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...into agriculture as species-specific pesticides and insecticides, an advancement over previous chemical...prone to degradation – those are the words that describe RNA! Double stranded? Well, that’s just for DNA...also known as RNAi, are short, dsRNA molecules designed to degrade mRNA transcripts. RNAi activates the...sequence is found (typically RNA that the RNAi is designed against), RISC can repress translation and/or ... and repetitive sequence. All of the R-loops described above play distinct roles in promoting cellular...

...approaches to gender equality over the past several decades: “Fix the Numbers of Women” focuses on increasing...-art methods of sex and gender analysis and 2) provides case studies with concrete examples of how gender...using both sexes in basic research is excellent design), but they used all female stem cells—this was ...environmental factors. How to include sex in experimental design Recognizing the importance of analyzing sex, the... above, another excellent resource for research design is Kalpit Shah et al., “Do you know the sex of ...Corporations need to integrate these insights into product design. But eyes have been opened—and we cannot return...

...monitored over time by sequencing the barcodes in the population (all barcodes can be amplified using the same...with roughly 73 million semi-random, 30 bp DNA barcodes that are integrated into target cells' genomes...ClonTracer system, lentiviruses containing these barcodes infect the target cell population at low multiplicity...replicate populations, they found that similar barcodes consistently made up the majority of the resistant...resistant populations. In fact, 88% of the barcodes within the resistant populations were shared by at least...

...of 3’UTRs, the Arizona State University (ASU) Biodesign institute developed a 3’UTR database specifically...specifically for C. elegans. This database provides detailed information about C. elegans 3’UTRs structures, ...imaging processing. The combination of these methods provides unique opportunities to develop computational ...Addgene In addition to the wealth of open resources described above, there were many plasmid tools presented...self-excise, and covalently ligate their flanking peptides together (Wang et al., 2018).” With the split ...continuously curated as we continue to receive plasmids designed for the worm so check back frequently for what...

...repository that will help epigenetic researchers custom design their own engineering plasmid tools in about a ...cloning, the Haynes lab’s Protocols.io protocol describes an elegant system that allows for the assembly... cells that make up the human body and G-baToN provides versibility in tracking and modulating the interactions... inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) expressed under a desired promoter with a specific spatiotemporal expression...interests via CRISPR techniques. This tool-kit includes an array of FPs as well as additional useful tags...libraries encode target sites flanked by randomized nucleotides in place of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM...

...high quality DNA. Figure 1 illustrates the three grades of DNA you may need based on their relative quality...components (i.e. buffers, columns, or beads) are designed to work together — no mixing and matching!   ...bacterial culture. Plasmid purification kits are designed to accommodate specific volume ranges of culture...column-based miniprep kit for example. These kits are designed to handle ~1–5 mL of liquid culture. Using a higher.... To help combat this, some manufacturers have designed eco-friendly DNA purification kits by reducing...Milllipore Sigma’s GenElute™ kits were all specifically designed with environmental sustainability in mind (Table... kits from a variety of manufacturers. It also includes a rough comparison of list price between these...

...amazing project. You’ve written your protocols, designed your experiments, and prepared your reagents. ...following cloning methodologies have been extensively described in other articles; so if you are interested in...homology. You might also consider FastCloning, first described by Chaokun Li and colleagues. Here you simply ...-generated insert. When mixed, topoisomerase I provides both the endonuclease and ligase function while...restriction enzymes. In Golden Gate cloning, the desired end construct does not contain the type IIS recognition...This feature biases the reaction in favor of the desired assembly to make the process close to 100% efficient...

...insertion site, the corresponding gRNA might be undesirable due to potential off-target sites or low predicted..., resulting in lower overall genome frequency. Despite the progress we’ve made, there is still a need ...bacterial polymerase subunit ω. This construct is designed to activate transcription from the accessory plasmid... stringency and promoting survival of only the broadest-targeting variants. For the final round of evolution...spectinomycin resistance. xCas9 3.7 showed the broadest PAM range, recognizing NG, NNG, GAT, and CAA PAMs...scaffold. With an NGG PAM, xCas9 3.7-VPR constructs modestly outperformed SpCas9-VPR in activating transcription...

...genetic locus when complexed with an appropriately designed small RNA, or guide RNA (gRNA). The gRNA conventionally...exploited to either inactivate a gene or introduce a desired genetic alteration. Listen to Our Podcast Interview... truncated such that it exhibits 15 or fewer nucleotides of complementarity to a target site, Cas9’s DNA...truncated gRNAs Importantly, the use of truncated guides has largely been demonstrated to result in decreased.... An additional benefit of the use of truncated guides is that they can be delivered into systems that...Cas9 species. Within a single cell, full-length guides targeting one set of genetic loci can be introduced...

...degradation of the tagged protein. Degrons are destabilizing domains which will be identified by various ...proteasome for degradation. Like several other tags described here, the dTAG uses a small molecule, a tag, and...protein for imaging. Given its popularity and widespread usage, a proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC... The auxin-inducible degron (AID) system is the oldest system reviewed here. The AID system relies on ...Thankfully, this is a hot topic with many resources! Bondeson et al. (2022) reviews all the tags discussed here...choice!   References and Resources References Bondeson, D.P., Mullin-Bernstein, Z., Oliver, S. et al....

