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We narrowed to 919 results for: IRE;

Showing: 321 - 360 of 919 results

  1. Rewiring Metabolic Circuitry with CRISPR RNA Scaffolds [Video]

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...multiple genes. Modifying the CRISPRi system for multidirectional control The CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) ...Modifying the CRISPRi system for more flexible multidirectional control, a new study repurposes the sgRNA ...regulators allows a greater degree of control of desired expression levels dependent upon the type of transcriptional... E. coli. The utility of simultaneous and multidirectional multiplex control via scRNA design is readily...RNAs can be designed to allow simultaneous, multidirectional and tunable control of gene expression. ...

  2. Illuminating Choices: A Guide to Selecting Fluorescent Dyes and Ligands

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...species. Administration of these dyes results in direct binding between the dye and the endogenous target...target, and thus no genetically encoded tag is required. These dyes can also be attached to an antibody ...substrate ligand motif attached to a fluorophore. When paired with a protein of interest, these tools provide...biotechnology (Grimm & Lavis, 2022). These variations directly impact the way you can utilize these dyes. The...another factor to consider. If your application requires longer periods of exposure, you’ll want a more...intermolecular FRET for ligand-receptor interactions, require specific considerations regarding the choice of...

  3. Cancer and the Immune System: Deciphering the Relationship

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...of the fittest. Cancer cells find a way to grow haywire, access and create more vasculature to feed themselves... tumor cells that escape the elimination stage acquire genetic alterations and alter cell-surface antigen...cells would normally kill cancer cells but are directed not to through these various signals. Over-production...the microenvironment help create tolerance beyond direct proximity to the tumor; chemokine-aided activation...a variety of up and coming therapies. Future directions and open questions in cancer treatment We are... is to be successful, cancer immunotherapy must aspire to be a field of healthcare as dynamic as cancer...

  4. Fluorescent Proteins 101: Monitoring Cell Mobility Using Fluorescent Proteins

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Drobizhev et al. 2011). But this requires other lasers than the standard Ti:Sapphire laser. It is also important...processes during embryonic development. These are required for a growing organism to make the complicated...for many years, researchers lacked good tools to directly follow immune cells in lymphoid organs. The development...Good two-photon probes when using a standard Ti:Sapphire Laser include: Blue-green fluorescent proteins...PMCID: PMC2700268. 8. Hickman, Heather D., et al. "Direct priming of antiviral CD8+ T cells in the peripheral...

  5. Trading Spaces - Visiting Scientist Edition

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... institute, meaning the host university does not hire or pay them (typically). A visiting scientist is...from equipment sharing or a collaboration – it requires re-location of the scientist to the new institute... reason. Visiting would allow you to train and acquire the data you need on the new instrumentation. Bonus...yourself. Identify reagents you will need, any required training, and a priority list of experiments you...have a bench mentor or anyone else available to directly help you during your visit. Reach out to your ...

  6. Improving Transduction Efficiency with Exosome AAVs

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... event. What are exosome AAVs? In 2012, Casey Maguire and colleagues from Massachusetts General Hospital...that are released from cells during production (Maguire et al., 2012). They saw that these AAV particles...development of the exo-AAV isolation protocol by Maguire and colleagues, other researchers have tried to...delivery of therapeutic proteins to the brain which requires crossing the blood-brain-barrier. In summary, ...: 28082074. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5368844.  Maguire, Casey A., et al. "Microvesicle-associated AAV ...

  7. Unique and persistent IDs for improved reproducibility: Addgene now supports RRIDs and compact identifiers for all plasmids

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...that when you click on the link it will take you directly to the original article online. It is also designed...several journals or organizations now recommend or require authors to use specific PID formats. For example...Addgene registered prefix and the Addgene ID # are directly at the end of the n2t.net web address. For the...scicrunch.org/resolver/RRID:Addgene_87155) will take you directly to the lenti-Cas9-VQR plasmid page. Despite their...your choice. Or if in doubt, copy and paste the entire line. Cite plasmid using a resolvable compact identifier...

