...more attractive candidate for that ideal job. How can you identify your transferable skills? PLoS One ...collaboration and fail to identify it as a personal strength until it is identified by another person. Similar...when a new venture presents itself even outside of work, consider challenging yourself, take the opportunity...All while still paying bills and having a life outside my job. The same can be said about teamwork, communication...transferable skills so important? It is important to identify which transferable skills you possess because ... and making connections, avoid falling into an identity trap where you assume your technical skills define...wants to hear a specific time that you thought outside the box to solve a problem. When they ask about...

...high fidelity ligase—and when is an alternative ligase a better choice? And what is ligase fidelity anyway...are "higher fidelity") better than T4 DNA Ligase (21, 25, 26). Despite this higher fidelity, Taq DNA Ligase...annealed complementary regions. Why use a high fidelity ligase? Numerous applications have been developed...developed to take advantage of the high fidelity of Taq and other thermostable DNA ligases. These applications...applications detect specific nucleotide sequences with high specificity and quantitative accuracy and even include... include profiling single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (5,12,13). For example, in the Ligase Detection...PCR amplified fragment) and treated with a high fidelity thermostable DNA ligase. If the target sequence...

... contain the Addgene ID # and the information necessary to indicate that this ID is managed by Addgene...within the Addgene catalog. These IDs allow you to unmistakably identify a plasmid available through Addgene...VQR-Blast, which has the Addgene ID #87155. The resolvable compact identifier format for lenti-Cas9-VQR is...will be assigned an Addgene ID #, RRID, and resolvable compact identifier. Addgene works hard to ensure...including plasmids. All plasmids at Addgene have unique ID numbers associated with them, which serve as unique...about each plasmid item. Given a specific Addgene ID # listed in a publication, you can quickly pull up...the “Articles Citing this Plasmid” section. Having IDs linked to these metadata and publications help to...

...is proud to present our updated CRISPR Guide! The CRISPR Guide helps scientists understand how to use...incredible new CRISPR technologies developed and widely adopted in the past few years, as well as refreshing...refreshing the existing content. Access the CRISPR Guide here! Highlights include a much-anticipated prime... PRIME editing Please check out the updated guide for a great introduction to what CRISPR technologies...

... viral attachment and fusion. Once inside a host cell, new evidence in PLoS Pathogens shows that the Ebola...week within two months. That said, Ebola is not considered a “terribly infectious disease” – infection occurs...via body fluids not through the air and that’s considered unlikely to change – but the illness has been...thought we’d do a little digging and assemble a rough guide to the science of Ebola and related resources. Ebola...

....    If this video is helpful, you can find our complete collection of protocol videos on the Addgene...antibody's purity? Check out our latest protocol video, "Coomassie Purity Stain of Recombinant Antibodies...

... and adenoviruses in this easy-to-use guide. Print out the guide and use it for quick reference when you're...information on viral vectors? Check out our viral vector guide pages, our Lentivirus FAQ, and our viral service...pages. Click on the Image Above to Download the Guide ...

...then, in having a guide that curates this information. And so I created the Codon Guide to Synthetic Biology...The video channels are also underrated and I recommend checking them out, especially since videos on synthetic...knowledge but little biology experience.) The Codon Guide to Synthetic Biology One of the best ways to learn...begin their journey into synthetic biology. The guide is a curated list of research papers, blogs, free...send me suggestions. The most useful parts of the Guide are probably the papers and textbooks. I’ve selected...to find. I hope that many people will find this guide useful as they start their synthetic biology journey...

...share ideas. Ideas had over lunch are just as valuable! In 2019, Addgene implemented a company-wide New ...Transferable Skills Guide: Problem-Solving Transferable Skills Guide: Teamwork Transferable Skills Guide: Identifying...are still struggling with idea generation, try this thought exercise: Consider the issue as if there were...faster that way— but the idea behind the study holds. To generate novel ideas, start with an out-of-the-box...most prominent idea, and instead building an environment where everyone has their ideas heard.  So how...in which the goal is to generate unique ideas. Recognize ideas can come any time. Meetings shouldn’t be...to encourage the sharing of ideas, not to give people more work. Identify your enemies In Felicia Day...

