... specific cell-type promoter. Once injected into the brain, the viruses infect all the cells with an inactive...proteins control the flow of electric charges across cell membranes and maintain membrane potential in response...once a certain number of positive ions crosses the cell membrane, a threshold is reached and the neuron ...selective expression of opsin genes in targeted cells makes it possible to control neuronal activity with... This could be overcome by fusing opsin genes to cell-type specific promoters; however, those usually ...drive weak expression of downstream genes. Strong cell-specific promoters, on the other side, are too long...achieve strong opsin expression in specific neuronal cell types then? This is where FLEx enters the scene....

...antibody binding in the transfected cells but not in control cells. But (there is always a ‘but’), you...transfect it into your favorite cell line. In parallel, you transfect cells with another plasmid not encoding...the cells transfected with your protein of interest and show just the faintest band from the cells transfected...look at the subcellular localization of a protein of interest. Conveniently, you found a cell line in which...when you start using complex samples such as whole cell lysate or tissue sections. It is important to confirm...proteomic data from several different tissues or cell types. If your antibody indeed binds to your target...You perform immunocytochemistry on these mutant cells as well as a non-mutant line and see a great antibody...

...adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells into pluripotent stem cells by a mutant adeno-associated viral...serotype also demonstrates enhanced transduction of cells in culture for ex-vivo conditioning. The AAV2(trpYF...displays enhanced transduction of hematopoietic stem cells and microglia. The AAV6(dbY-F+T-V) serotype was ...AAV-mediated transduction and targeting of retinal bipolar cells with improved mGluR6 promoters in rodents and primates...human gene therapy of glaucoma and their reversed cell entry characteristics. Gene Ther . 2020 Apr;27(3...delivery of a novel AAV vector targets ON bipolar cells and restores visual function in a mouse model of... of Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells by AAV6 Vectors: Strategies for Overcoming Donor-Variation...

...RNA aptamers are used to track cellular processes by transforming cells with plasmids encoding aptamer-tagged... been used to investigate intracellular viral DNA dynamics in neuronal cells (Nilaratanakul et al., 2017...and later introducing the small molecule into the cell. The fluorescence that is generated allows for qualitative...). DFHBI is membrane permeable and non toxic to cells. Because it rapidly photobleaches, DFHBI can only...as stable metabolite sensors for imaging in live cells. By placing Spinach downstream of a riboswitch, ... 2014); its length reduces artefacts during live cell imaging. Bunch of baby spinach, or BoBS, contains...transformed, and then sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) in the presence of DFHBI to identify...

...both Cas9 and your gRNA of interest to mammalian cells. It was designed to have increased lentiviral titer...knock-out thousands of genes in mixed population of cells as part of pooled library screens (1,2). The human...pooled libraries targeting both mouse and human cells are avaliable for distribution. To learn more about... includes work probing mTOR signaling in cancer cells, deciphering the mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase...Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells." Science 343.6166 (2014): 84-87. PubMed PMID: 24336571...Common Ways to Deliver CRISPR Plasmids to Mammalian Cells Resources on the Addgene Website Visit our Lentiviral...

...development. Single cell sequencing-based lineage tracing Recently, gene expression in all cells of the developing...proportions of otherwise normal cell types are produced, rather than novel, abnormal cell types. Sequencing-based...applications. For example, specific tissues such as blood cells or neurons can be fluorescently labeled, allowing...divisions, and movements of each of the thousands of cells in the developing zebrafish embryo have been tracked...developing zebrafish embryo has been mapped using single cell RNA sequencing approaches (Harland, 2018). Several...sequenced zebrafish genome. One study profiled 38,731 cells from 694 embryos over multiple stages and reconstructed...reconstructed the patterns of gene activity and cell divisions that coordinate development of the body plan...

...relied on for transducing cells: galactose and the AAV receptor (AAVR). Cell lines lacking galactose were...Concise review: stem cell antigen‐1: expression, function, and enigma." Stem cells 25.6 (2007): 1339-1347... Wilson labs determined LY6A, also known as stem cell antigen-1 (SCA-1), is the receptor used by PHP.B...commonly used to enrich adult mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Its ligand(s) has not been identified. While LY6A...out of Ly6a in primary C57BL/6J brain endothelial cells decreased transduction rates while overexpression...overexpression of the C57BL/6J version of Ly6a in 293T cells enhanced PHP.B transduction rates. The group also determined...PHP.B, virus still reached the brain endothelial cells of these mice, although at lower levels than in ...

...fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate differentiated from undifferentiated cells at the end of ...these cell types are used. The lack of good flow cytometric antibodies for many CNS-resident cell types...that drive neuronal fate and reprogramming." Cell stem cell 23.5 (2018): 758-771. PubMed PMID: 30318302...CRISPRa screening approach in embryonic stem (ES) cells to determine which transcription factors promote...antibodies, downstream of the TUJ1 coding sequence. ES cells that stably express the dCas9-Suntag activator were...two weeks to allow differentiation to occur. CD8+ cells were then isolated and their genomic DNA sequenced...also be applied to the differentiation of other CNS cell types, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes...

...no detectable effect on cell viability – meaning there was no measurable cell toxicity – using Cas7-11...such as mouse embryonic stem cells and glioblastoma cells. PASTE Development and discovery The first ...observed in non-dividing cells, meaning that this system wasn’t dependent on the cell’s intrinsic machinery... shRNA and Cas13 systems in a range of mammalian cell lines. However, in those same comparisons, the AbuGoot...11. This included tests done in cell lines known to be more sensitive to toxicity from RNA editing, such...integrases with efficient integration activity in human cells. Moreover, they optimized the specific attachment... of plasmids, works in non-dividing and primary cells, and can be easily programmed for new genes. In ...

...synthesized inside of what is called the “target cell” (or host cell) by the viral protein reverse transcriptase...reverse-transcribed DNA into the host cell’s genome and then use cell machinery for transcription and translation...1971). Noninfectious ARK mouse embryo cell lines in which each cell has the capacity to be activated to ..., interested in transferring genes to mammalian cells (i.e. transferring DNA), yet retroviruses are RNA-containing...separate set of instructions in the same producer cells as the virus. Because it is made at the same time...viral genes. It is derived from the host/producer cell membrane, and acquired as an envelope during exocytotic...particles do once they come in contact with target cells (Fig. 3).     Figure 3: The life cycle of...

...spread. They can be inherited by daughter cells during cellular reproduction, similar to the host’s chromosome...elements in the human gut. Cell, 187(5), 1206-1222.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.039 Garcillán-Barcia...bacteriophages), or conjugation (direct transfer from one cell to another). Bacteria need special fertility genes... of a plasmid benefiting its host. For example, cells with a penicillin resistance plasmid can grow in...also carry the necessary resistance genes to help cells survive their own secretions. Pro tip! Historically...bacteria invade hosts, including attaching to host cells and evading the host immune system, and those that...used routinely in biotechnology to transform plant cells. Degradative plasmids: microbial hardiness There...

...dodge cellular variation observed in mammalian cells is to tag an endogenous gene. By imaging cells (or ...mammalian cells within the dish. This is caused by the stochastic nature of plasmid uptake by cells. To correct...intended application. The three key properties for live cell imaging that will be treated in this series of posts...Determining practical brightness When a dish of mammalian cells is transiently transfected with a plasmid containing...allows for a precise determination of brightness in cells, under realistic experimental conditions. By determining...al (2017) and Heppert et al (2016). In mammalian cells this would be possible with CRISPR/Cas-based genome...efficiency of the fluorescent protein in the host cell, which is a key determinant of the practical brightness...

...expressed in cells that express cre recombinase. Typically, this feature is used to attain cell-specific ...CRISPR applications and can be expressed from your cell line of choice after transduction with this virus...blast virus can be used to generate Cas9-expressing cell lines, which can then be used both for screens (...viral prep to create a single stable Cas9-expressing cell line and then transduce this line with lentiviruses...using lentiCas9-blast to generate Cas9-expressing cells. To ensure that this growth rate effect doesn’t ...activating particular signaling pathways in specific cell types (typically neurons). While all of these viruses...transduction and transgene expression across different cell types (Aschauer et al., 2013). Expression of hM4D...