  8. Optimizing Donor DNA for Enhanced CRISPR Genome Editing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...thus inactivating genes), while breaks repaired by homology directed repair (HDR) pathways can modify the...causes two types of editing outcomes: Cas9 breaks repaired by the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway...Richardson, Christopher D., et al. "Enhancing homology-directed genome editing by catalytically active and inactive...26789497.  2. Lin, Steven, et al. "Enhanced homology-directed human genome engineering by controlled timing ...

  9. Synthetic Photobiology: Optogenetics for E. coli

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...scientists seek to directly probe and build new systems. Such goals require methods to directly activate and...TCS-induced responses are varied; one outcome is directed transcription from a given promoter. To harness...been greatly streamlined; only two plasmids are required per system. Applications of these systems The ...

  10. Plasmids 101: Mammalian Vectors

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... bacteria) or incorporate the genetic material directly into the genome to form a stable transfection....the plasmid, and can be assayed conveniently. A direct test for your gene of interest may be another method...viral-based ORIs to fill the void. These ORIs, however, require additional components expressed in trans within... Stably transfected cells may be considered an entirely new cell line from that of the original parental...important to determine the proper concentration required for efficient selection. This is usually achieved...

  11. How to Deposit Your Plasmids with Addgene

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...unpublished. Fields marked with an asterisk are required. If submitting plasmid(s) using a spreadsheet ...Unpublished or pre-publication plasmids" and set a desired distribution status. You can submit "Published ...general description of the deposit. Select your desired distribution status: Hold for publication: we... need; you can copy and paste your information directly into the file. Email the completed spreadsheet... sequences cloned into it. gRNAs are used for directing CRISPR/Cas9 to a targeted genomic location, while...assembled or theoretical — it does not have to be entirely verified by sequencing. Upload any support files...

  12. Plasmids 101: Sequence and Ligation Independent Cloning (SLIC)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...use site-specific recombination, it also doesn’t require a ligation step. Based on the robust system of ...that position, preventing T4 from chewing back the entire 10–12 bases. As such, the use of LIC is often limited...the same tube. Alternatively, SLIC can also work directly on PCR products, with 5′ overhangs generated either...product with two 5′ overhangs, so these approaches require higher concentrations of insert to succeed. 5′ ...polymerase is much less expensive than the enzymes required for Gibson assembly. SLIC is a standardized method...

  13. Clear and Accessible Writing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... is used by screen readers to provide visually impaired visitors with information about images that a ...primarily negative. Stupid, overwhelmed, discouraged, tired…words that indicated there were many barriers between...paper.  Of course, when you think about writing an entire scientific paper, you may feel it’s overwhelming...describe the image in a way that helps visually impaired readers receive the same information as sighted... writing. You can use them to help you write an entire manuscript, or you could use them to write alt ...

  14. Viral Vectors 101: Viral Vector Elements

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...though. Viral packaging and entry The genetic cargo requires viral packaging to infiltrate and integrate into...outlined above for gamma-retroviruses. While not required for lentiviral production, they can be helpful...packaging proteins for AAV are rep and cap. Rep is required for viral replication and also aids in infrequent...target different tissue or cell types. AAV also requires some back up from adenovirus genes – E4, E2a, ...LXs/Iva2 are primarily capsid assembly proteins required for packaging of the virus into particles. E2A...

  15. Antibodies 101: ChIP

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...very similar for both, though tissue samples do require an extra homogenization step. For this blog, we're...throughout the sample processing and therefore will require crosslinking, which uses formaldehyde or UV light...provides a truly random digestion, but is harsher and requires more optimization. Enzymatic digestion, while ...both tissue or cell type, amount of protein, and desired fragment length for your output assay. A longer...https://www.wannapik.com/   Even though ChIP requires a larger upfront investment than many other antibody...

  16. Plasmids 101: Inducible Promoters

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...for use in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, works via direct activation. In this system, the activator rtTA ...negative inducible pLac promoter. This promoter requires removal of the lac repressor (lacI protein) for...eukaryotic cell types (mammalian, yeast, plants, etc.) require unique promoters and there is very little crossover...induce a given promoter varies. Promoters that require only the addition of an external inducer, like ...very rapidly. In contrast, promoter systems that require transcription of a repressor/inducer will have ...

