We narrowed to 912 results for: IRE;

...the laboratory, the non-required components have been removed, and the required components have been separated...genes. However, they are different viruses and require different isoforms of these packaging components...particles. Wild-type lentiviruses additionally require the regulatory genes tat and rev , along with virus-specific...and wild-type LTRs Packaging plasmid — contains entire viral genome (packaging, regulatory, and accessory...as a promoter on the transfer plasmid, and this requires Tat for activation. Second-generation plasmids... to the additional plasmid. Second, tat is not required in the third-generation system. Instead, the transfer...plasmids instead of three and eliminates the requirement for Tat. Always includes deletion in the 3' LTR...

...all use either the direct approach or indirect approach, depending on the requirements of the specific assay... also be. This is the direct approach to immunoimaging assays. But if the direct approach isn’t giving... associated, indirectly, with each protein of interest.    Figure 1: The direct approach (left...always use the indirect approach, while flow cytometry’s standard approach is the direct method. ELISAs...secondary antibodies require their own incubation and wash steps, which means that indirect methods are often...sometimes assumed that the direct method is more quantitative than the indirect method. But in reality, ...quantification can be done using either the direct or the indirect method.  New Methods Time is a precious...

...got their name, but they are not related. AAVs require the presence of adenoviral genes E1, E4, E2a and...space available inside of the small AAV capsid and directly correlates to the size of the DNA removed from...adenoviral genes not present in the AAV genome required for viral replication (E4, E2a and VA). These ...AAV Plasmid Elements table . Figure 2: Plasmids required for rAAV vector production. Created with BioRender.com...central (CNS) nervous systems. Targeting the CNS requires crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and a ... in-stock viral preps . AAV retrograde (AAVrg) Directed evolution has also been employed to engineer an...transport, AAVrg. Retrograde transport refers to the direction of movement within a neuron from the terminal ...

...sample, whereas antigen is bound directly to the wells in a direct and indirect ELISA.   Sandwich ELISA Most...et al., 2019.   Indirect ELISA The indirect ELISA is very similar to a direct ELISA, aside from the...detected. These are sandwich, competitive, direct, and indirect. Sandwich and competitive ELISA use antibodies...the sandwich ELISA as described here, the direct and indirect ELISA (more details below) can also be adapted...from Boguszewska et al., 2019.       Direct ELISA In a direct ELISA, purified proteins or the experimental...for visualization. The indirect ELISA is used for similar experiments as the direct ELISA, the only difference...Antibodies are used in many different experiments that require scientists to detect proteins in their samples....

...deliver substances directly to the lungs. It is an advanced technique, as it requires intubation of the...< 0.05 ml Skill required: beginner Oral gavage Oral gavage delivers drugs that require ingestion, such...after initial mouse training. Other techniques require more skill and additional training, going from ...seem like the easier of the two, but it actually requires more technical skill to place the needle in the...is slower, and more institutional oversight is required. Restraint: mechanical restraint or anesthesia...-orbitally Gauge: 27–30 Volume: < 0.2 ml Skill required: beginner (retro-orbital) to intermediate (tail...Like IV injections, intraperitoneal injections require a little bit of practice to ensure the proper injection...

...for it to then be digested and ligated into your desired plasmid. It is important to note that restriction...enzymes that cut your insert or backbone at only the desired location for your cloning project. Restriction ...simplifying the process and reducing the amount of time required for cloning. To utilize this approach, the fragment...gene of interest one time into a donor plasmid or acquire one that already has your gene in it. Then you ...advantages of type IIS systems are two-fold. First, the entire cloning step (digestion and ligation) can be carried...overhangs will be distinct and preserve the directionality of the cloning reaction. Second, the restriction...sequences are removed from the final product, with no undesired sequence ("scar") retained. A disadvantage of ...

...variety of other undesired outcomes, including one loxP site insertion and one NHEJ-repaired indel, often ...around the desired insertion site to search for potential gRNAs. As with other homology-directed repair experiments...with your desired insertion feature (e.g., a fluorescent protein), you can amplify the desired region using...the power of ssDNA donor molecules for homology directed repair. Using long ssDNA donors, the Gurumurthy...arduous. First, you’d construct a plasmid with your desired changes, long homology arms and a selection marker...pseudopregnant female mice. If you obtained the desired chimeric mice, you would breed them many times,...times, hoping to produce a mouse with the desired edit. You’d also need to remove the selection marker, likely...

