... treated so that the protein and DNA are no longer bound, and the DNA can then be isolated and studied...proteins of interest to any DNA they were bound to (2) fragmented the DNA (3) used antibodies to specifically...your antibody:protein:DNA complexes and finally (5) isolated the DNA from your antibody:protein:DNA complexes...preserve more of the protein:DNA complexes. Once you’ve finished fragmenting the DNA, spin down the samples...interactions, and can give valuable insight into DNA expression and protein interactions, including epigenetic...proteins are not likely to remain attached to the DNA throughout the sample processing and therefore will...modifying proteins, which bind quite strongly to DNA, crosslinking may not be necessary. This is known...

... from Addgene Plasmids 101: How to Verify Your Plasmid Plasmids 101: Control Plasmids 6 Tips for Analyzing... on our plasmid pages - links to articles citing this plasmid. Now you can learn how a plasmid has been...your deposited plasmids Increased visibility of your plasmids in the "Associated Plasmids" lists Benefits...Find other related plasmids in the "Associated Plasmids" lists Properly citing plasmids you've requested...Citing This Plasmid" list. Email us at [email protected] with the Plasmid Name, Addgene Plasmid ID #, and...Troubleshooting DNA Sequencing Results ICYMI: Addgene’s Plasmids 101 eBook Protocols and Plasmid References...'ll find the plasmids listed below the citation. An example of these "Associated Plasmids" is shown in...

...amount of spurious DNA from the packaging cell line, helper and packaging plasmids. We decided to use ... allows us to provide scientists with complete plasmid sequences. After launching our viral service in... the same frequency, we reasoned that, following DNA extraction, the [+] and [-] strands might naturally...restriction enzyme based methods, we showed that the DNA extract is a heterogeneous mix of single-stranded...double-stranded species. While not all of the molecules in the DNA extract associate with complementary strands, enough...identity of AAV genomes and detect contaminating AAV DNA. In addition, we wrote an open-source custom Python...Moullier P, Léger A (2015) Advanced Characterization of DNA Molecules in rAAV Vector Preparations by Single-stranded...

...sequence is a strict requirement for Cas9-mediated DNA cleavage. The need for more PAM sequences While...S. pyogenes Cas9 that were able to cleave target DNA sequences located upstream of either NGA or NGC PAM...increase the specificity of genome modifications at DNA targets adjacent to NGG PAM sequences when used in...VRER Cas9 variants are capable of cleaving genomic DNA in mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos, and they...284 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24049 Find plasmids from this paper at Addgene. Amrani N, Gao XD,... https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0180 Find plasmids from this paper at Addgene. Kim D, Kim J, Hur...863–868 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3609 Find plasmids from this publication at Addgene. Kim E, Koo ...

...Agrobacterium contains a plasmid with a T-DNA (transfer-DNA) region. During infection this T-DNA region is transferred...transformation Read our Plasmids 101 blog posts Resources on Addgene.org Browse our Plant Plasmids and Resources...page Find synthetic biology plant plasmids Find CRISPR plant plasmids ... natural process by replacing the genes on the T-DNA region with our gene of interest or a reporter gene...brought into contact with the leaf tissue and the T-DNA region with the gene of interest is transferred into...localization of your protein of interest. Find all plasmids from the Lee-Parsons lab. Test different leaf...

... target both RNA and DNA, though it is largely believed that the cleavage of DNA is the primary function... foreign DNA into the CRISPR array. Lastly, type IV systems are most often found on plasmids. The many...Kyrpides, N. C., Banfield, J. F., & Doudna, J. A. (2018). Programmed DNA destruction by miniature CRISPR-...related immune mechanisms that could target foreign DNA with unique properties. This led to a need to develop...recently that researchers began building optimal plasmids to harness the power of Class 1 systems. Class...overall. Type I systems degrade large sections of DNA thanks to the dual action power of Cas3. Cas3 functions...helicase and a nuclease, unwinding and cutting up DNA after recruitment by Cascade. As you might imagine...

...on the Addgene Blog Plasmids for endogenous gene tagging in human cells Plasmids 101: Protein Tags Fluorescent... how proteins interact with one another (or with DNA) to perform diverse biochemical tasks in the cell...from many pitfalls: they require construction of plasmid vectors and/or rely on cumbersome in vitro synthesis...-IN” bioinformatics tool for guide RNA and donor DNA design, and implemented our optimised protocols into...to cells: a guide RNA, Cas9 protein, and a donor DNA that contains the tag sequence flanked by homology...CRISPR experiments (in collaboration with Integrated DNA Technologies, USA). These synthetic RNAs can also...csRNP complex formation, a single-stranded donor DNA (ssODN) that contains the tag-encoding sequence and...

