...it's time to take a look at some of its parts. Elements such as the antibiotic resistance gene and the...polymerase binding site) and operators (response elements). Promoters are about 100 to 1000 base pairs long...RNAP can recognize and bind to specific promoter elements. This means that the promoter present in your ...various eukaryotic cell types (mammalian, yeast, plants, etc) require unique promoters and there is very... other regulatory factors: enhancers, boundary elements, insulators, and silencers; however, some "leakiness...typically include some combination of other promoter elements, and tend to be more tightly regulated. Common...ubiquitin gene Constitutive  Gives high expression in plants. H1 small RNA expression shRNA From the human...

...genome editing in plants While there have been many Cas nucleases developed for plants, it has been difficult...Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE), a consortium aimed to identify functional elements in the human genome...specificity of multiple wild-type and engineered variants of Cas nucleases. In doing so, they also created... toolkit for Cas-mediated genome engineering in plants. Read the paper in bioRxiv Find the plant genome...

...and Harvard. Students also partner with independent career organizations to get the grants and programs...recently appeared in eLife: "A Fair Deal for PhD Students and Postdocs" by Dr. Henry Bourne, Professor Emeritus...proactive role in their non-bench training. Grad students at Washington University founded a successful ... enough. There are still university research departments that have no formal career resources for science...science trainees at all. For grad students and postdocs interested in taking matters into their own hands...

... single enzyme to cut fragments that are very different.” Because the fragments produced will have different... in vitro; it’s no different in mouse, human or plants,” explained Jan Lohmann of Heidelberg University...GreenGate includes the six most frequently used elements in plant expression cassettes: plant promoters...resistance cassettes for selection of transgenic plants. The complete GreenGate toolkit, now available ...required to generate multi-construct transgenic plants. In the most practical terms, what GreenGate can...

...our understanding of biological processes and developments. Model organisms often feature genetic, physiological...candidate for introductory teaching and research environments (Idalia & Bernardo, 2017).  Escherichia...stroke and hypertension (Iannaccone et al., 2009). Rodents have also been routinely used in an array of neuroscience...expected to shed light on human aging pathological developments (Vieira et al., 2019) Besides their ability ...popular tools for studying frogs include egg transplants and microinjections. Injections of mRNAs, for...Addgene’s plasmid collections to help start your experiments! References: Blount, Z. D. (2015). The unexhausted... A., Wells, K. M., & McCusker, C. D. (2019). Advancements to the Axolotl Model for Regeneration and Aging...

...expression in strains of bacteria that are redox mutants so they have a more oxidizing cytoplasm. expression...intensity of a tagged protein. SunTag has two components: 1) a protein of interest that’s tagged with ...inflammatory therapeutic applications. Antibody fragments such as scFvs are also used for eye diseases, ... Function, and Clinical Prospects of Antibody Fragments. Antibodies 8:28 . https://doi.org/10.3390/antib8020028...Applications of Single Chain Fv (Variable Domain) (scFv) Fragments. Antibodies 2:193–208 . https://doi.org/10.3390... Honegger A, Plückthun A (1998) Antibody scFv fragments without disulfide bonds, made by molecular evolution...Expression System in Producing Antibody Recombinant Fragments. IJMS 21:6324 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176324...

...TALEs), with fifteen total variants deposited with Addgene. These variants, including a “miniCRISPR” version...than using more complex protective methods or detergents like CHAPSO, while requiring a lower concentration...RvLEAMshort to the sample before plunge freezing represents a convenient, effective approach to protecting...other viral delivery methods, allowing all the PE components to be delivered in a single package. In a recent...latest work evolves and engineers Bxb1 recombinase variants to optimize PASSIGE efficiency (Pandey et al.,...allowing the team to develop self-silencing CHARM variants that stop their own expression after silencing...

... and the linkage of intra- and extracellular environments. Found on nearly every cell in the human body...crucial for their function. With the right research reagents, researchers can measure this conformational change...lab, and IPI — used IPI antibodies and affinity reagents to study the difference in cell morphology changes... teams employed IPI synthetic antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) that bound an amino acid region displayed...containing the αV subunit. Using these affinity reagents, the investigators inhibited other RGD-binding...collaboration and education in protein science, IPI hosts events and training courses on technologies and laboratory... on the IPI website and stay informed on future events by signing up for the IPI newsletter. The collection...

...to the start of another academic year, graduate students and post-docs alike are wondering where the time...tangible research and career goals, and celebrate accomplishments. These techniques are laid out in Vincent et...conversation. Goals and Planning Worksheet: Lists accomplishments, research/professional goals and feedback. ...goals and effort needed to complete them. These documents dictate the subject matter discussed at the meeting...have accomplished. Starting with a recap of accomplishments, from learning new techniques to finally figuring...development - let us know your strategies in the comments section!   References 1. Yearly Planning Meetings...

