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TypeBlog PostPublishedApril 25, 2017, 2:30 p.m....missed with conventional FP imaging. PA-FPs are divided into 2 main categories - those with irreversible...requires a temperature below 30°C and this is not ideal for experiments in mammalian cells. Dendra2 is another...light both activates and inactivates Dronpa is not ideal, since this means Dronpa is quickly inactivated ...your experiment, there are several parameters to consider, such as brightness, photostability, pH stability...protein aggregation. Another important parameter to consider is the contrast ratio- a comparison of PA-FP brightness...intensity used to activate the PA-FP should also be considered. If the light intensity needed for activation...to preserve cellular structures (0.5-1% osmium tetroxide). These conditions destroy most PA-FPs, but, in...
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Adenoviral Vector Production and Troubleshooting
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 14, 2018, 11:44 a.m....strong immunogenicity of AdVs is what makes them ideal candidates for applications in oncolysis and vaccination...co-infection with a helper adenovirus is required to provide the viral proteins in trans. The Gutless AdV have...plasmid construct, please see Addgene’s Adenoviral Guide webpage, and references 1, 2.*Pro-Tip*: once the...the correct recombinant pAdV plasmid is identified, re-transform into a bacterial strain not prone to recombination...standard method for purification of rAdV uses cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradients combined with ultracentrifugation...PubMed PMID: 17546019. 2. He TC. et al. A practical guide for using the AdEasy System. 3. Jager, Lorenz, et...Addgene.org Find Adenovirus Plasmids Adenovirus Guide Page ... -
Split Fluorescent Proteins for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 3, 2022, 1:15 p.m....Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC). It can provide a qualitative or quantitative readout of the interaction...GFP(11)). Some of the articles linked below only provide one fragment of the FP because they are used with...pairs with N173 derived from Cerulean or Venus Identification of new fluorescent protein fragments for bimolecular...Huang Yellow Venus pBiFC-VN173, pBiFC-VC155 Identification of new fluorescent protein fragments for bimolecular... toolkit from Benjamin Field’s lab. Special Considerations There are a few special exceptions to the usual...reversible complementation. TagBiFC (split HaloTag) provides maximum flexibility in color labeling with exogenous...constructs or certain cell environments). Also consider that a protein fusion may disrupt functionality... -
6 Tips for Grant Writing
TypeBlog PostPublishedOct. 18, 2016, 2:30 p.m.... spot when an application is rushed (whether the idea isn’t properly researched / developed or the application...sometimes be tricky, as most of our research builds on ideas and findings from our own or other groups, but your... with specialists in different fields that can provide different insight into an area - not just working...engineering new applications to solve problems will provide originality to your work and possibly a new perspective... your network and your collaborators It’s a good idea to move around to different labs during your career...make it clear what the outcome of the work was. Ideally this would be results published in a paper, but...their grant submission panel. Some funding bodies provide opportunities to attend an overview of what they... -
Adapting Toehold Switches to Detect Zika Virus
TypeBlog PostPublishedAug. 30, 2016, 2:30 p.m....and Alexander A. Green. Zika background First identified in 1947 in Uganda, the Zika virus had received... Aedes mosquitoes (aegypti and albopictus) and, aided by international travel, the Zika virus is expected... until vaccine programs can be put in place to provide community protection. Toehold switches for pathogen... enabled gene circuit-based sensors to be used outside of the laboratory. The detection threshold for ...draw on as our assays grew more stringent, and it avoided any days of lost productivity waiting for follow-up...of the pathogen’s genome as unique barcodes to identify samples containing the virus. Of the 48 sensors...genotyping, as well as our electronic reader that provides portable quantification of diagnostic results.... -
No Llamas Required - Synthetic Nanobodies Against Membrane Proteins
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 18, 2020, 1:15 p.m....treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19. Researchers identified nanobodies that bind to coronavirus spike proteins... randomized with a defined set of different trinucleotides (corresponding to different amino acids) in...bind to the antigen. The Seeger lab can directly provide the three sybody libraries in the form of mRNA ...tags are used in a final enrichment step for identifying sybodies that bind strongly and specifically ...their protocol because it is less susceptible to identifying unspecific and low-affinity sybodies (Zimmermann...-30) of sybody candidates are sequenced for identification. All unique sybodies can be subcloned into ...demonstrated they could use the protocol to rapidly identify and isolate sybodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 ... -
Tips to Make the Most of a Scientific Conference