...highlight a subset of the new plasmids in the repository through our hot plasmids articles. These articles ...recent plasmid deposits and we hope they'll make it easier for you to find and use the plasmids you need...need. If you'd ever like to write about a recent plasmid deposit please sign up here.        New toolkit... the Kanemaki lab has created a new toolkit of plasmids for the N- or C- terminal tagging of proteins ... be from 2-6 base pairs in length and follow the DNA sequence targeted by the Cas9 nuclease. The Streptococcus...previously difficult. Find SpCas9 and Target-AID-NG plasmids at Addgene! Nishimasu H et al., Science, 2018....datasets for research and innovation. Find MerMAIDs plasmids at Addgene Opperman J et al., Nature Communications...

...chosen for both Cas9 and gRNA expression       Plasmid DNA may be incorporated into the genome     Off-...CRISPR plasmids) are not expressed. Because this method does not require the delivery of foreign DNA, and...commonly performed by transfecting cells with a plasmid, such as PX459, which encodes Cas9 and contains...targets with similar efficiency as compared to plasmid-based expression of Cas9/gRNA and can be used for...fluorophore tagged dCas9 may require the use of plasmid or viral-mediated delivery. You’ve decided to...and purify His-tagged Cas9 from E. coli using a plasmid such as pET-28b-Cas9-His from Alex Schier’s Lab...experimental systems that may not be amenable to plasmid based methods. One of the most common techniques...

...Nathaniel Roquet from the Lu Lab at MIT developed plasmid based systems that report the order in which specific...technology that can be used to quickly barcode a set of DNA sequences. In this post, Alan Wong (formerly of the...and the associated publication. Optimizing Donor DNA for Enhanced CRISPR Genome Editing CRISPR has revolutionized...CRISPR, it isn’t always easy to insert a section of DNA into the genome of your target organism. In this ..., describes how you can better design your donor DNA template to achieve more efficient genome editing...direct a variety of customizable functions to your DNA sequence of interest. Potential applications of the... plasmid...

...efficiency of plasmid delivery to a cell. In contrast, TREE provides a read out for plasmid delivery and...Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage. Nature 551:464–471 . https://doi.... to CRISPR/Cas9 edits that rely on double strand DNA breaks. Due to this inefficiency it is crucial for...enzymes. At the same time Cas9n cleaves the opposing DNA strain which results in two DSBs that can be repaired...panel of eGFP reporters to quantify the on-target DNA editing efficiency of APOBEC-Cas9 editisome complexes...circumvents the need for DSBs in monitoring on-target DNA editing efficiency of APOBEC-Cas9 editisome complexes...after being targeted by a cytidine deaminase base DNA editor. Specifically the BFP mutant (BFPH66) contains...

...number of plasmids found in each cell, but also whether the plasmid gets integrated into the host DNA or is...types of yeast plasmids are defined below: Yeast Integrating plasmids (YIp): These plasmids lack an ORI...our first few Plasmids 101 posts, we focused mainly on the elements required for plasmid maintenence within...integration. Yeast Episomal plasmids (YEp): These are most similar to bacterial plasmids and are considered “...well-defined genetic system, and a highly versatile DNA transformation system.Unlike most other microorganisms...simple gene replacement/mutation. Yeast expression plasmids used in the lab typically contain all the necessary...how the regulation of bacterial ORIs determines plasmid copy number within the bacterial cell. Similary...

...your expression plasmid from these strains is not recommended as these auxillary plasmids may be isolated...control such as the pLys plasmid, which suppresses basal T7 expression. The pLys plasmid contains a chloramphenicol...arabinose-inducible plasmid will not express in an IPTG induction strain for example, nor will a p15 plasmid be compatible... for More Plasmids 101 Articles?  Find them all here: http://blog.addgene.org/topic/plasmids-101   ...In a previous Plasmids 101 blog, we reviewed the salient features of several popular strains of E. coli...coli for DNA propagation. While great for cloning purposes, these E. coli strains are not usually well...strain? Protein expression from high-copy number plasmids and powerful promoters will greatly exceed that...