...plasmid. Envelope proteins determine which types of cells a virus can infect. The VSV-G envelope protein enables... enables this virus to infect many different cell types so it is useful in a wide range of applications... The 2A-GFP allows for screening of transfected cells. Find pSpCas9(BB)-2A-GFP (PX458). lentiCRISPR v2...deliver Cas9 and your gRNA of interest into mammalian cells. This vector was the top requested plasmid of 2015... popular in genome engineering. For use in human cell lines, the Zhang lab codon-optimized SpCas9. Using...puromycin cassette that makes it less efficient in some cell lines. pSpCas9(BB)-2A-Puro (PX459) V2.0 was made...capable of inducible expression of shRNA in target cells by the addition of tetracycline/doxycycline to the...

...This novel tool is practical in cell and organ culture, as well as cell lineage studies. Eisenhoffer and...CreLite for cell tracing using the transgenic zebrafish model, ubi:zebrabow. In this system, cells express...fast-splicing split intein and co-infected into the cell. Intein splitting removes any exogenous sequences...split into two plasmids and co-transfected into cells for reconstitution. Image from Levy et al., 2020...red-light inducible optogenetic tool for precision in cell lineage tracing Article contributed by Erin Sanders...fluorescent proteins controlled by Cre recombination. Each cell can have multiple copies of the transgene that recombine..., such as the brain, eye, muscle and epithelial cells, as well as in different stages of development, ...

...Laplante M, Sabatini DM. Cell. 2012 Apr 13;149(2):274-93. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.017. PubMed PMID... (mTOR) is a key metabolic regulator controlling cell growth and proliferation. mTOR, a serine/threonine...signals to determine the nutritional state of the cell and regulates the switch from anabolic to catabolic...growth factors, including insulin. mTORC2 influences cell survival and cytoskeletal organization. Cancer Impact... promotes the conditions needed for uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation, including an abundant ...appears to signal upstream of Akt, also promotes cell survival and proliferation. mTOR Pathway Plasmids... one drug, many effects. Li J, Kim SG, Blenis J. Cell Metab. 2014 Mar 4;19(3):373-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet...

...imaging with single-cell resolution using chemical cocktails and computational analysis." Cell 157.3 (2014):... of the XFP genes is introduced at ~2 copies per cell per color, following a Poisson distribution. To ... optimal expression of XFPs. Any longer and the cells may start to show morphological abnormalities due...XFP genes have to be introduced at ~2 copies per cell per color to achieve the highest color variations... wait too long, as too much XFP is toxic to the cells. Inadequate expression levels of XFPs - Reduce the...video below depicting dendrite wiring of mitral cells.   Many thanks to our guest bloggers Richi Sakaguchi...circuitry with an index-optimized clearing agent." Cell reports14.11 (2016): 2718-2732. PubMed PMID: 26972009...

...Localization within cells Fluorescence microscopy Visualize components of individual cells Separation/identification...fluorescently-labeled components Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (for cells); fluorescent HPLC (proteins or other molecules...biosensor Before expressing a biosensor in eukaryotic cells, think about the best place for the biosensor to...average amount of fluorescence across a population of cells (i.e. in a plate well). Use to track a process (... molecules) Isolate or quantify cells, proteins or other molecules that have been labelled with your fluorescent...be expressed. Are you looking at an intracellular or extracellular molecule? By fusing a biosensor to ...by Olivier Pertz’s lab. Other biosensors track cellular characteristics like pH, redox state, and voltage...

... disease, cell type or drug treatment can browse through screens performed in relevant cell lines or conditions... currently houses over 890 CRISPR screens in 629 cell lines, each manually curated and annotated from ...feasibility and power of CRISPR-based library screens in cell lines from humans and other species. By accurately... screens performed in 26 different breast cancer cell lines. Screenshot updated 2024. Each screen ...screen is captured by BioGRID curators, including the cell line/tissue type, enzyme system, sgRNA library and...example phenotype screens with read-outs other than cell viability. The following video provides an in-depth...

...recombination varies for different constructs and cell types. Second, Cre may induce recombination at pseudo...standard UAS/GAL4 system is toxic to proliferating cells. A Cre-estrogen receptor ligand binding domain-fusion...recombination efficiency. When expressed in neuronal cells, each line showed broad recombinase-dependent RFP...these recombinases were also active in mammalian cells. In experiments, B3 and KD were shown to be functional...functional in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, as well as in cortical neurons in layer 2/3 of ... damage induced by Cre recombinase in mammalian cells. Loonstra A, Voojis M, Beverloo HB, Al Allak B, ...recombinase toxicity in proliferating Drosophila cells by estrogen-dependent activity regulation. Heidmann...