...alone. So, if you consider yourself part of the scientific community, get used to the idea of working on ...our kit process substantially and have plenty of ideas for further improvements. Types of teams There ...the first few meetings and we’ve volunteered our ideas, skills, and time to the cause ever since. Unlike... necessarily need a diverse group of people to provide that base. Sometimes there’s just too much work...ever taken has declared me an introvert, and I identify as one.  But some time around 10th grade, I snapped... a happier person. What does a good team need? Besides that all-important sense of purpose, there are ...multiple people: someone to coordinate, someone to decide, someone to delegate, etc. If you find that there...

...three or four guides directed towards that gene as there can be a large difference in guide potency. Thus...whichever guides are closest to the transcription start site (TSS). We recommend targeting the guides to a ...scientific world by storm. While Cas9 has been most widely used to create specific edits in DNA, there has...required for Cas9-based activation. CRISPRa for genome-wide studies One of the best uses for Cas9 activators...  Which Cas9 activator should I use? There are a wide variety of activators you can use for your experiments...transcription. That being said, we generally pick guides by putting the promoter of the gene into a gRNA...(2015) WU-CRISPR: characteristics of functional guide RNAs for the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Genome Biol 16:...

...investigator who is using an in vivo animal model should consider the possible elicited immune response from viral...AAV. While these benefits make AAVs useful for a wide variety of experiments, care still needs to be taken...particular AAVs to use for your research. Below I’ll provide some tips that will help you think about how to...from https://www.addgene.org/viral-vectors/aav/aav-guide. Where in the tissue/what cell type? In the CNS,...distance traveled, etc.) (4). This has also been identified with AAV2 (5), AAV6 (6) and AAV5 at excitatory... many experiments, a group of researchers has identified this feature of AAVs as a new tool for neuroanatomical...miRNAs), short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), zinc finger nucleases, and many others...

...vectors Although retroviruses are still in use, considerable efforts have been devoted to develop efficient... Inducible lentiviral transfer vectors The most widely used inducible lentiviral vector system is the ...manipulated with care. See the NIH’s biosafety guidelines for more information and always be sure to consult...another. For experimental consistency it’s a good idea to purify and titer your virus. Virus purification.... Don’t hesitate to check our lentiviral vector guide to get more information and to get access to additional...Order Ready-to-Use Lentivirus Browse Our Lentivirus Guide Pages  ...

...dumpsters outside the open windows in the middle of your talk. Technical difficulties turn your slide deck ...interest incorrectly on slides 8-16. Your notes disappear. The wrong version of your slide deck gets uploaded...hard. Aside from the diving board charades, I doubt anyone but me remembers any of the incidents above–and...Addgene blog Transferable Skills Guide: Time Management Transferable Skills Guide: Conflict Resolution Transferable...stand up in front of an audience and convey your ideas clearly and strategically is powerful in almost ... allows you to share and build support for your ideas, invite others into decision making processes, and...help me achieve my purpose? Should I go over this slide again? Say, 'Oh, I forgot to mention X, so let's...

...first-timers. That's why we gave our written protocol a video companion! Follow along as Addgenie Meghan and Abi...protocols on our Protocol page, and find our protocol videos on our YouTube page.     ...

...Today in our transferable skills guide: Collaborating with others outside your organization also known as...communicate outside my scientific expertise. Organizing a career fair for early-career scientists provided a crash...Interestingly, the ability to work with others outside one’s organization was found in the aforementioned...important in a non-research context, especially when considering small to mid-sized companies and organizations... Addgene as a nonprofit organization is very considerate and thoughtful about its limited resources. Rather... curve for collaborating and it is always a good idea to start close to your comfort zone and slowly expand...Collaboration opportunities within an organization but outside your comfort zone As part of my position at Addgene...

... The Addgene Videos Page 5 Science Rap Videos and Their Creator: Tom McFadden Using Video to Share Your... we’ve gained along the way to ourselves so we decided to share some of our tips in our new series: Addgene...Have some suggestions for future tips?  Send your ideas to [email protected].  Additional Resources on the...Additional Resources on Addgene.org Browse our Video Library Check out Our Protocol Pages Find Molecular...