  17. Plasmids 101: Methylation and Restriction Enzymes

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...often used for site directed mutagenesis. During this process, incorporation of a desired mutation into your... not the newly synthesized product from a site-directed mutagenesis experiment? The answer to both questions...not correct! Conversely, enzymes such as DpnI require methylation at their recognition sites in order...overlapping methylation Not affected Not affected DpnI Requires methylation for activity Not affected Not affected...

  18. 3 Challenges in Plant Synthetic Biology

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... and synthetic biology. The mistrust and anger directed at GM crops has burdened this emerging engineering...Revolution Bio, we are addressing this challenge directly by developing a plant biotechnology product specifically...through conventional breeding; synthetic biology is required to achieve this novel and unique phenotype. It...control over their interaction with it, we hope to inspire and open a new conversation about GMOs.  Challenge...technologies like those pioneered by Ewen Mullins of Ireland’s Teagasc.  Plant biotechnology is full of potential...

  19. Plasmids 101: The protein expression toolbox

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...’ve got you covered. Defining your control requirements To pick the best tool for the job, it’s important...important to know what the job requirements are. Here are the questions you should be asking. What kind ...recombinase. This is a time-tested system but does require knock-in of the LoxP sites, which is more difficult...control all the time If your experimental system requires tunable control - or maybe you’re just a control...time consuming. If your native protein doesn’t require this level of control, one of the previous options...

  20. What's New in CRISPR - November 2021

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...that mismatch repair (MMR) interfered with the desired resolution of prime editing intermediates. Building... In PRIME-del, developed by Jay Shendure’s Lab, paired pegRNAs work with the PE2 enzyme from the Liu lab...that PRIME-del can be “multiplexed” using pooled paired pegRNAs.  Read the paper in Nature Biotechnology... strategy engineered by Wen Xue’s lab also uses paired pegRNAs targeting complementary DNA strands to ...sequence. As with other prime editing tools, the desired edits are templated by the 3′ extension of the ...

  21. CRISPRainbow and Genome Visualization

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...cannot induce gene editing, but it retains its gRNA-directed targeting capacity. By using a gRNA to target ...of these orthologs is key: since each ortholog requires a different PAM sequence, a gRNA designed for ...different fluorescently labeled dCas9s are efficiently directed to the proper target sequence. They succeeded ...color is specified by PAM sequence, each color requires a different Cas9 ortholog, and the target sequence...in combination with gene editing. CRISPRainbow requires very short, 11-mer gRNAs, which do not induce ...

  22. Hot Plasmids - March 2020 - base editors, GEVI, MoClo, and optogenetics

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...retina, heart, and skeletal muscle. The dosing required to achieve these efficiencies was also between...mutation that causes Niemann-Pick disease type C, directly demonstrating the therapeutic potential for the...output the voltage changes in neural activity when paired with appropriate fluorescent optics. Existing red... sequences for genomic integration by homology directed repair. Using parts from this kit, the McCormick...The cofactor analog, phycocyanobilin (PCB), is required for PhyBΔ to be functional. Exposure to red light...

  23. The Future of Research Symposium Boston 2015

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...scientists are acutely aware of these problems that directly affect their daily lives and future prospects....structure of the biomedical workforce. Quotes taken directly from participants (summarized in 2) touched upon...information on number of postdocs” “Postdocs are really hired to produce results, not scientists”  These comments.... Melanie Sinche is a STEM career counselor, Director of Education for the Jackson Laboratory for Genomic... at Scientific Meetings from Addgene Executive Director Joanne Kamens Learn how to be a successful manager...

  24. A Look at Addgene's QC Process

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...reviews our sequencing QC standards to ensure the entire team is using the same rubric and making the same...process also highlights other QC topics that may require additional attention during analysis. These include...and nucleotide populations. All of these topics require additional considerations to resolve. Sequencing...help QC scientists determine if enough reads were acquired from the MiSeq for assembly or with enough coverage...nanopore sequencing. This platform sequences the entire plasmid in one read and thus can resolve sequencing...