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 23, 2019, 12:26 p.m....Is the conference you are attending on the larger side? At large conferences, chances are that several ...have additional questions. If you or your lab identifies a potential collaborator from the meeting, reach...If your poster material is nearing publication, consider uploading your work to a preprint server (and ...Perhaps some of your poster visitors had a great idea or interesting questions worth discussing with your...Reach out if you’d like to meet someone and set aside a time to meet. Some conferences may also have a... of the things we've mentioned above could be considered networking, but here are some more general tips...resume and prepare business cards. You might not consider being a student or postdoc a “business,” but having... -
Antibodies 101: Flow Compensation
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 16, 2024, 1:15 p.m....-Cy7 and PE-Cy7; or BV421 and BV51. It is a good idea to look up new fluorescent markers before deciding...them, using a tool like BioLegend’s Fluorophore Guide Chart. Pro tip! Some antibodies go by different...setup. For instance, BV510 and AmCyan have almost identical emission spectra but may be called BV510 on one...which way your population needs to be shifted, consider your perpendicular lines. In this case, the population...APC-Cy7 are both bleeding into each other, as is evident by the two diagonal populations in the plot. A ...applying very large compensation values (100+), consider what two markers your fluorescent markers are ...fluorescent markers can be challenging! But we hope this guide can help you get started. Remember, you can always... -
Academic vs. Industry Postdocs
TypeBlog PostPublishedNov. 13, 2018, 1:22 p.m....goal was to enter industry since I was drawn to the idea of working as a team to develop therapies that could... of academics tend to view industry as “the dark side,” that you’ve sold out. You’ve given up your intellectual...ve discovered.) As someone who has now seen both sides of the postdoc experience, I’m going to share what...an industry postdoc is something that you’re considering. Like anything, there are pros and cons to postdocs...will hire a group of postdocs and then let them decide what they’d like to work on later. For instance...suit your needs better than others. Whether you decide to do an industry or an academic postdoc, you’ll... open positions at Addgene Check out our career videos ... -
PITChing MMEJ as an Alternative Route for Gene Editing
TypeBlog PostPublishedFeb. 23, 2016, 3:30 p.m....such a system is likely to introduce additional nucleotides flanking the insertion. If the DNA ends anneal...MMEJ may also introduce, substitute, or delete nucleotides in addition to the expected deletion, but the...breaks are necessary for knock-in: one on either side of the GFP-Puro cassette and one in between the ... last coding exon of your gene of interest. For ideal use, this gRNA should be cloned into a vector containing...cuts in a staggered pattern, it is thought to be ideal for HDR-independent knock-ins, but this possibility...Engineering Tools like Sleeping Beauty Mutase Find the Ideal CRISPR Software for Your Experiment Additional ...Addgene.org Learn All about CRISPR on Our CRISPR Guide Pages Find CRISPR Plasmids for Your Experiments ... -
Negative Can Be Positive: Open AAV Data with Addgene
TypeBlog PostPublishedSept. 6, 2022, 1:15 p.m....Working with AAV vectors in neuroscience Let’s consider my first challenge when I started working with...). However, this one set of experiments didn’t provide any information on other important factors such... science initiatives, like Addgene’s Data Hub, provide an avenue to more easily solve these frustrating...every researcher experiences and that it often provides incredibly valuable insight into one’s work. As...different methods and vectors, and use this data to guide them in their own experiments. By providing DOIs...highlights the dearth of AAV vector information provided in openly accessible forms like publications. ...Sommer, J. M., Pierce, G. F., & Qu, G. (2005). Identification of factors that contribute to recombinant AAV2... -
DNA Purification Without a Kit
TypeBlog PostPublishedFeb. 11, 2020, 2:15 p.m....you reach for that silica spin column, stop to consider some ways to purify DNA without a kit. DNA purification... kits have advantages: they are convenient and provide uniform, consistent results. But they are also ...method described in Kim and Morrison is nearly identical to that of commercially available kits but instead...concentration of a chaotropic salt (guanidine hydrochloride for the plasmid purification protocol and guanidine... Image: Kim and Morrison, 2009. This method provides DNA yield and quality similar to that obtained.... Homemade buffers performed the same as those provided with the kit. Although not tested by the authors... Molecular Biology Reference Visit our protocol video library References Kim, Y., & Morrison, S.L. (2009... -
Fluorescent Proteins 101: Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 15, 2014, 3:33 p.m....biological disciplines and scientists employ GFP for a wide number of functions, including: tagging genes for... in the wildtype protein and facilitating its widespread use in research. Many other mutations have since... that many fluorescent proteins found on the red side of the spectrum are not GFP derivatives, but are...folding, maturation, and fluorescence. Biosensors: A wide array of GFP-based fluorescent biosensors has been...plasmids often include GFP as a marker to help identify which cells have successfully taken up the plasmid...applications for GFP. It has also been used to identify particular cell populations in drug screens, to...Plasmids 101 Articles Addgene's Fluorescent Protein Guide Note: A. Max Juchheim contributed to the writing... -
Twenty Years of Sharing: Addgene's Viral Vector Service