...assay run time to two days.  Indirect or direct detection method Indirect detection is the most common... to primary antibodies). Direct westerns are simpler and faster than indirect ones and can be used in ...well, and multiplexing is challenging and limited. Direct westerns typically rely on primary antibodies conjugated...sensitive to lower amounts of protein, and can require more antibody or loading sample, which may not ...conjugate, and changing your reporter molecule requires either re-conjugating or re-purchasing your primary... like the mitochondria or nucleus, will likely require a harsher lysis buffer than proteins easily available... also add time to an already lengthy protocol, require the use of hazardous chemicals, and are not always...

...three are required for recombineering with a dsDNA substrate; however, only Beta is required when generating...and no longer requires drug selection.  One drawback to this approach is that it requires the generation...based on homologous recombination. It allows for direct modification of DNA within E. coli and is independent...occur in a test tube. The donor DNA substrate only requires ~50 nucleotides of homology to the target site...2) if the dsDNA was short enough, a ssDNA whose entire complementary strand was degraded. Beta: Beta protects...ssDNA target in the cell.  Only Beta expression is required for recombineering with an ssDNA oligo substrate...substrate should be ~70-100 nucleotides long with the desired alteration(s) located in the center of the sequence...

...experiments that require exogenous protein, successful induction of RNAi only requires the presence of ...as the entire culture can be harvested instead of microscopic isolation. The plasmids required to conduct...tools exist to perturb biological function in a direct or unbiased way at the DNA, RNA, or protein level...level. The “correct” choice of tool requires careful balancing of the inherent advantages and limitations...Figure 1). The plant kingdom has expanded its repertoire of Dicer enzymes and these different Dicer-like... of an RNAi-inducing transgene. Typically, the desired target of RNAi is expressed as inverted repeats...and Stainier, 2020). Additionally, a study that directly compared CRISPR to RNAi in the context of a high...

...Buy American, Hire American" Executive Order which sets broad policy intentions directing federal agencies.... or postdoc. Foreign national researchers who require visas, permanent residence or citizenship to continue... likely that an international candidate will be hired for a role that is closely aligned with their education...degree or its equivalent and state licensure, if required to practice in that field. H-1B work-authorization...research organizations, and organizations that require the H-1B employee to work at one of the first three...application meaning that the category does not require a foreign national to have an employer or a job...the individual’s past work on the field. NIW requirements stress “educational background, expertise, publications...

...No Purified Enzymes Required No No Yes Yes Lab Made Competent Cells Required Yes No No No Comparison...Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) is one of the key tools researchers use to prove causation in molecular...small point mutations, large deletions/insertions require complicated, often costly in vitro assembly methods... Linearized Plasmids After PCR). Current site directed mutagenesis methods Current SDM methods rely on...you design two oligonucleotide primers with the desired mutation, then use those to PCR amplify the template...but these methods can be expensive because they require particular enzymes, some of which are proprietary...above, you design two primers, each containing the desired mutations, to amplify both strands of a plasmid...

...the entire axial volume of a sample. Therefore, when a large number of optical slices are acquired all...This post was contributed by Doug Richardson, Director of the Harvard Center for Biological Imaging and...the microscope objective evenly illuminating the entire (wide) field of view. Fluorescent light traveling...visualization. Illuminating a sample in the opposite direction to fluorescence collection is referred to as “...increases the speed at which a confocal image can be acquired. Assembling an image pixel by pixel is slow; therefore...hole is illuminated at a time, the image can be acquired more quickly. 2-Photon Microscopy 2-Photon Microscopy...limiting photobleaching. Similar to widefield, the entire field of view is excited at one time and captured...

...table below) have different PAM requirements. These different PAM requirements allow researchers to target...encodes a single crRNA. The direct repeat regions contain sequences required for processing pre-crRNA into...variants are being discovered all the time and the requirements of these different systems can vary (for example...processing foreign DNA as well as the RNA guides required for endonuclease function, when used for genome...genome engineering, the only CRISPR protein required is the Cas9 endonuclease or a variant thereof. This ...contains both the 20 nucleotide target sequence to direct Cas9 to a specific genomic locus and the scaffolding...researchers simply need to express a gRNA designed to direct Cas9 to their target sequence of choice (see tips...