  25. Meet an Addgenie: Insights into Grad School, Career Paths, and More

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...left school when she was hired full time as a Lab Technician. “I was so tired of being in school so I ...student and I truly enjoyed learning.” Addgene’s Director of Product Management Eric Perkins, who has been... was devastating. At the same time, she has an entirely new path to discover and gives her time to give...interviewees. Fabienne Furt, Addgene’s Associate Director of Business Development, got her PhD in Plant ...

  26. Mouse Modeling, Part 2: Breeding and Crossing Mice

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... allele decreases. Crossing mice to generate a desired phenotype Instead, genetic engineering should be...in the journey towards producing mice with your desired combination of mutations. Assuming your parental...generate mice that are homozygous for all of your desired genes. Remember Punnett squares from high school... are homozygous (or hemizygous) at all of your desired alleles to conduct your experiments. You should...target gene in your experimental mice. This will require several rounds of breeding in which you’ll want...

  27. Tips for Titering Your Lentiviral Preps

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... viral particles. Direct measurement of lentiviral RNA is one alternative to direct p24 measurement. Like...The two most common assays for physical titer are direct p24 measurements via ELISA and qPCR for viral RNA.... Developing the proper control line typically requires transducing with a limiting multiplicity of infection...labs that will routinely be producing virus or require precise titers. Additional considerations for titering...

  28. Plasmids 101: Degron Tags

    Type
    Blog Post
    .... In this event, the degron domain shuttles the entire tagged protein to the proteasome for degradation... additional sequence (7 kDa). This system also requires less genetic engineering than some of the other...other systems reviewed here. The only required components are 1) a SMASh-tagged protein and 2) asunaprevir.... An obvious drawback of the system is that it requires an additional component to be engineered or expressed... with additional components beyond the minimum required for a degron system, then it’s probably best to...

  29. Antibodies 101: Conventional vs Spectral Flow Cytometry

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...a few aspects in which spectral flow cytometry requires special considerations. Conventional flow cytometry... your panel. Highly expressed markers should be paired with dimmer dyes so they don’t “wash out” the rest...Conversely, markers with low expression should be paired with brighter dyes, so they can more easily be ... two overlapping cellular markers should not be paired with these dyes, as this would create difficulty...samples stained with a single fluorophore. They’re required for every fluorophore you use in your panel, whether...

  30. Plasmids 101: Knockout/Knock-In Plasmids

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...cell, a minimum of 2 kb of sequence homology is required, but 6 to 14 kb of homology is typical for targeting...conditional knockout. This experimental design requires two rounds of recombination – the first removes... recombination can occur in multiple ways. The desired recombination event will remove NeoR only and leave...genomic sequence and create a break that can be repaired by homologous recombination using a repair template...on the Addgene Blog Get the Basics of Homology Directed Repair Read about Generating Knockouts with CRISPR...

  31. Tips for a 1st time AAV user (by a Rookie AAV user)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...AAV replication uses the host’s polymerase, but requires Rep proteins to process a double-stranded intermediate...work with. These plasmids contain ITRs which are required for proper packaging of AAV, but also form secondary...AAV than I think I need. Unlike lentivirus, AAV requires a higher number of viral particles for efficient...several hours on a heated stir plate to dissolve and requires monitoring so that the solution doesn’t get too...AAV for my cells of interest. Every batch of AAV requires its own MOI optimization to account for batch-...

  32. 10 Basic tips for mammalian cell culture

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...light only kills microorganisms that it strikes directly. UV light exposure is also harmful for eyes and...around your work area. Make sure to only bring required materials into the hood. This will give you enough... avoid sticking pipettes into solution bottles directly, rather decant the solutions into disposable sterile...depending on the cell line so old cells should be retired! Conversely, cells younger than the 3rd – 4th passage...blogger, Sana Khan Khilji! Sana Khan Khilji recently acquired her Master’s degree in Biochemistry from Freie...