...eight millimeters – not single cells (yet) but small clusters of cells. Looking ahead What’s next, you...fluorescent proteins to observe what’s happening inside cells for at least a couple of decades. Green is the classic...and tracking of proteins, organelles, and living cells in a spatiotemporal manner, which is not possible... vivo. “One of the reasons we can’t localize one cell at a depth of one centimeter with fluorescence is...on the other hand, are larger than the size of a cell, so they scatter much less. As a result, ultrasound...brighter, more photostable, smaller, and less toxic to cells. They’d like to make near-infrared fluorescent proteins...

...lipopolysaccharide of the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria like E. coli that affects tissue culture cell line viability...introduces transformation grade plasmids into a bacterial cell. Transformation grade DNA  Transformation is ...transformation of chemically and electrocompetent cells is minimal (picogram range). It can be extracted...Figure 3: Need to introduce plasmids into mammalian cells? Use transfection grade DNA. Transfection is ...process of inserting an external plasmid in mammalian cells and it will likely require micrograms of plasmid...

... them into your cells, you can simply look for blue colonies to determine which cells have taken up the... mScarlet as the donor in HeLa cells.   Find ShadowR for mammalian cell expression here   Now that you... that the cellular fitness cost varied greatly between chromoproteins. In some cases, cells containing...cloning experiment worked just by looking at the cells on the plate. For example, if your plasmid contains...Here, the chromoprotein is expressed and gives the cell a magenta (amilCP) or purple (tsPurple) color. Though...added which induces expression of the toxin. Any cells that grow after this point will be those that have...resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) in living cells (Figure 4). They created ShadowR by modifying the...

...ancestry and germline sequence variation in cancer cell lines took them down unexpected paths. Though this...researchers do large-scale CRISPR screens in cancer cell lines, looking to uncover genetic dependencies of...to see if they could identify the ancestry of the cell lines (European, East Asian, Indigenous American...or South Asian) used in the screens based on the cells’ germline genetic variations. They then wanted to...with each ancestry group. Since about 90% of the cell lines used in DepMap CRISPR screens are of either...groups for 994 of the Cancer Dependency Map cancer cell lines (left). Heatmap indicating the breakdown of...CRISPR guides, short pieces of RNA that bind to a cell’s DNA, telling the Cas machinery where to cut.  ...

...Depletion in Human Cells by Auxin-Inducible Degron Tagging with Short Homology Donors.” Cell Rep.15(1) (2016...and function of cellular systems. FPs have been used to track protein localization, cell structure, intracellular...to fluorescently tag markers of cellular structures in mammalian cells. These plasmids use fluorescent...loci in other model systems, including mammalian cells. CRISPaint (CRISPR-assisted insertion tagging)...C-terminal tag fusions of endogenous genes in human cells. To use CRISPaint, users need 3 vectors:  1) a gRNA...also be introduced directly into a Drosophila S2 cell line stably expressing Cas9. This PCR toolkit offers...selection. Researchers at the Allen Institute for Cell Science recently developed a collection of plasmids...

...reverse transcriptase and integrase. Once in a target cell, the virus uses the reverse transcriptase in tow...γ-retroviruses are that they can only transduce dividing cells (this is because they are only able to enter the...of Large T antigen for creation of immortalized cells (see Weinberg Lab page for resistance variants) ...Expression of hTERT for creation of immortalized cells; additional plasmids include Puro resistance and...inducible expression of GFP T2A Cre fusion in mammalian cells Foijer 47916 pRXTN CMV/MSV pRXTN is a modified version...MoMSV Stable expression of luciferase in mammalian cells Wong Return to Top Do you have suggestions for other...