...are many combinations to choose from for your experiments! Late last year, we hosted our first AAV Education... main takeaways from the paper for designing experiments with AAV: 1. Getting your viral vector into your... nontransgenic animals by using cis regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers, multicistronic...multicistronic vectors, and post-translational regulatory elements. Examples of these approaches are given in Tables...development of this practical guide by the workshop participants  - a testament to openness and sharing in science...the neuroscience community by sharing not only reagents, but also method information. To complement these...

...weeks or every month is long enough that some experiments can get done and data analyzed between each meeting... from the lab members who are conducting the experiments to the PIs. Remote meetings can be tricky, and...communication tools such as Slack. Share data and documents While having multiple scientists edit the same... slower, sequential communication of emailing documents to one person at a time. Just be sure there is...preoccupied with other work or prioritize other experiments. Therefore, it’s crucial that everyone meets ... Some things to figure out are timelines for experiments and manuscripts, who is responsible for which...

...methods and the types of experiments they are commonly used for.  Table 1. Points to Keep in Mind When Performing...Visualize components of individual cells Separation/identification of fluorescently-labeled components Fluorescence-activated...fluorescent protein for single and multi-color imaging experiments. Finally, what kind of system will you use to... Performing Biosensor Experiments Experiment  Detection Method Notes Quantification of a process ...

... results with reference sequences To design experiments for further plasmid verification Identifying...process for incoming plasmids can vary based on the contents of a plasmid, the first step is always to send...for next generation sequencing. We then copy the contents of the resulting FASTA file into the desktop version.... Using Snapgene for additional verification experiments: Primer and restriction digest design Some regions...These regions require additional verification experiments that can be partially designed using the Snapgene...create custom annotations and design additional experiments like restriction digests. We’ll have a tutorial...

...for this project, what would be your critical experiments and why? What techniques and skills do you ...another in a way not done before in your field?” He points out to “not be shackled by your own subject - maybe...applied to fungal biology.” Connie Cepko advises students to consider their goal of PhD training when selecting...” Professor George Church encourages graduate students and postdocs to follow their passions and dive...Research projects are designed to train graduate students and postdocs to think analytically and critically...elucidate which project is right for you.   Acknowledgments Thank you to Dr. Tom Ellis (Imperial College...

... and suggest follow up experiments regularly? Can you work on some experiments of your own choosing? Does...scheduled or only ad hoc? Does the mentor keep appointments with group members or are they frequently cancelled...the department? Are they successful at getting grants and funding? Beware of bullying Your mental health...harassment or bullying. Even with the rise of movements such as the Future of Research Symposium and #...develop transferable skills by attending career events or being involved in a grad or postdoc association...there will be a way to grow and learn. Graduate students and postdocs in particular must care about this...

...different points in the pathway. Photoswitches are great for teasing out important branch points along a... to know about them to be successful in your experiments? In this post, we will discuss some broad classes...flexibility in using optogenetic tools in their experiments. Some tools turn on and off rapidly with light...determine which one(s) are candidates for your experiments.  Wavelengths Most vectors have an optimal wavelength... light stimulus. This can make or break your experiments!  First, closely read the publication, including...number of factors that can wreak havoc on your experiments, so it is important to understand the details...

...as antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) (Porter 1959) and single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) (Inbar et...different parts together. By combining two optimized elements of an antibody probe, scientists can now more ...the widely used HA epitope in diverse cellular environments. They called this probe the HA frankenbody (... HA (smHA) which contains a 10xHA tag. These experiments demonstrated that the HA frankenbody can be used...tool-kit at Addgene to get started with your experiments! What else can you do with the HA frankenbody...

...highlights TTOs that accelerate science by processing agreements quickly! If your TTO receives a Golden Stopwatch...agreement. Below, you will find some easy talking points for broaching this subject with your institution...professionals: Describe to your TTO how unprocessed agreements slow down your research; provide specific examples...against one’s own record Mention Addgene Master Agreements. By default, your TTO must sign an agreement ...respective Master Reception and Master Deposit Agreements, your TTO signs each agreement just once, covering...the processing time of request MTAs and deposit agreements to basically instantaneous in many cases.  Suggest...

...extranuclear agents of heredity were thought of as everything from parasites, to symbionts, to genes and...Wollman and became the widely adopted name for these elements. At the time, the use of episome seemed appropriate...pSC102, with EcoRI and selected for E. coli transformants that were resistant to both. When this proved... vectors that could be used in these cloning experiments. Although plasmids started as a somewhat niche...that can be diversely applied to many different experiments. Addgene was founded in order to store, QC, curate...

...funding and space in academic research labs has more students looking for other options. While graduate programs...academic career development, it's often left to students to identify and build the necessary skills for...research from a broader viewpoint may expose which experiments are crucial in demonstrating the true innovation...entering the workforce increases, EAs allow graduate students and postdocs an opportunity to tailor their career...interests, and skills? Curious to know where graduate students and postdocs are currently getting hired? Let ...more about next. Leave your suggestions in the comments section.  ...