...conjugated to different fluorophores or a panel of primaries that was raised in different species or are...are complex and antibodies may perform differently in different samples and experimental conditions. Be...for IHC, not all IHC experiments are the same. Differences in sample processing, fixation, antigen-retrieval...make sure that you can easily distinguish each different type of antibody and therefore each target protein...unique isotype or species, then you can choose different fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies specific...that has been cited thousands of times may be a safer bet than one that has never been used in a publication... and knowledgeable technical support team, is a safer bet than one from a large distributor that may not...

...organism. Output diversity: Different tools provide results to the user in different formats. This can have...development CRISPR, like the miRNA bubble before it, offers an interesting view into how rapid innovation affects...the piñata beating party goers are altogether different. They are filled with blind anticipation. Their.... Many tools have also opted to mix-and-match different scoring algorithms and parameters. This tapestry...data input in order to generate results. While different types of input are more user-friendly than others..., this is of less concern than data output as different input types can be readily converted.  Examples...later or share them. Community exclusivity: Different communities develop software for their own needs...

... genetic code is universal, many different organisms actually prefer certain codons over others for certain... (Mauro and Chappell, 2014). Different rates of translation by different tRNAs, including those that exhibit...There are 64 different codons that encode 20 amino acids and three stop codons, meaning that the same...important? Translation and protein synthesis relies on transfer RNAs (tRNAs). tRNAs bind to and deliver amino ...tRNAs that are expressed may be found at very different levels (Mauro and Chappell, 2014). Due to this...that is based on the codon usage frequency in a reference of highly expressed genes (Sharp and Li, 1987)... companies, such as IDT, Genewiz and GenScript, offer tools to help with these decisions.  So when do ...

...middle of proteins) and performs well in many different antibody-based applications.  IPI’s recombinant...recommended for use in western blots (Figure 1). If you prefer to produce your own antibody or want to swap out...virus 5 and their use in revealing antigenic differences between human, canine and simian isolates. J ...early embryogenesis (Figure 3). mScarlet-I3 also offered clearer signals due to reduced background signal...systems don’t always work across species due to differences in natural DNA repair pathways and spontaneous...high rate of spontaneous antibiotic resistance interfering with selection. Using an inducible Cas9 expression...mechanosensor called PILATeS, Pulling-Induced Luciferase Association Tension Sensor (Zhong et al., 2024...

...multiple times and on different days. Using our example above, we would test different preparations of Plasmid...Plasmid A in different aliquots of cells on several different days. Biological replicates control for ...There are many, many different types of experiments carried out by scientists every day. Although the...the plasmid without the independent variable. Referring back to the experiment associated with Figure ...constitutively expresses a reporter protein (e.g., GFP or luciferase) that is either co-transfected with the test ... the results because it provides an important reference point when analyzing the specificity of the shRNA...variable should be consistent over time and from different preparations of the purified test plasmid expressing...

...findability” of the information on the site. Different users have different strategies for finding what they need...the overall user experience of our website, the different website navigation paths, the organization and...homepage and navigational elements help users who prefer to browse and discover items in our catalog or ...resources through our main dropdown menu. For users who prefer to use search, our updated search engine is now...software team tailored Elasticsearch to support the different usage patterns the larger team identified. The...our catalog of materials and services is quite different from the way it searches through our educational...information in our search indices in order to support different kinds of matches: exact words, partial words, ...

...transgenes in iPSC-derived cells can interfere with their differentiation potential. Finally, retroviruses...reprogramming factors and wait for cells to de-differentiate. However it’s difficult, especially as a newbie...reprogramming proteins. Table 1: Key Features of Different Methods for Generating iPSCs. One important note...reactivation of Myc or other oncogenes after differentiation has been linked to tumor formation in iPSC-...drawback is that lentiviral vectors insert in different genetic locations in each transduced cell, so ...a single polycistronic transgene or with four different adenoviruses, each expressing one factor. These...mutagenesis, adenoviral vectors are considered a safer way to express reprogramming factors for therapeutic...