...particle sneaks its way into cells. Generally, AAV serotypes have a primary cellular receptor and sometimes ...transduction efficiency, and is an excellent choice for targeting cardiac cells (Bish et al., 2008). It can ... Therapy: An Overview. Cells, 12(5), 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12050785 Kaludov, N., Brown, K....delivery across species. Cell, 184(19), 4919-4938.e22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.028 Tervo, D...tissue tropism, allowing them to target particular cell types. Figure 1: Diagram of AAV components...key that lets AAVs “unlock” and infect specific cells. This protein shell packages the vector’s genetic...multiple coreceptors, which may be present on different cell types and sometimes vary between target species ...

...of Multiple Kinase Activities in Live Single Cells." Cell 157, no. 7 (2014): 1724-734. PubMed PMID: 24949979...Signal transduction pathways are a lot like cell phone networks. Protein kinases deliver messages to ... dimeric Dronpa is less prone to aggregation in cells compared to the tetrameric Dronpa it was derived...inhibitors, psMEK1 and ERK KTR-mRuby2 expressing cells were incubated with an inhibitor of choice, exposed...inactivation, and then decreases. Treatment of the cells with a PP1/PP2A inhibitor leads to maintenance of...Raf-MEK-ERK signaling in the hypodermis and gut cells of C. elegans causes the same phenotype. Activation...signaling pathway with psRaf1 or psMEK1 in these same cells by 24-48 hours exposure to blue light also induced...

...intensity evolves over time in living cells at a power used for live-cell imaging. To conclude, the most photostable...molecule will photobleach at some point. For live-cell imaging, it is desirable to have fluorescent proteins...experiment. The best fluorescent proteins for live cell imaging can be excited many times, thereby producing...protein is a key requirement for quantitative live-cell imaging, it is important to be able to quantify ...it is advisable to perform time-lapse imaging of cells producing the fluorescent protein of interest under...natural situation. Measuring photostability in living cells provides a much more realistic view of photostability...spectral class on the microscopy system and in the cell type (or tissue) that is intended to be used with...

... protein (CcdA) that protects the cell against the toxic CcdB. Cells that lose ccdA through the loss of...disrupted allowing cells expressing the recombinant plasmid to propagate. Any cells that contained non-recombinant...which is responsible for plasmid maintenance during cell division. ccdB codes for the toxic protein (CcdB...broken double stranded DNA and ultimately causing cell death. ccdA, another gene found in the ccd operon...Gateway takes advantage of the same principle that cells will not propagate while expressing the gene. Briefly...can one work with a plasmid/gene that kills the cells expressing it? The answer lies in special strains...PMID: 8254658. 5. Bernard, P. and Couturier, M. “Cell killing by the F plasmid CcdB protein involves poisoning...

... into AAV particles for delivery into mammalian cells, especially when fused to effector proteins for ..., base editing, and genome editing in mammalian cells. The “V4” version (named CasMINI) had the highest...an active nuclease.  Read the paper in Molecular Cell Find the CasMINI plasmids Efficient CRISPR editing...effective in genome editing in both bacteria and human cells using various delivery methods, including plasmid...mRNA or Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA, in human and mouse cells. They further develop a version of SEND for gene...modular system for delivering gene editing tools into cells. Image adapted from Segel et al. 2021.   Prime...correct mutations in a variety of target genes and cell types. Their Nature Biotechnology paper showcases...

...Targeted Human Stem Cell Clones Detected by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Cell Stem Cell 15:27–30 . https://...protein, in order to mitigate the ability of the cell to use an alternative ATG downstream of the annotated...process, and usually involves the need for single cell cloning and subsequent screening for successful ...standard requires not one but two rounds of single cell cloning – as a control, one should revert the edit...passenger variant that came along with the single cell clone (although this is rarely done). When targeting...levels of modification. Whole-genome sequencing of cells modified by CRISPR indicates that the consequences...mutations (Veres et al., 2014). When working with single-cell clones, the authors note that “clonal heterogeneity...

...Scanziani Tools for Cell Ablation These AAV encode tools that can be used for cell ablation. ID Name Expression...Transactivators Affinity Purification Neurophysiology Cell Ablation Tetracycline Transactivators and Inducible...diphtheria toxin receptor fused to GFP for studying cell ablation. 2 Jessell , Azim 45580 pAAV-flex-taCasp3...expression of designer pro-taCasp3 and TEVp for studying cell ablation. 5 Shah , Wells Don’t See What You’re Looking...