... that one on one discussion can be confidential. Finally, provide timely feedback. We often associate...need some help. Today in our transferable skills guide: managing a team. You’ve just been promoted, congratulations...advance as much as possible so I could more easily identify what to delegate and to whom (make sure that person...expectations, answer any questions, and (most importantly) decide on a timeline. My experience is that tasks often...of X’s work for a couple of weeks now”. I had no idea this was happening even though I met with X on a...when having a mentor - someone more experienced to guide you - is valuable. Protect your team Make you team...impact your work and your life. It’s up to you to decide which one you want to be!  References Becoming...

...college, I knew I wanted to try research, but had no idea what to expect. I had a lot of help from my peers...scientific endeavors. I hope that this post can provide some perspective and advice to any undergraduate...no biological or biomedical scientists and had no idea what the daily life of a scientist was like. The...importance of research in basic biology, medicine, epidemiology, public health, and more.     A few of the...professional training after earning a doctorate Considered a "stepping stone" position to become a professor...future. How do I get started with research? I had no idea what my scientific interests were or what I wanted...is good advice, and it is ultimately up to us to decide whether we want to take it or not. Choose wisely...

...backgrounds. Sometimes this can lead to wildly different ideas of how to approach a problem, but it is these very...Addgene. Another advantage of Scrum is that it provides transparency to everyone involved about the status...serve Addgene and ourselves. We are also able to consider different technical approaches that may come up...from the user's perspective which in turn helps us decide how to best approach it in our code.  Sometimes...our knowledge, and love to collaborate, which, incidentally, are the same principles for open science. I...

...comprehensive guide to Conflict Resolution. There are countless classes and resources that can provide details...ScientistsTransferable Skills Guide: LeadershipTransferable Skills Guide: Teamwork  ...” in quotations here because I would not have considered myself neutral in any of their disagreements....open new career opportunities for you, if you can identify them in yourself and learn how to sell them. Types...decision making, and stalled projects. You want to identify and address these types of harmful conflict early...other parties, the first step I always take is to identify the real source of the conflict. It can be easy...important to retain the stories and examples that have guided your resolution processes in the past. Types of...

...what I had done in order to identify potential sources of error and then decide on a strategy to fix the ...from the transferable skills guide: Teamwork Collaborating with others outside of your organization Time...need some help. Today in our transferable skills guide: Problem-Solving. I don’t know about your experience...went wrong with a PCR is a pretty niche skill; outside of a lab, where is that going to come in handy?...has been invaluable in my more recent positions outside of the lab. Granted, I currently work on the Scientific...situation, come up with potential solutions, and decide on a course of action that effectively resolves...solving as a generalizable process.  Step One: Identify the problem and gather information to help you...

...need some help. Today in our transferable skills guide: Time Mangement for Scientists. Back when I used...my own experiments in graduate school, I had to divide my time between lab work and practicing my SciComm... but if you ever find yourself in need of a few ideas, I hope you’ll find this post useful. After a bit...which tasks to actually do, you should err on the side of things that have the most utility; i.e. those...according to my priorities, I have a pretty good idea about the specific things I’ll be doing through ... it’s enticements are far too distracting. (As a side note, I’d recommend the book, “Bored and Brilliant...

...reinforcement but is considerably simpler than ICSS. The test chamber is divided into two halves that ...s post, we’ll discuss some of the important considerations you should think about when developing optogenetics...the animal perceives through taking a drug. The ideal behaviors to test reinforcement are ICSS and place... of the type of behavior, certain technical considerations still apply. Testing stimulation First, In ... controls without Chr2. c-Fos is a reliable and widely used molecular marker of neuronal activation and...be possible to use c-fos expression to get the evidence you need. For example, as shown in this study ...benefits from collaboration and the exchange of ideas. The rapid spread of optogenetics throughout the...

...endonuclease (Cas9) and a single stranded guide RNA (gRNA). The ~20 nucleotide targeting sequence within the gRNA...reagents are available for genome-wide screens? The goal of a genome-wide screening experiment is to generate...) and "hits" are identified using next-generation sequencing (E). Considerations and tips for successful...underlying genetic cause is not entirely known. Identifying which genes are important for a phenotype can...CRISPR libraries are being used to perform genome-wide screens and highlight some of the reagents that ...to target Cas9 to virtually any genomic locus, provided the target is unique compared to the rest of the...CRISPR technologies, check out Addgene's CRISPR Guide. Figure 1: Like this jar of jellybeans, a...