TypeBlog PostPublishedJuly 30, 2024, 1:15 p.m....site, and titer. Addgene’s Viral Vector Service Besides being complex to use, viral vectors are also difficult... bias: Addgene uses a prioritization process to decide which tools we make available. This prioritization...community. It does, however, necessitate us first identifying broadly useful vectors, a process that isn’t ...information from requestors and depositors, and identifying trends in our own repository data, giving us ...viral vector educational resources, from eBooks to guides to protocols, which was why I was so excited to...2023; Haery et al., 2019; McDade et al., 2016), video, educational resources, and collaborations, and ...Swanson, L. E., & Fan, M. (2016). Practical Considerations for Using Pooled Lentiviral CRISPR Libraries... -
Tips for Writing a Good Cover Letter
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 21, 2024, 1:30 p.m....letters, while higher-level jobs are more likely to consider cover letters an important part of the application... content team, where writing is a core skill, considers cover letters to be very important. On the other...part of the job application process, it's a good idea to talk to people in the field to understand what...cover letter for? A cover letter is a place to provide helpful context about your candidacy, beyond what...make it easy to master ddPCR. Finally, it’s a good idea to state why you’re applying to the specific company...unofficial poll, hiring managers also said that they considered cover letters to be more important for higher-level...Additional Resources Hamilton College Cover Letter Guide How to Write a Cover Letter Blog Post from Hubspot... -
CRISPR 101: Any Base Transversion Editors
TypeBlog PostPublishedApril 1, 2025, 1:15 p.m....hypoxanthine (shown) is the nucleobase component of the nucleoside inosine. Created with BioRender.com. Inosine...act on newly-deaminated inosines. Pro tip! The nucleoside inosine consists of the nucleobase hypoxanthine...transversion editor AYBEv3. This tool still retained considerable A → G editing activity at most sites, in addition...initial editor AXBE, for A → X base editor (X = any nucleotide). To create a more specific A → C base editor...be useful for saturation mutagenesis, and they provide a strong proof of concept for further development...efficiency, purity, and indel rate of each tool vary considerably. And there’s so much more exciting protein engineering...base editing Get a broad overview with our CRISPR Guide Check out our CRISPR 101 ebook ... -
Changing Labor Laws Bring Increased Postdoc Wages
TypeBlog PostPublishedOct. 25, 2016, 2:30 p.m....around $45,000, but as I’ve discussed elsewhere (slides here) there are many postdocs paid at much lower...must be met. In the Department of Labor’s general guide to the effect on higher education, you can see that...and Brandeis universities have stated that they consider postdocs paid on stipends to be FLSA exempt, and...institutions; and that institutions which can more easily provide bridge funding to absorb the cost will encounter...jobs that the majority of postdocs end up getting outside academia. There is also a valuable lesson for the...level they will be raised to on Dec 1st - across a wide consensus of academic stakeholders. There was ample...going away, and it is becoming ever clearer that outside scrutiny of science and the academic system is ... -
Plasmids 101: Control Plasmids
TypeBlog PostPublishedApril 9, 2015, 3:29 p.m....invariably inconclusive and unreliable. Proper controls provide the constant variables that enable the correct ...functionality of your experimental system and help identify opportunities for troubleshooting or optimization...experiment, untreated cells should be included as these provide the baseline/standard against which other samples...correct interpretation of the results because it provides an important reference point when analyzing the... but the papers cited in the reference section provide more in depth information. Technical replicates... time consuming and ultimately more important. Ideally, each biological replicate should use fresh media...plasmids, be performed on different days, etc, but outside constraints may impose some limitations and you... -
Data Freedom: The Expansion of Data Sharing in Research Publications
TypeBlog PostPublishedAug. 5, 2014, 6:51 p.m.... of multiple animals on different occasions via video, generating huge amounts of data. When published...experiment would require access to each individual video. To PLOS’s credit, the organization subsequently...subsequently clarified what the policy intent was and provided an FAQ list to further explain the policy. The fact...variation is calculated and placed in the legend. Widely reported difficulties in reproducing experimental...the author or their host institution expected to provide data in formats exported to common file types? ...could be mitigated by on-line services such as SlideShare, Figshare and Dataverse. Just as Addgene helps...than just a single projection of it, could allow idea generation and extension, based on existing, published... -
Save Time and Money by Making Your Own Competent Cells
TypeBlog PostPublishedJan. 28, 2014, 3:10 p.m....with them. If you decided to make your own competent cells using the protocols provided above, then you ...cells are available online. A few examples are provided here for reference: OpenWetWare Preparing chemically...phase, then wash and resuspend the cells in the provided buffers. The competent cells are then aliquoted...Stbl3TM. How to transform your plasmid DNA If you decided to use commercial competent cells, then you're ...transforming your cells? Check out our transformation guide. ...