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...protein standard. The density of the antibody bands can be measured against the protein standard and the...concentration may also be measured through a protein stain, such as Coomassie blue. Though more time-consuming...are separated by size on an SDS-PAGE gel. Once stained, the heavy and light chains become visible alongside...PMC2143013. Maity H, Wei A, Chen E, Haidar JN, Srivastava A, Goldstein J. Comparison of predicted extinction...

... Albert Einstein might have put it best when he stated, “the value of an education . . . is not the learning...Provost, then a new faculty member at Minnesota State (and now Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry... enzyme he studied during graduate school. As a stable, easily purified protein with easily measured activity...Professor and Chair of the Biology Department at Keene State College in New Hampshire. He mentors undergraduates...Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States. Free Press. New York. Resources MDH CUREs Community...

... could infect non-dividing cells, but without sustained transgene expression. To design a viral vector...Lentiviral vectors are also commonly used to make stable transgene-expressing or knockout cell lines. Many...research is still in the pre-clinical/early clinical stages. Researchers are also working to make lentiviral... nearby genes. These safer vectors have become standard in gene therapy. Researchers have also developed...below! References 1. In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral...

...HNH endonuclease domain. Cpf1 cleaves DNA in a staggered pattern and requires only one RNA rather than ...cleavage and G-rich PAM requirement. Zetsche et al. started from square one to characterize the Cpf1 nucleases...nt upstream of the PAM site, Cpf1 cleaves in a staggered fashion, creating a 5 nucleotide 5’ overhang 18...amino acids long respectively), both cleave in a staggered pattern similar to FnCpf1. Potential advantages... another option to the CRISPR toolbox. Cpf1’s staggered cleavage pattern opens up the possibility of directional...

...destination vector carry different antibiotic resistance markers (indicated here by plasmid color), allowing...How to clone using Gateway technology To better understand the process, we’ll walk through an example experiment...expression elements (ribosome recognition sequences, start codon, stop codons, reading frame considerations...Gateway cloning kit, and MultiSite Gateway plasmids. Constant reading frame When you move a DNA fragment from...Gateway vector to another, the inserted DNA fragment stays in frame. High efficiency The positive (antibiotic...

...controls for flaws. Recently the Bassik Lab at Stanford developed a new genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen...via a lentiviral vector to cell lines that either stably expressed Cas9 or that had been lentiviral infected...also lead to fewer false-positives results (i.e. mistakenly calling a gene a hit when really it’s not). In...the PAM are less tolerated than mismatches more distal to the PAM, and 2) guides with high GC content ...error rates in genomic perturbation screens: gold standards for human functional genomics." Molecular systems...

...these different transcriptional start sites in order to better understand isoform-specific gene regulation...each gene isoform has a distinct transcriptional start site. Because CRISPRa can be targeted anywhere in... Bdnf gene possesses 9 distinct transcriptional start sites, all of which yield the same BDNF protein....downstream of the TUJ1 coding sequence. ES cells that stably express the dCas9-Suntag activator were transduced...

...size. From the pool of shorter orthologs, only Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9, 1053 amino acids) displayed...genome modification, but they did so without a substantial immune response or toxicity. More AAV-based CRISPR...Harrington LB, Al-Shayeb B, Wagner A, Brötzmann J, Staahl BT, Taylor KL, Desmarais J, Nogales E, Doudna JA...Dohmae N, Ishitani R, Zhang F, Nureki O (2014) Crystal Structure of Cas9 in Complex with Guide RNA and...Zhang F (2015) In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9. Nature 520:186–191 . https://doi.org...

...protein is up or downregulated, examine a protein’s stability or post-translational modifications, or study ...A and Protein G, which bind to the fragment crystallizable region (Fc) of antibodies with a high affinity...conformation. Frequently, the antibodies used for a standard, denaturing Western blot will not be suitable ...interest, such as a sample transiently transfected or stably infected with the protein of interest and a sample..., Hjelm K, Sjöquist J (1972) Protein a from Staphylococcus aureus. Its isolation by affinity chromatography...

...cytometry experiments can be a little challenging to understand if you’ve never done any flow. But in order to...to fluorescent markers and/or cellular dyes and stains. These will be used in a series of one- or two-....  Don’t be intimated if you’re struggling to understand how the researchers decided to place their gates...FACS plot and follow a gating strategy, you can start to ask why the researchers made the decisions they.../doi.org/10.5500/wjt.v8.i1.23 Jhunjhunwala, S., Aresta-Dasilva, S., Tang, K., Alvarez, D., Webber, M.,...