...Science in Boston, where the entire Blue Wing was set aside for the event. As guests arrived, some gravitated... Me Maybe.” After cocktail hour, we feasted on sliders, hot dogs and a mashed potato bar (complete with...well as plenty of delicious desserts. We enjoyed a video highlighting the changes at Addgene over the last... great!) time. Ten years ago, Melina Fan had an idea and her family helped bring it to fruition. The ...Plasmid Sharing Or read more about what happens Inside Addgene   ...

...but it isn’t just for lab specimens — there is evidence that lightning can also promote gene transfer ...While these plasmids can be dangerous, they also provide researchers with new means to deliver DNA and other...resistance to toxic substances like heavy metals or pesticides, enabling their hosts to survive where others... T. M., & Simonet, P. (2001). Laboratory-scale evidence for lightning-mediated gene transfer in soil. ...

...very excited to debut our brand new Addgene Videos page! Videos are a powerful tool for communicating scientific... first video, featuring Outreach Scientist Jessica Welch, can be found below: How-to videos Our How-To...Videos can save researchers time by quickly relaying key points about an unfamiliar topic or lab process... page, we have neatly organized the educational video content from our website, blog, and YouTube channel...questions you might have about Addgene. The page is divided into three main sections: Protocols To complement...written protocol materials, we have also created video protocols.  These feature step-by-step instructions...various lab processes.  Our most recent protocol video detailing Streaking Plates for Single Bacterial ...

...plasmid rap video for us (If you’re new to plasmids, we highly recommend checking out the video). Tom has...Beautifully filmed video about colony collapse disorder.     5. Plasmid Rap Plasmid rap video made with support...has made many more Science rap videos to teach students around the globe and is pushing SciComm further...Rock Anthem One of Tom's earliest and most popular videos. Describes fossil rocks and their importance in... Check out Our Protocol Pages for New Protocol Videos View Our Molecular Biology Reference Pages ...

...database of common features, and devising rules for identifying a feature even when the match is imperfect. SnapGene's...catalog every variant of a feature. Instead, we identified common variants, and then crafted a detection...reasonable rule is to require at least 96% sequence identity when detecting a reference feature. For a coding...match even when the DNA sequence has changed. Identifying plasmid control elements Coding sequence features...original literature, some of it decades old, to provide reliable feature annotations. Even with these extensive...that have different properties. To prevent misidentification, we augment the database with new fluorescent...protein variants. The future of DNA feature identification What’s next for common features? We plan to...

...majority of cells failing to develop the desired identity. The development of single cell technologies, ... RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), now allows scientists to identify the gene expression patterns unique to the few...Morris Lab at Washington University in St. Louis provides a combinatorial indexing strategy that simultaneously...simultaneously tracks clonal history and cell identity at the single-cell level, thus linking ancestral gene...Biddy et al., 2018). Tracking lineage and cell identity at the single-cell level with CellTag CellTagging... region. The variable region acts as a unique identifier for individual cells. Each cell is labeled with.... The fixed region acts as a library-specific identifier and allows cells to be tagged with different ...

...developers of many of these probes, we decided to write this quick guide to help researchers choose the probe...supplied (Baloban et al., 2017).  It is important to consider effective brightness of NIR FPs in cells, in addition...binding of endogenous BV.  When imaging NIR FPs, consider using light sources that produce enough light ...NIR. Usually, mercury lamps are suboptimal, metal halide lamps are better, and xenon lamps are the best ...apparent cellular brightness than previously reported widely used dimeric iRFPs (Table 1). In general, the monomeric...O.S. et al. Single-domain near-infrared proteins provide a scaffold for antigen-dependent fluorescent nanobodies...

...educational science videos is tough. Is the content accurate? Are we conveying complex ideas in the easiest... production standpoint, it wasn’t ideal for our Lab Protocol videos. It’s really nice to have a scientist...perfect height (Fig. 2). We recorded video using a simple, external video recorder and a mic clipped to her...pulled it off! Check out the PCR Primer video! Learn: Producing videos like this would prove to be difficult..., and as a video control center.   Cycle 2: Zooming Forward Design: We produced a video celebrating... cues. We had two options: Film outside at a distance, or film inside with one person in a room. I wouldn...protocol videos?   Figure 4: The remote directing setup, complete with wireless video receiver,...

...I led. It’s divided into the key takeaway themes and customer pain points we’ve identified. I can’t wait...software product management, I confess that I had no idea what software product management was either. Coming...