...achieved at the level of the DNA construct, where your RNAi-target is fused to the DNA backbone that contains...for mammalian RNAi Browse all plasmids for RNAi Check out Addgene's plasmids and resources for plant biology...biological function in a direct or unbiased way at the DNA, RNA, or protein level. The “correct” choice of tool...Therefore, techniques that function downstream of DNA, such as RNA interference, can reversibly exert their...predominantly used to disrupt function at the level of DNA, thereby limiting CRISPR’s effectiveness at high ...initial considerations, such as the starting material (DNA-based vector or purified RNA) and the initial state...typically hairpin RNA, or artificial microRNA). Using a DNA template for the RNAi trigger is the most prevalent...

...CRISPR plasmids available at Addgene. We will still periodically focus on specific CRISPR plasmid tools...CRISPR guide Find CRISPR plasmids by function Find recently deposited plasmids ...Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris (AacCas12b) exhibits optimal DNA cleavage at 48 °C, a temperature incompatible to ...at 37 °C but preferentially nicks the non-target DNA strand. The lab then found gain-of-function mutations...paper in Nature Communications Find the Cas12b plasmids  Plant base editing with a Cas9-adenosine deaminase...wheat. Read the paper in Genome Biology Find plasmids containing these base editors Spatially and ...Neuroscience Find the AAV-based SaCas9 genome editing plasmids String assembly gRNA cloning (STAgR) String ...

...regions containing the putative tracrRNA into a plasmid and expressed it in an E. coli bacteria strain....References 1. Harrington, Lucas B., et al. "Programmed DNA destruction by miniature CRISPR-Cas14 enzymes." Science...sheet Resources on Addgene.org Find the Cas14 plasmids here Checkout our CRISPR guide page Browse the...indiscriminately cleave ssDNA in trans like Cas13 and Cas12 do for RNA and dsDNA, respectively. However...activated. Cas14 in diagnostics By cutting ssDNA but not dsDNA Cas14 is not a good candidate for a new genome-editing...combination enabling the detection of RNA, dsDNA, and now ssDNA. By comparing the ability of Cas12 and Cas14...and maybe more efficient Cas systems, Jennifer Doudna’s lab analyzed metagenomic datasets to try to determine...

... in E. coli with two plasmids (Figure 3 below): Input Plasmid: The input plasmid (high copy, ColE1 origin...inducible promoter (PPhlF).  Output Plasmid: The output plasmid (single copy, bacterial artificial chromosome...through Addgene. Their plasmid maps and GenBank files can be found on their plasmid pages. All two-input...indicated figures in our paper (1)) Input Plasmid Output Plasmid Fig. 3A pNR64 pNR160 Fig. 4A pNR220...state machines (RSMs), which take on a particular DNA-sequence configuration (state) based on the identity...defined by the sequence within a prescribed region of DNA termed the “register”. Each chemical input to an ...result of their recombination is the excision of the DNA between the sites (Fig. 1B below). Alternatively,...

... the Doudna lab has used Cas12a’s non-specific ssDNA degradation to develop the method termed DNA Endonuclease...specific DNA sequence, such as the Human papilloma virus (HPV) genome, via a crRNA. An ssDNA-fluorescently...signal when the ssDNA is degraded, is added to the reaction. To enhance sensitivity, the DNA is first amplified...quantified to determine the presence and quantity of DNA, RNA or a mutation of interest. Together SHERLOCK... increase the sensitivity of the assay, targeted DNA or RNA from a sample is first amplified using RPA...coupled with T7 transcription to convert amplified DNA to RNA for subsequent detection by Cas13. This amplification...with the ssRNA reporter enables SHERLOCK to detect DNA or RNA with atomolar sensitivity and single base ...

...rescue! Base editors chemically modify DNA bases without breaking the DNA backbone, sidestepping the problem...uracil without cutting DNA. Uracil is then subsequently converted to thymine through DNA replication or repair...unmodified DNA strand so that it appears “newly synthesized” to the cell. Thus, the cell repairs the DNA using...strand of DNA and converts a C to U without producing a double strand break. UGI = uracil DNA glycosylase...Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage. Nature, 551(7681), 464–471. https...editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage. Nature, 533(7603), 420–424...homology-directed repair (HDR), the pathway for resolving DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) preferred by researchers...