...components expressed from different plasmid backbones. They noted that backbone differences such as the order,...assess how different lentiviral plasmid backbone elements impact viral titer and to compare different Cas enzymes...Hurt for his expertise and input.  References and resources References Weber, Ernst, et al. “A Modular ...review common uses of MoClo and the kits Addgene offers to kickstart these applications, no matter what...product in an affordable way, researchers test many different combinations of promoters, terminators, solubility... excellent option (Iverson et al., 2016). CIDAR offers a one-pot reaction wherein multi-part assembly ...is at your service (Lee et al., 2015). This kit offers a broad range of parts, including copy number machinery...

...this FRET you speak of? Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) was originally described by Theodor Förster...alternative acronym Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Unlike the typical excitation and emission of...excited fluorophore, FRET involves a non-radiative transfer of energy (i.e. no emitted photons) from the excited...excitation by absorption of a photon 2. Energy transfer from the excited donor directly to the acceptor...the acceptor fluorophore. Otherwise the energy transferred from the donor will not be able to excite the...other and be oriented appropriately for energy transfer via dipole-dipole interaction. The efficiency ... typical FRET range, FRET efficiency is used to infer an interaction between the fluorophores and serves...

... and reference on how to design PCR primers.  Types of PCR Since the invention of PCR, different PCR methods...PCR, which is commonly referred to as simply PCR, is used for an array of different molecular biology techniques...Analysis RNA detection     References and Resources References Shen C-H (2019) Amplification of... methods have been developed for different scientific applications. These PCR methods all use the same...same basic PCR set up and steps but differ in how the PCR products are analyzed.   End point PCR End point...alleles or mutations. ddPCR also does not require a reference or standard curve, which can be time consuming...Multiple template PCR - multiple templates with different primer pairs that align to the target region of...

...updated by Ina Ersing in August 2023 References and resources  References  Aurnhammer, C., Haase, M., Muether...required adenoviral helper genes are supplied on two different packaging plasmids: the pHelper plasmid containing...expressing Ad E1A and E1B, can be transfected with your transfer plasmid, carrying your gene of interest, and the...virions out. We recommend using a Tris-based lysis buffer and sonication.  The obtained virions from cells...remove the density gradient material by dialysis/buffer exchange and further concentrate the virions if...titering assay, you’ll need to understand how different titers are measured. A TCID50 measurement reports...have a high-quality plasmid standard and rAAV reference material of a known titer on every qPCR run. Note...

...Because of the differing peak absorption wavelengths and light intensity requirements of different opsins, studies...behavioral studies because it is non-invasive and offers a high degree of control over time and space. Zebrafish...simultaneously and still be individually activated with different lights (Baier et al., 2009).  Zebrafish behaviors...assays can be done on zebrafish at 5 days post fertilization, including escape behavior and spontaneous swimming... do so, the lab expressed the LiGluR opsin in different subsets of spinal cord neurons using the Gal4/...Gal4/UAS system. This created fish lines with different groups of neurons that could be activated with light...spontaneous swim or escape, was elicited when these different neuron groups were activated or “turned on.” In...

...could just make their own buffers when the kits buffers ran out. Homemade buffers performed the same as those...maxi, giga) which requires you to buy different kits for different purposes, with the Kim and Morrison ...Read our Molecular Biology Reference Visit our protocol video library References Kim, Y., & Morrison, S.... need them and to accumulate a bunch of unused buffers because you’ve run out of columns. Kit-less DNA...precipitated with alcohol and resuspended in TE buffer. After this, the DNA is ready for use! Plasmid ...released by dipping the cellulose directly into a PCR buffer, where DNA or RNA can be amplified. Compared to...times. DNA purification kits don’t come with enough buffer for this many uses of the columns, but the Zhao...