...production steps before you can start transducing your virus. Let’s start there!   Figure 1: Flowchart...services that can prepare the libraries for you.  Starting from plasmids requires amplification, verification... protocol links boxed in red.    Unlike a standard single plasmid transformation, though, a pooled...disrupting plasmid representation. A good place to start is with a protocol for a library of similar size...

... research organization that is committed to understanding some of the basic principles of life and health...Institute are committed to just that, and their painstaking efforts towards screening thousands of enhancer...enhancers can help scientists around the world better understand the brain, how it functions, and how we can help... for reviewing this post! Dr. Ben-Simon is an assistant investigator at the Allen Institute in the department...Daigle, T. L., Dwivedi, D., Way, S. W., Oster, A., Stafford, D. A., Mich, J. K., Taormina, M. J., Martinez...

... time-consuming, and complex to use outside of standard laboratories. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic...SHERLOCK to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The test is started using RNA purified from patient samples and can... a different PAM site and generates 5’ and 3’ staggered ends after dsDNA breaks. The Doudna lab discovered...applications. The company Mammoth Biosciences has been started based on DETECTR technology with the mission to...s41587-020-0513-4 Chen JS, Ma E, Harrington LB, Da Costa M, Tian X, Palefsky JM, Doudna JA (2018) CRISPR-...

...longer shelf life and the development of disease-resistant crops to increase agricultural yield (Wang et ... experiment. CRISPR components can be expressed stably or transiently depending on the delivery method...be delivered and expressed transiently using a standard detergent, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), although...Y, Liu Y-G, Zhao K (2016) Enhanced Rice Blast Resistance by CRISPR/Cas9-Targeted Mutagenesis of the ERF...homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew. Nat Biotechnol 32:947–951 ...

...be used with Type IIS restriction enzymes and standardized primers to clone your gene of interest into ...clone your gene of interest. Translation of the standardized leader peptide prevents secondary structures...The gene set was carefully chosen to perform statistically relevant benchmarking of cell-free expression... daptomycin reveals an ordered progression to resistance." Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 57.11...effects during adaptive evolution of antibiotic resistance." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences...

...alleles in a variety of species, including the standard laboratory mouse. It’s also made targeted insertions...protein knock-in, suffer from low efficiency when a standard dsDNA repair template is used. The original design...Easi-CRISPR efficiency. Easi-CRISPR is compatible with standard microinjection and electroporation methods using...editing components to the germline. In contrast to standard microinjection, i-GONAD is performed directly ...Gurumurthy, Masato Ohtsuka, and Rolen M. Quadros for assistance with editing this blog post. References Yang,...

...promoters. Others are only active under specific circumstances. In a previous post, we discussed inducible ...which can be switched from a default OFF to an ON state, and how you might use these in your research. Today...which can be switched from a default ON to an OFF state, as well as repressible binary systems. In recent...GAL4 gene downstream of a tissue- or developmental stage-specific promoter and design a UAS reporter construct...QUAS promoter is less leaky than UAS in the basal state, and co-expression of the inducer QF can increase...

...videos for you to level up in the lab, and we’ve started collecting some of our favorite (moving) images... You’ll be able to use these GIFs on Twitter, Instagram, TikTok and more. Just type “addgene” into the...looking for that perfect GIF for your TikTok or Instagram story, we also have stickers to help express your...check out everything we’ve uploaded so far, and start sharing the science love today!        ...

... critical systems that cannot be removed or substantially reduced in an attempt to save energy. The transition...renewable electricity is certainly not the only sustainability effort we’ve implemented at Addgene. The kitchen...check out Leila Haery’s blog series, “Bringing Sustainable Practices to the Lab.”  Whether participating...blog Subscribe to the Addgene blog Read our sustainability in the lab blog posts Read another blog post...

...transfection in: 15 cm dishes OR CF5 stacks Select how many dishes or stacks you plan to transfect: 1 to ...following μg of each plasmid needed per dish or stack. Calculations are based on using 28 μg of total ...) per 15 cm dish or 2500 μg of plasmids per CF5 stack. Total ug of each plasmid needed for the whole experiment...