...incorporated into the DNA during DNA synthesis and then diluted with subsequent rounds of DNA synthesis (cell... for panel design. Find streptavidin plasmids and biotin plasmids at Addgene!     Figure 1: Indirect...found within the cytosol/nucleus, or visualizing DNA instead of proteins. Some stains can diffuse through...targets include transcription factors, histones, and DNA repair enzymes. Note that when using the nuclear ...Dye stains are non-antibody-based stains that bind DNA or free amines of proteins. Depending on the application...previously induced gene knockout. Besides amine- and DNA-binding dyes, nucleoside analogs like bromodeoxyuridine...stains are membrane-permeant or -impermeant and bind DNA or free amines, depending on the application. Paul...

...PubMed PMID: 26950006 Plasmid ID Plasmid Name Plasmid Type 74309 pcDNA3.0-TRPV4-p2A-ferritin-p2A-mCherry...highlight a subset of the new plasmids in the repository through our hot plasmids articles. These brief articles...features and applications of a partiular plasmid or set of plasmids. We hope that these articles make it ... you to find and use the plasmids you need. You can find all the hot plasmids from 2016 below. With over...over 45,000 plasmids, we can't write posts for every great plasmid that comes into the repository, but...write about your plasmids in a future blog post. No time to read? Listen to our hot plasmids segment on the...alone involves much literature searching, DNA synthesis, and plasmid assembly. Luckily, researchers from Douglas...

... ITRs are the elements that make an AAV plasmid an AAV plasmid.  Within the AAV genome, ITRs serve as...they are in the same DNA molecule as the gene that they package. In a transfer plasmid, the transgene is ...the single stranded DNA genome of AAV in the native virus. In an AAV vector plasmid, they flank the gene...growth culture and result in a high percentage of plasmid DNA with mutated ITR sequences. Using recombinant-deficient...gene of interest in a cell or animal model. AAV plasmids contain several important elements, but among ...located immediately outside of the ITRs in the plasmid backbone and do not properly assemble, but these...

...CRISPR guide Find CRISPR plasmids by function Find recently deposited plasmids Topics: CRISPR, Other CRISPR... where we highlight a few of the newest CRISPR plasmids available at Addgene. If you want to read more...will cover: Miniature CRISPR-Cas systems SEND plasmids Prime editing improvements Miniature CRISPR-Cas...scaffold gRNA and making strategic mutations in the DNA binding cavity of Cas12f. The CasMINI system is less...Read the paper in Molecular Cell Find the CasMINI plasmids Efficient CRISPR editing with a hypercompact ...paper in Nature Biotechnology Find the Cas12f-GE plasmids Programmed genome editing by a miniature CRISPR-Cas12f...cells using various delivery methods, including plasmid, ribonucleoprotein, and AAV.  Read the paper in...

... usage bias in Plasmids 101: Codon usage bias Read more about plasmids in our Plasmids 101 blog series...without altering the sequence of the protein. As DNA synthesis has become quite cost-effective it seems...seems easy for scientists to re-synthesize DNA with the most optimized sequence. Unfortunately, it is not...algorithms/resources (Athey et al., 2017) and many DNA synthesis companies, such as IDT, Genewiz and GenScript...available online to both determine and synthesize DNA sequences for optimal expression in your system of... (2000) Codon usage tabulated from international DNA sequence databases: status for the year 2000. Nucleic...Reference Read about genetic code expansion Browse our plasmid collection page  ...

...transforming both fusion plasmids, or mating two single haploid yeast fusion plasmid transformants into a ... in the cell, including protein-protein, protein-DNA and protein-RNA interactions. The 1980s saw a flurry...format of some transcriptional activators: that the DNA binding domain (DBD) and transcriptional activation...reporter system (e.g. the Gateway-compatible bait Y2H plasmid pEZY202  from Yu-Zhu Zhang’s lab) is an example...interaction detection methods (6). In order to bind DNA and activate a reporter gene in eukaryotic cells,...Keegan, L., Gill, G., and Ptashne, M. Separation of DNA binding from the transcription-activating function...eukaryotic transcriptional activator bearing the DNA specificity of a prokaryotic repressor. Cell. 1985...

...you will also need to deliver a donor plasmid or single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide, so you will need to...editing? Do you want to deliver the components as DNA, or would mRNA or protein delivery be more suitable...transduction or injection as either protein, RNA, or DNA. Finally, once you have identified the best expression...generate stable cell lines. Packaging and Envelope plasmids provide the necessary components to make lentiviral...for in vivo viral delivery. Cas9 mRNA and gRNA Plasmids containing gRNA and Cas9 are used in in vitro ...efficiency of CRISPR delivery. There are a few plasmids at Addgene that have been published as CRISPR ...genome target sequence into EGFP reporter. Target DNA reporter system: Can evaluate component delivery ...