...function in zebrafish, plants, and human cells ( Maeder et al., Mol Cell 2008 , Foley & Yeh et al., PLoS ONE... Townsend et al., Nature 2009 , Zou et al., Cell Stem Cell 2009 ). Resources A detailed protocol for practicing...ZFNs that function in zebrafish, plants, and human cells Kits...

...Purification Process with pCri Cell-free protein expression kit Cell-free expression systems have been...testing and comparison of different cell-free expression systems; the Cell-free expression test kit represents...SITS to create the pCell-Free vectors, Gateway-compatible backbones that enable cell-free expression of...: FX Cloning Kit BIOFAB Plasmid Set pCri System Cell Free Protein Expression Kit FREQ Seq PUF Assembly...facilitate gene expression in bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, insects, and even Xenopus oocytes. The expression...of proteins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell extracts (Gagoski et al 2015). He has also constructed...to perform statistically relevant benchmarking of cell-free expression systems, and tested for product ...

... to express one gene in one cell type and another gene in a different cell type (6–8). Although it’s often...systematically study gene function with temporal control and cell-type specificity! The Gal4/UAS system At a more...the hedgehog gene can be overexpressed in several cell types by using different Gal4 drivers. It is much...much easier to mate flies to get the right cell type expression as opposed to making a new fly with hedgehog... Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes., Development...Neuro-Trauma during Asymptomatic Viral Infections, Cell Host Microbe 22, 48-60 (2017). PubMed PMID: 28704652...expression, lineage tracing, and mosaic analysis., Cell 141, 536–48 (2010). PubMed PMID: 20434990. PubMed...

...percentage of total live cells are GFP+. In this plot, with adjusted voltage, cells that did not receive ...would serve you well. Percentage of cells in a parent gate (all live cells for example) that are positive ...example, you have introduced a GFP protein into your cells (visualized via the FITC channel) and you are trying...graphs could simply be the percentage of the total cells present in the gate.   Figure 1: Example...looking at proteins that are expressed regularly in cells and might be upregulated or downregulated based ...populations. MFI is the average brightness from all cells that are positive for the marker of interest. MFI...

...splitting my cells first. Time management through planning I probably wouldn’t have fallen into my cell splitting...for Scientists. Back when I used to do mammalian cell culture, I would often respond to friends asking...there in a few minutes, I just need to split some cells.” Inevitably, this task would take longer than I...since my days as an undergrad working with cancer cell lines. As I started planning out my own experiments.... In my anecdote above, I prioritized splitting cells over meeting up with friends, but didn’t realize...mean in terms of the utility of your tasks. In my cell splitting anecdote, I probably could have grabbed...with friends and come back to the lab to split my cells later. Eating with friends has a somewhat immediate...

...replicating too quickly can slow cell growth or even kill the host cell. For stringently controlled plasmids...All plasmids rely on their host cell's replication machinery in order to replicate—but not always to ...be synchronized with the replication of the host cell's chromosomal DNA.  Plasmids are said to be under... stringent control when they depend on the host cell’s initiation proteins to start their own replication... occurs at the appropriate time—for example, the cell must have enough nutrients available to complete...the amount of active DnaA available is one of a cell’s best tools to regulate DNA replication. DnaA negatively...energy source, ATP binding is one more way for the cell to control DNA replication. A variety of other proteins...

...to target a variety of cell populations in different brain regions. Labeled cell populations were tested...regulatory sequences — termed enhancers — to drive cell type-specific expression. The Allen Institute for...differential chromatin accessibility across different cell types and cloned into an AAV backbone. Most enhancers...mouse brains. This collection contains plasmids for cell populations in the following regions: Isocortex ...-WPRE3-BGHpA AiP12320 AiE0475m SYFP2 Chandelier cells (Pvalb) Isocortex 230384* pAAV-AiE0475m-minBG-iCre...pAAV-AiE0475m-minBG-iCre(R297T)-BGHpA AiP13790 AiE0475m Cre Chandelier cells (Pvalb) Isocortex 214561 pAAV-AiE2566m-minBG-SYFP2...pAAV-AiE2150m-minBG-SYFP2-WPRE3-BGHpA AiP1379 AiE2150m SYFP2 Purkinje cells Cerebellum 208141 pAAV-AiE0390m_3xC2-minBG-SYFP2...