...journal club. Sorting out the logistics Once you decide on the topic, there are a number of administrative...notice for the first meeting so that people can set aside time in their schedules and read the paper (PS: ... on single papers could be more important.  Any slides, presentations, recordings, and other materials... ensure that the journal club is useful for the widest audience, you should get feedback from those who...everyone to offer thoughts you may not have even considered. These questions should be tailored to the group...priority for the participants. Perhaps people feel confident in their own knowledge of the field. Perhaps interest... not actively participating, it may be time to consider ending the meeting. This is a common failing in...

...2) creating a pictorial guide for our engineers (Fig. 2). Creating this guide was relatively easy. I took...different interpretations of what we discussed and decided. I needed to a) figure out the sources of miscommunication...non-scientist friends and family is going to vary widely. The way you communicate your science at a poster...collaborations with other scientists within and outside your field, and any number of interactions with...the context you do, which means you’ll need to provide that context yourself. Simple words are not so...the same question and asking can help the team identify possible points of confusion in the future. Improving...

... it! Further Reading and Outside Resources http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-get-the-most-out-of-job-fairs...your lab, right? Wrong! While it is clearly a good idea to be diligent in your research, remember that you...themselves, resources are often scarce and difficult to identify. So what specifically should you do? What follows... elaborated on later. As for what job fairs to consider, some of the best options are the Naturejobs Career...most relevant experience at the top. You may also consider visiting any of the employer’s career pages to... apply for the position. This post on Business Insider nicely summarizes good job fair practice. Career...and other online career resources Once you’ve identified places you’d like to work, get online and take...

...reverse transcriptase) together with a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA). The pegRNA consists of a target-complementary...on the website or offline via GitHub. The model provides users with different designs of pegRNAs, ranked...and test them in their labs. Figure 2: Guidelines to predict pegRNA efficiencies with pridict.it...computational prediction models. In addition, we provide options for nicking gRNAs (used for PE3 and PE5...self-targeting screens such as PRIDICT/PRIDICT2.0 provide valuable insights into pegRNA editing efficiencies...Brinkman, E. K., Leemans, C., Vergara, X., van der Weide, R. H., Morris, B., van Schaik, T., Manzo, S. G....Addgene.org CRISPR: PRIME Edit Collection The CRISPR Guide Empty gRNA Expression Vectors...

...protein of interest, these tools provide an easier means to identify targets through fluorescent labeling...Lavis, L. D. (2022). Caveat fluorophore: an insiders’ guide to small-molecule fluorescent labels. In Nature...interiors to many inquisitive scientists. Seeing inside these specimens has offered illumination on biochemical...drug development (Grimm & Lavis, 2022). With the wide breadth of fluorescent tools that have been developed...will outline some fundamental characteristics to consider when selecting a dye or ligand to make your selection...protein, enabling the labeling of protein substrates/peptides and antibodies. Example applications of this include...is bound through green light emission. Key considerations in selecting fluorescent dyes/ligands Effects...

...questions, data, and conclusions should be clearly identified and interpreted in less than a couple of minutes...Tips for designing your poster Check conference guidelines To begin, you should always follow conference...poster at all times, so other participants can identify you. You may also wish to make creative use of...three, or four column style, and in all cases the idea is the same; the reader will navigate the poster... to low, some of the poster will naturally sit outside of the reader’s field of view because of its length...to read. The Thompson Rivers University Library provides useful tips on how to craft this type of poster...doctoral student at Michigan State University. The idea is that the main research finding is written across...

.... The video abstracts provide a brief introduction to the research and, after watching the video to determine...platform that provides links to the videos, keeping the copyright and control over the videos with the researcher...others. Improving science communication through video     Video abstracts about research, especially published...view count and videos published, YouTube reported a total of 865,995 views for the 926 video abstracts identified...attention for their work, a video abstract may be a useful tool for turning video views into online article...few years, I decided to look at what online tools people generally like to use to share ideas – with the... online video market ever since. The take home message of all of this appears to be that video is the ...