...Snapp. Stop using EGFP/GFP for fusion proteins! Despite multiple studies in high profile journal articles...world examples of these situations in cells are described below (See Figure 1).   Figure 1: Each...of environmental changes that the biosensor is designed to detect resulting in false positives [2, 4]....Addgene has many of these constructs and they are designated mEGFP, mVenus, etc. A word of caution is needed... not necessarily monomeric, even if they were described as monomeric in a publication. The gold standard... [2]. Some affinity assays used in the papers describing the FPs above including molecular sizing columns...

... to imagine designing 10-gene systems with quantitative precision. There are few designers of biological...made news in March with a publication in Science describing the development of “transcriptors,” transistor-like... and observed that we humans find it useful to describe and interact with the world using words like OR...The future of synthetic biology Addgene: You've described the pieces in these kits as the beginnings of ...laying down a challenge to its users and to the design community: If you can begin to reliably put together...

... crRNAs for Cpf1-mediated cleavage are 42-44 nucleotides in length, about the same size as Cas9’s, but...SpCas9. Since Cpf1 doesn’t require a tracrRNA, crRNA guides are only ~42 nt long. Direct synthesis of these... than that of the ~100 nt crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid guides needed for Cas9 function. Since both Cpf1 and its... endjoining (NHEJ). Cas9-mediated NHEJ usually destroys the PAM site due to its proximity to the cleavage...chance” mechanism might improve the frequency of desired HDR edits, but the possibility has not yet been...to examine Cpf1 off-target editing. First, they designed gRNAs with single and double mismatches throughout...

...features to consider when designing a full gene. A non-exhaustive list includes: Codon abundance relative...that their codons are more appropriate for the desired expression host. This is known as “codon optimization...as easy as it sounds. Even for relatively short peptides, there can be many possible ways to encode them...every amino acid I’d like to encode,” but, as described above, not every region of a protein should necessarily...PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4794256. This review provides a great overview of codon usage bias 8. Tuller...

...Cas13a as a diagnostic tool. A pool of DNA or RNA nucleotides containing a sequence of interest (red) is amplified...Reverse-transcription RPA (RT-RPA), respectively. Amplified nucleotides are combined with Cas 13a in complex with crRNA...the target sequence is present in the pool of nucleotides, the nonspecific RNAse activity of Cas13a becomes... sequence is present in the original pool of nucleotides.   What are the potential applications of...can mediate cleavage with spacers from 20-28 nucleotides in length and does not require a specific PFS... the collateral RNA cleavage response is well described in bacterial cells, LwaCas13a does not display...

...promotes scientific sharing The EDGE Program is designed to expand the number of systems that can be studied...genotype to phenotype studies New organismal systems described at this meeting were extraordinarily diverse. ...generating interesting drug-like compounds especially cardenolides which have been used to treat heart disease....disease. Caterpillars that eat milkweed generate cardenolides that tastes yucky (and is poisonous) for bird ...control who a female wants to mate with and if she decides to raise their offspring or leave them to their...of basic evolution of fungi and eukaryotes and includes the fungus that is killing frogs all over the ...

... that can help with the transition.” The lab-to-desk-job culture shock is a real thing. I experienced...challenging than lab work at times.” Sometimes a desk job is defined as sitting down at a computer and...consider as you make this transition. Of course, a “desk job” could entail any number of career paths--industry...colleague Mike Lemieux told me, “I find that at a desk, it is much easier to stick to timelines. This is...from legal, Diana in finance, and Wu in graphic design. You could dread these interactions, but you could... move away from calling non-academic careers and desk jobs “alternative careers.” Realistically, based...

...their BioRxiv post, the authors generated and described several improved genetically encoded fluorescent...Takayuki Iwaki, Kimiko Hara, and Kazuo Umemura have described a simple method which alleviates the inclusion...contains the signal peptide of MBP, followed by the desired nanobody (NB) sequence, an AviTAG, and 6xHis tag...expression can vary significantly depending on transgene design and delivery. To overcome these variations in human...Addgene The MoClo CRISPR/Cas Toolkit for plants includes 95 plasmids consisting of CRISPR/Cas nucleases... uses CRISPRi to control gene expression. This includes a CRISPRi-based synthetic oscillator, bistable...

...of data. In this two-part blog series, we will describe the importance of bioinformatics at Addgene and...each week. Our internal software was originally designed to help us work in large formats, such as 96-well...Thanks to the flexibility inherent in Nextflow’s design, we were free to use multiple programming languages...alone! The benefits of containers are they are designed to ‘contain,’ in a complete package, all of the... who or which computer ran the process. Another design choice we appreciated about Nextflow was how effortless...small with a print statement and tested that the desired data was available so we felt confident we were...

...site, and titer. Addgene’s Viral Vector Service Besides being complex to use, viral vectors are also difficult...which include calcium and voltage sensors, are the broadest category of viral vector tools, which may help... for vectors in the “controls” category, which includes things like viral vectors that deliver GFP. ...most requested serotypes (Figure 4), our catalog includes vectors in a variety of serotypes, including the...early engagement with UPenn to our launch of the redesigned Data Hub in 2022. It’s influenced the way we ...viral vector educational resources, from eBooks to guides to protocols, which was why I was so excited to...