...Cas9s with looser PAM requirements compared to SpCas9. xCas9 has a PAM requirement of NG, GAA, or GAT, ...A-to-G.) In short, the impaired Cas9 localizes the deaminase to where the edit is desired, and it performs ...with a variety of impaired Cas9 proteins (such as SpRY) with altered PAM requirements, giving it more flexibility... al., 2019), it does not require an expertly positioned PAM without undesired bases nearby that may undergo...Site-specific deletions and knockouts Some experiments may require the introduction of a mutation at a specific site...alternative PAM Cas9s can be found in “The PAM Requirement and Expanding CRISPR Beyond SpCas9.” Single base...flexibility. A consideration with this tool is that the desired edit will be performed on all relevant bases within...

...: dCas9-targeted point mutations for directed evolution Directed evolution is an important method for ... function, strength, and binding (e.g. DHS-seq, FAIRE-seq, and CHIP-seq), genome-wide identification and...pooled libraries enable researchers to screen the entire genome for genes that regulate a wide variety of...the NCC-1 library of approved drugs against the entire kit; a parallel analysis that successfully identified...Researchers can use plasmids from the PRESTO-TANGO kit directly for drug screening or easily shuttle the optimized...optimized, expression validated GPCR sequences to any desired backbone.  Kroeze, et al. Nat Struct Mol Biol....oligonucleotides (oligos), and thereby rapidly create desired allele combinations and combinatorial genomic libraries...

...familiar with when talking about IF, direct and indirect. For direct IF, researchers use a single antibody...allowing one to “directly” visualize their target. In contrast, indirect IF requires two antibodies: a...post to learn more about these techniques!  Direct vs. indirect immunofluorescence There are a couple different...Figure 1: Comparison between how direct immunofluorescence and indirect immunofluorescence work. Image ...with BioRender.com   Indirect IF is a much more common approach than direct IF, so we will focus on... a primary and secondary. For indirect IF, the primary antibody targets the antigen of interest but is...on this technique here. One of the reasons that indirect IF is more common is that secondary antibodies...

...flow cytometry can use both direct and indirect staining methods. In direct staining, the primary antibody...binds to the primary antibody. Direct staining is quicker than indirect staining and eliminates potential...assessed for the desired parameter. A droplet containing a cell that is positive for a desired parameter is...with protocols that require fixation and permeabilization as these methods require damaging the cell membrane...as it passes through and scatters in different directions. The degree of scatter is captured by detectors...about the cell. Light that continues in the same direction as it was initially traveling is called forward...against a target is conjugated to a fluorochrome. In indirect staining a primary antibody binds to a target ...

...through PSAMs and LMOs is direct, while neuronal control of DREADDs is indirect. DREADD ligands affect signaling... DREADDs in experiments in this species may be entirely due to back-metabolism of CNO to clozapine, demonstrating...that all respond to the same ligands was that bidirectional experiments (i.e. using both activating and ...hM3Dq can be used in the same organism to allow bidirectional control of neuronal activity. Table 1: Descriptions...Unlike DREADDs, which manipulate neuronal activity indirectly through GPCR signaling, another class of chemogenetic...chemogenetic receptors that confer more direct control of neurons through manipulation of ion channels arePharmacologically... CJ, Lee PH, Bonaventura J, Zemla R, Gomez JL, Ramirez MH, Hu X, Galvan A, Basu J, Michaelides M, Sternson...

.... Figure 1: Firefly, from Wikimedia Commons. The North American firefly, Photinus pyralis, ...generation Slower Faster Cofactors/substrates Required Not required Signal strength Lower Higher Sensitivity...most familiar source of bioluminescence is the firefly. Along with charming nighttime displays, these ...with BioRender.com. Bioluminescent reporters require a chemical substrate (and sometimes cofactors) ...fluorescent proteins. On the other hand, they don’t require an excitation light source (usually a laser in ... Natural and engineered luciferases Although firefly luciferase was the first bioluminescent reporter... deep-sea copepod (Gaussia princeps), Japanese firefly (Luciola cruciata), and more. These variant proteins...