  33. Google Forums Round Up: First Impressions of NgAgo

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... genome editing for a few months. More time is required for its optimization and development before it...features of NgAgo First, unlike Cas9, NgAgo does not require a PAM sequence for target recognition, which gives...Additionally, in vitro assembly of NgAgo/ssDNA requires incubation at 55 °C - a dangerous, non-physiological...regions of the genome or just after a stop codon (as required for C-terminus epitope tagging). NgAgo survey ...respondents "Final Verdict", is that more time is required for NgAgo optimization before we can make any ...

  34. Plasmids 101: Optimizing Plasmid Yields

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    Blog Post
    ... a plasmid whose copy number is unknown, it is entirely possible that you are working with a low copy ...Start with a single, fresh colony Sub-culturing directly from a frozen glycerol stock or agar stab may ...exchange will prevent your cultures from reaching the desired density. The volume of your flask or culture tube...cultures, especially those in deep-well plates, require a faster shaking speed for proper aeration (260... temperature. These recommendations also often require a longer growth time. Note: Julian Taylor-Parker...

  35. PITChing MMEJ as an Alternative Route for Gene Editing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...end-joining (NHEJ) to make deletions or homology-directed repair (HDR) to create precise genome edits. But...end-joining)? MMEJ, a form of alternative end-joining, requires only very small homology regions (5-25 bp) for...spent cloning. In contrast, the short homology required by MMEJ can easily be added via PCR amplification...genomic DNA. These three double stranded breaks are repaired by two rounds of MMEJ. This double MMEJ strategy...Resources on the Addgene Blog Brush up on Homology Directed Repair and Non-homologous End Joining Read About...

  36. Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...stripes in the acquired image (5).  A way to get around this problem is to illuminate and acquire images of... of the solitary tract.  The arrows point the direction of the specimen, A= anterior, P= posterior, D=...  Furthermore, point-by-point scanning along the entire specimen makes imaging too slow and unwieldy for...) sensors, it takes only a few milliseconds to acquire one image, thereby significantly reducing the time...

  37. Your Lentiviral Plasmid FAQs Answered

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...transfer plasmids have a wildtype 5'LTR, which requires the presence of the Tat protein to work, while...'LTR. Including a chimeric 5'LTR removes the requirement for the HIV Tat protein, thus decreasing the ...gag, pol, rev, and tat. 3rd generation systems require an envelope plasmid, and two packaging plasmids...2nd-generation system because the wildtype 5'LTR promoter requires Tat to function. Third-generation plasmids can...plasmid(s) contain the minimal number of HIV genes required for virus production (3 or 4). Third-generation...

  38. CRISPR 101: Any Base Transversion Editors

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    Blog Post
    ...in different CGBE tools allow the researcher to direct the repair of the abasic site. But what if an editor...transversion editors. Red arrows indicate a conversion directly catalyzed by the base editor. Black arrows indicate...this point relied on deaminase enzymes, either to directly accomplish the base edit or to create the substrate...they realized that MPG could be engineered to act directly on unmodified G bases, resulting in a G → Y (Y...Conclusion With these advances, every base can now be directly targeted by a base editor, although the efficiency...

  39. Fluorescent Proteins 101: Aptamer Fluorophores

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...incredible versatility opens aptamers for use in many entirely new applications including aptamer based fluorescent...sensitive detection assay. In 1999, Grate and Wilson paired laser cleavage and an RNA aptamer that bound the...to induce fluorescence outside the context of a paired fluorophore protein. Years later, Samie Jaffrey...mimicking GFP.  Though the aptamer, called Spinach, required longer exposure time than its protein equivalent... less immunogenic than proteins. Assays that require recognition of ions or particularly small molecules...

  40. Antibiotic Resistance: An Old Solution but a New Problem

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...bacterium, and is essentially always there, or acquired, which means the bacterium is not naturally resistant...intrinsically resistant to this class of antibiotic. Acquired resistance can be the result of one bacterium ... died for instance). These three mechanisms of acquired drug resistance are referred to as methods of ... to a drug while a full course of treatment is required to wipe out those bacteria that are partially ...Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test (Figure 2), and requires at least 18-24 hours to obtain results. While ...
Showing: 321 - 360 of 919 results