... CRISPR RNA Scaffolds." Adam has also created a video to help scientists visualize the concepts discussed...endonuclease activity coupled with a customizable single guide RNA (sgRNA) that bears complementarity to a 20bp...RNA (scRNA) will bind to a PAM-adjacent target nucleotide sequence then subsequently recruit a transcriptional...orthogonal dCas9 protein that will still recognize guide RNA but with a different dCas9 binding module, alternative... molecular microbiologist. Summary  The single guide RNA in the CRISPRi system can be repurposed to include... Qi, L. S. et al. Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene ...

...gene function. In this final installment, I’ll provide a brief introduction as to how you can engineer...Addgene also has a number of insect vectors to consider. An easy way to see what is available is to browse...transgenic fly There are a few important points to consider when choosing the vector you’d like to use to ...pathogens and their hosts. It’s not always clear which side he roots for. You can try to convince him to use...

...deposition of the fertilized egg by its mother. Inside the pupal case, the larva will metamorphose into...light in coloration and can look very plump. On the side of their abdomen will be a dark spot. This is meconium...visible through their translucent bodies. This is the ideal stage to select for females because you can be certain...have an allele that causes the hairs on the dorsal side of its thorax to look like stubble (sb). For a better...search box in the upper right hand corner. They have video tutorials under the help tab like this one to get...pathogens and their hosts. It’s not always clear which side he roots for. You can try to convince him to use...

...FLEx Vectors Important Considerations When Using AAVs Three Key Considerations For Precise Neuronal Targeting...reproducibility of the data and can instill greater confidence when interpreting the outcome.    References...Sequencing and Analysis Platform to Assess the Identity of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Preparations...

...things to consider: cost, time, equipment, and expected DNA concentration. It’s important to consider the advantages...DNA sample.  These absorbance measures give you an idea of the concentration of your DNA prep and whether...A280 ratio is used as an indicator of DNA purity. Ideally, this number should be between 1.8 and 2.0. The...containing a DNA intercalating dye (ex: ethidium bromide) and choosing a DNA ladder with known concentrations...

...have allowed scientists to easily perform genome-wide screens to effectively and efficiently investigate...libraries contain many sgRNAs per gene to increase confidence in the genetic screen. However, there are benefits...utilize only a few sgRNAs per gene. These libraries provide more information while using less resources and... the Broad Institute have developed human genome-wide CRISPRko (knock out), CRISPRi (interference), and... sgRNAs that were designed based on the rules identified in Doench et al., 2014 to predict sgRNA activity...scientists examined approximately 1,900 sgRNAs and identified sequence features and adjustments that improved...performance. The Root and Doench lab’s optimized genome-wide CRISPRko, CRISPRi, and CRISPRa libraries have been...

...the Dark Side." --Darth Vader in "Return of the Jedi" While Vader was referring to the evil side of a mystical...and rewarding. But, what if an FP fusion with a resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein instead localizes...Previously, we have described a number of practical considerations that should be taken into account when deciding...must therefore determine your cloning strategy and decide whether you will create an N- or C-terminal fusion...needs. Equally important, before cloning you must consider whether and how well your FP will function in ...secreted into the extracellular milieu. Many of the resident proteins within these compartments undergo significant...post-translational modifications including glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, and proteolytic cleavage. FPs ...

.... Watch the following video to learn Daniel and Matthew's procedures. The video details how to transfect...Harvard Medical School. Addgene is proud to present a video reprint of the CRISPR article "Generation of Genomic...the Journal of Visualized Experiments (JOVE). The video publication by Stuart Orkin and Daniel Bauer's labs.... Biallelically disrupted cells can be easily identified. Even in the case of clones with monoallelic ...for biallelic deletion clones:    Like the video? The Orkin and Bauer lab's related paper describes... as their techniques for creating deletions, identifying these deletions, and finally characterization...

...just join one peptide tag to another peptide tag. Addgene: What is the advantage of peptide tags for building... locking two peptide tags together. SpyLigase overcomes limitations in the use of peptide tags, which ...assemblies? Howarth: Peptide tags can be very generic; you should be able to use the same peptide tag for all ...thanks for the T-shirt! References: SpyLigase peptide-peptide ligation polymerizes affibodies to enhance ...itself together, to produce irreversible protein-peptide interactions. In a study published in Proceedings...Developing a new tool Addgene: Where did you get the idea to develop SpyLigase?  Howarth: It came from our...the Streptococcus pyogenes protein domain made it ideal for this purpose? What led you to it? Howarth: Our...