggle to get transformants if the plasmid you are using is completely degraded...important reactions like PCR or restriction digests. Transfection Grade DNA (high quality/high quantity) – Depending...Depending on the experiment, mammalian cell transfections can require quite large amounts of DNA (easily...that may not be explicitly labeled as “yeast”, “transfection-grade”, or “large plasmid” may be suitable for...automation-friendly Not mentioned Endotoxin-free, transfection-grade, BAC Millipore Sigma Column, plate Mini...automation-friendly Mentioned Endotoxin-free, transfection-grade Promega Beads, column, plate Mini, midi... -
New England Biolabs Cell-Imaging Plasmid Collection
TypeCollection... is based on the human O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (hAGT), a DNA repair protein, and is suitable... -
Fluorescent Proteins 101: Introduction to FRET
TypeBlog Post...this FRET you speak of? Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) was originally described by Theodor Förster...alternative acronym Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Unlike the typical excitation and emission of...excited fluorophore, FRET involves a non-radiative transfer of energy (i.e. no emitted photons) from the excited...excitation by absorption of a photon 2. Energy transfer from the excited donor directly to the acceptor...the acceptor fluorophore. Otherwise the energy transferred from the donor will not be able to excite the...other and be oriented appropriately for energy transfer via dipole-dipole interaction. The efficiency ...al. "Quantification of Förster resonance energy transfer by monitoring sensitized emission in living plant... -
FastCloning: A Newer, Simpler Cloning Technique
TypeBlog Post...products are then transformed directly into chemically competent E. coli and transformants selected with ... for further purification before transformation. After transforming cells, you should perform colony ...consisting of digestion, purification, ligation, and transformation. While restriction cloning is still routinely...+ + Gel Purification + - Ligation + - Transformation + + The FastCloning process in brief In ...for this procedure to work properly. Directly transform chemically competent cells with the digested mixture...-cycle PCR leads to the most colonies after transformation. When a 1:1 vector:insert ratio is used in ... and 2 µL of digest product are used in the transformation, >70% of the colonies are correct. Good luck... -
Antibody Plasmid Collection
TypeCollection...Collection . Once the plasmids are transiently transfected into mammalian tissue culture cells, the R-mAbs... -
Viral Vectors 101: Gamma-Retroviral Packaging Systems
TypeBlog Post...packaging, and transfer) are supplied by three types of plasmids, which are cotransfected into the 293T...following components are needed: γ-Retroviral transfer plasmid encoding a transgene, sgRNA, or shRNA ...sequences, which facilitate integration of the transfer plasmid sequences into the host genome. Typically... the host genome upon viral transduction. Most transfer plasmids available from Addgene were derived from... number of plasmids that are required in the transfection step of the viral packaging cell line. For example...packaging and transduction are not encoded by the transfer plasmid, but instead are provided in trans by ...Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase components. Transfer cPPT Central polypurine tract; recognition... -
Delivery Methods for Generating iPSCs
TypeBlog Post...The typical drawbacks of using transfection will still exist: transfection efficiency is cell-type dependent...cells Limited genomic integration Multiple transfections required Need to sequence to verify there’s ...High Transgene-free and vector-free Multiple transfections required Protein Delivery DNA-Free Low High...cloning capacity of ~9-14 kb. This system is transfected into cells as a donor plasmid containing the ...with plasmid-based expression requires serial transfection of 1 or 2 plasmids that express the reprogramming...describes a protocol for generating iPSCs by plasmid transfection where 2 of 11 clones tested had plasmid integration...integration. Another challenge is that multiple transfection makes it difficult to control the dose of plasmid... -
CRISPR/Cas9 FAQs Answered!
TypeBlog Post...positively transfected. Alternatively, you can use a selection marker to select transfected cells (for..., the most efficient and easiest way is to co-transfect several plasmid together, with each plasmid having...two spacers for each locus into PX330, then co-transfect or delivery the two plasmids together into your...run them, and then select the best guide to co-transfect in HR donor. Alternatively, a new system described...oligo is fine based on new data). For general transfection, you could use 1 µl of 10 µM oligo stock for... or mutation. Each arm is around 800 bp. For transfection in cells like HEK, we use around 400 ng of a...single-point mutation, the best HR template for transfection is probably a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligo... -
5 Tips for Troubleshooting Viral Transductions
TypeBlog Post...immediately following transfection. In other words, when exchanging the medium after transfecting cells, replace...can check if virus is being generated by your transfected packaging cells. This check can be performed ... your packaging cells have been successfully transfected and produced infectious virus, they may get infected...can be performed approximately 72 hours after transfection and should give rise to a surviving population...plasmid integration via recombination during transfection, and does not necessarily indicate the production...protein or resistance marker expression following transfection, higher-level expression after approximately... Yarmush. "Polybrene increases retrovirus gene transfer efficiency by enhancing receptor-independent virus... -
Hassle-free 96-well Format Epitope Tagging Using Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein
TypeBlog Post...complex. This complete transfection mix, i.e. csRNP plus ssODN, is then transfected into stem cells. Cells... were transfected in 96-well format using an Amaxa Shuttle device; 5 days after the transfection, the ...Prepare cells for transfection, add csRNP and ssODN to the cell suspension, transfect and let cells recover...selection of transfection buffer and electroporation pulse program to achieve high transfection efficiency...delivered into cells; for each cell type, the transfection/delivery step needs to be optimized to achieve.... To calculate the tagging efficiency in the transfected cells, we count the number of tag-positive cells... -
pSiM24: Simplifying Plant Genetic Engineering
TypeBlog Post...tumor-inducing” or Ti plasmid, which allows it to transfer genetic material into the host plant genome. Scientists...Scientists have worked to optimize this system for gene transfer, studying the stability of modified Ti plasmids...borders specify the region of DNA that will be transferred to the plant, similar to viral vectors’ terminal...binary vectors are quite large (>10 kb.) Since transformation efficiency is inversely proportional to size...size, and many plant scientists want to transfer large genes, smaller binary vectors with a larger cloning...ORI, they achieved much higher DNA yield and transformation efficiency in both types of bacteria. They ..., respectively, making it ideal for large gene transfer. The M24 promoter provides constitutive, high-...