...repository for DNA-based materials, including our popular kits and libraries. This DNA-based materials...trying.  When we started in 2004, we were the plasmid repository. In 2016, we added viral vectors, and...addgene.org! Fun fact! Did you know you can search for plasmids from a publication by pasting the paper's title...Our first request was on September 8, 2004 (for pcDNA-p160MBP, if you're curious.) Since then, we've distributed...

...Episomal vectors- extrachromosomally maintained DNA plasmids that express reprogramming factors To date,...viral origin of DNA replication, OriP and the EBNA-1 sequence that encodes for the DNA binding protein...and to model diseases in vitro. Find stem cell plasmids at Addgene Many sources of adult somatic cells... amplification of the episomes concurrently with DNA amplification in the host cell. This enables relatively...group is an optimized mixture of three episomal plasmids (Table 1) encoding the reprogramming factors. ...enhance the reprogramming efficiency, an extra plasmid, pCXWB-EBNA-1 is used in the reprogramming cocktail...increases protein expression from the other episomal plasmids. When used on PBMCs, the pCXLE episomal vector...

...inhibiting crRNA loading, inhibiting DNA binding, or inhibiting DNA cleavage.   Five ways to anti-CRISPR...Bondy-Denomy J, Corn JE, Doudna JA (2017) Disabling Cas9 by an anti-CRISPR DNA mimic. Sci Adv 3:e1701620...proteins can also be used to prevent dCas9 tethering to DNA. Since these early anti-CRISPR studies, scientists...block CRISPR activity one of three ways: Inhibit DNA binding Example:  AcrIIA4 blocks Cas9’s interaction...crRNA-Cas complex (Zhu et al., 2019). Inhibiting DNA cleavage Example: AcrIIC1 binds to the HNH endonuclease...endonuclease domain of Cas9 and prevents target DNA cleavage (Harrington et al., 2017). Figure 1: Anti-CRISPR...CRISPR   Resources on Addgene.org Find CRISPR Plasmids for Your Research Interested in light-inducible...

...Read blog posts related to plasmid protocols Find protocols for purifying DNA without a kit Resources ...precipitate RNA, but not DNA and proteins. Lastly, using a DNase (there are several DNase enzyme products on...As with DNA isolation, scientists commonly rely on RNA isolation kits to make their life easier. Recently...Recently, we published a blog on DNA purification without a kit that outlined several reasons why doing ... one should take care whenever doing any type of DNA or RNA purification to avoid contamination, take ...RNA extraction. RNA is inherently not as stable as DNA- it is single stranded and its ribose groups are ...There are many alternative methods for isolating DNA without a kit. However, that isn’t the case for RNA...

...its method of DNA cleavage. Instead of cleaving DNA at a defined site to form a clean DNA break, Cas3 locates...sequence and initiates single stranded DNA degradation. Cas3 DNA digestion can proceed up to multiple kilobases...fidelity ssDNA targeting. RNA targeting Cas enzymes Move over Cas9, CRISPR isn’t just for DNA anymore!...highlighting their similarities and differences to Cas9. DNA targeting Cas enzymes Cas9 – The genome engineering...genome where it will proceed to generate a blunt DNA double strand break. Cas9 has been studied for genome...expanding number of others. Best for: a wide range of DNA edits.   Cas3 – The shredder What sets Cas3 apart...but it is effective at wiping out large regions of DNA and has anti-viral application potential as a result...

...CRISPR plasmids available at Addgene. We will still periodically focus on specific CRISPR plasmid tools...CRISPR guide Find CRISPR plasmids by function Find recently deposited plasmids ...genome-wide CRISPR inhibition Covalent tethering of DNA template to Cas9 SECURE base editors Nme2Cas9 CRISPR...CRISPR inhibition library Covalent tethering of DNA repair template to Cas9 Homology-directed repair ...Communications Biology Find the Cas9-PCV and PCV-Cas9 plasmids Selective curbing of unwanted RNA editing (SECURE...paper in mSphere Find the dCas9 and dCas9-Mxi1 plasmids If you have a new CRISPR tool you’ve recently...

...editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage." Nature 533.7603 (2016): ...Programmable base editing of A• T to G• C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage." Nature 551.7681 (2017): 464. PubMed...all CRISPR plasmids and resources at Addgene Find CRISPR base editors Find CRISPR plasmids for plants ...frequencies and relies on the efficient delivery of donor DNA to facilitate repair. Since the development of CRISPR-mediated...Cas9 nickase (nCas9). nCas9 creates a nick in the DNA by cutting only a single strand, dramatically reducing... detrimental indel formation. After binding with DNA, the CBE deaminates a target cytosine (C) into a ...this change. However, there are no naturally known 'DNA adenosine deaminases' which would theoretically give...

...other can the DNA strands take part in rolling circle DNA amplification. The amplified DNA segment is labeled...Fluorescent protein plasmids Use FRET to study protein-protein interactions Deposit plasmids with Addgene! ...Tagged protein can easily be overexpressed from a plasmid but overexpression may interfere with the system.... Both antibodies have a short antibody specific DNA strand added to them. Only if the proteins of interest...

...chromatin, the complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes. These long range DNA interactions are often...digest cuts DNA into smaller pieces, and proximity ligation creates chimeric circles of DNA that are distant...CAPTURE method. After protein and DNA complexes are cross-linked, DNA is digested into smaller pieces. ...ligated together to create loops of DNA. This is key to linking pieces of DNA that are far away from each other...important supporting roles. Enhancers are cis regulatory DNA sequences that, when bound by transcription factors... looping with the photo “developed” by analyzing DNA sequencing data. While “pictures” generated with ...picture” is then developed by detecting these chimeric DNA fragments by PCR or next-generation sequencing. ...

...to defend against both DNA and RNA viruses - 2 cas systems regulate at the DNA level and 1 at the RNA ... Addgene’s experience helping scientists share plasmids, especially those of the CRISPR variety (see slides...is in one of the top 10 countries in number of plasmid requests from Addgene. Addgene - Canton Nucleic...Opening talks – Genomics discoveries and moving beyond DNA Eric Green, Director of the National Human Genome... inheritance that might be less error prone than DNA replication. He too mentioned how “surprising” small...ribosome is in a complicated conformation “not like DNA which has a boring structure.” That certainly summed... dna...

...fluorescent protein – you first need the DNA sequence that encodes it. That DNA sequence then needs to be incorporated...classrooms, like gel electrophoresis to separate DNA or transforming cells with green fluorescent protein...ll work with you to get the word out about your plasmids and their potential educational uses. We believe...30083609. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6070313. Find the plasmids from this publication at Addgene! Additional ...developmental biology Use the pathways over time plasmids to engage students in functional genomics research...out our molecular biology reference pages Find plasmids from the BioBits BrightTM publication here ...

...transfer plasmid, which contain regions of dsDNA. To generate a 3’ hydroxyl group needed for DNA replication... AAV.  Where do you start? Plasmids of course! You just need three plasmids to start making the AAVs you...packaging plasmid which contains the AAV structural and packaging genes, the adenoviral helper plasmid which...packaging plasmid and take a look at each of its parts. Key elements of the AAV packaging plasmid The packaging...packaging plasmid aka the RepCap plasmid encodes two genes: the replication (rep) gene and the capsid (... AAV RepCap plasmid! Check out this blog post to learn more about the AAV transfer plasmid! References... for the virus to replicate,  and the transfer plasmid which contains the viral genome. In today’s blog...

...thermocycling program. One key difference is the plasmid DNA must be released from the bacteria in order to...just need to lyse the bacteria to release the plasmid DNA by either briefly boiling the sample before use... sequences of the junctions between the plasmid and insert DNA. Colony PCR will greatly reduce the number...the correct orientation or even if it’s in your plasmid backbone. Backbone-specific primers: A second...orientation of your insert or if the insert is in your plasmid Have to make a new primer pair for each insert ...about the size of the insert and if it's in the plasmid Can be used to screen clones that were created ...created with the same backbone because primers are plasmid dependent Doesn't provide information about the...

...) ChiRP-seq RNA Hi-C DNA (genome-to-genome interactions) DNase-seq DNA (regions that are accessible... regions of DNA that demonstrate “spooky action at a distance.” Through the marvel of DNA compaction, ...details on DNA compaction and the structural proteins that make it possible, see the appendix DNA is a 3D...See below for further details. DNA is a 3D Fractal Figure 2: DNA compaction. Graphics courtesy ...For instance (chr3, 1, 10) indicates a stretch of DNA at the very beginning of the third chromosome, ten...coordinates for genetic elements like protein, RNA, and DNA (Table 1). As with GPS in the real world, coordinates... examine how we can locate powerful stretches of DNA known as enhancers with the help of genome math. ...