...of three plasmids: the packaging, envelope, and transfer plasmids. The packaging plasmid carried a mutated...of cells the vector could infect. Finally, the transfer plasmid encoded the desired transgene flanked ...facilitates nuclear export of transcripts). A different viral envelope protein (Env), usually from VSV-G...packaging system Although the 2nd generation system is safer than the original system, the possibility of creating...-competent virus via recombination between the transfer and packaging plasmids does exist. To further ...created the 3rd generation system (Figure 3), which differs from the 2nd generation in two key ways. First,...containing a Tat-independent promoter. Although safer, this system may be more cumbersome to use and lead...

... probes, LDR can reliably detect single-base differences. The original creators of this technique visualized...fidelity mean for a ligase? DNA ligases generally prefer fully Watson-Crick base-paired dsDNA substrates.... The structural/mechanistic reason for this differential is not known for certain, but may have to do...This methodology has been used to rapidly screen buffer conditions for Taq DNA Ligase and their effect ...upstream probes and four down-stream probes, each differing only in the base at the ligation junction. Thus...Sixteen separate pools were prepared, each with a different complement strand covering all 16 possible NN ...each possible pairing resulted in a product of a different length, with products identifiable and quantifiable...

...when interpreting the outcome.    References and resources References Aschauer DF, Kreuz S, Rumpel S (2013...2, and 5 Display Differential Efficiency and Cell Tropism after Delivery to Different Regions of the Central...theoretically this strategy should work, these vectors suffered from high levels of spurious expression.  As such... recognized by Cre, but they are comprised of different sequences (loxp and lox2272) and can not recombine... flank a transgene (homologous pairs) or used different scrambled sequences to flank the transgenes (non-homologous...  The AAV serotype used can exhibit profound differences in tropism between cell types (astrocytes, microglia.... 2013, O’Carroll, SJ. 2021). This is due to differences in the expression of receptors, post-translational...

...codon usage biases of different organisms. Different species have different preferences for the codons they...the gene may not express well because of these different codon usage biases. But if a gene’s sequence was...could be determined through comparisons with a reference sequence database. Through a series of simulations...Kunjapur says. Percent sequence identity was a different story - the team found that the percent sequence...sequences is Proteobacteria - the most frequent transfer of genes is from Proteobacteria to mammalian expression...natural gene sequence is, the less likely it is transferred into another organism in the lab. Predicting ...and synthetic biology is expanding rapidly.  References 1. Kunjapur, Aditya M., Philipp Pfingstag, and...

... C improved assay reliability. Different primers can have different annealing efficiencies (Wang et ...of samples from different sources should not be compared. If using AAV from different sources in the same...solution, and generally these methods measure different characteristics of the solution. These characteristics...because each sample with be quantified with a different primer pair. Ct values vary based on the amount...and low-concentration samples can also behave differently in PCR, even if both samples fall within the ...absolute quantification by using the universal AAV Reference Standard Material (AAV SFM), which is an AAV sample...addition to the AAV RSM, we include a second AAV reference sample of known titer, which is at a higher titer...

...expect, different companies produce different products and therefore need people with different areas of...life science PhDs can offer: vast practical lab expertise, experience in different scientific fields, and... as: “Can I use this product under conditions different from those specified on its data sheet?” or “Do... questions customers ask, and there are also differences in customers’ personalities and their expectations...do jobs in technical support have? There are different names for technical support roles. Examples are...distinction between these job titles, they may be different regarding the levels of lab experience and scientific...communication skills by working with people from many different backgrounds and realizing that the same approach...

...plasmids are compatible, different CBPs bind to each plasmid type, and different NTPases separate the plasmid...plasmids at Addgene Read our Molecular Biology Reference References  del Solar G, Giraldo R, Ruiz-Echevarría...incompatibility is defined as the inability of different plasmids to be maintained in one bacterial cell...al., 1998).  In cases of compatible plasmids, different negative regulation systems control plasmid replication...regulation system cannot distinguish between the different plasmids. The concentration of negative regulation...diffusion) to make this happen.  There are several different versions of the plasmid partitioning system in...identification issue: the CBPs in the cell can’t tell the difference between plasmids if they have the same centromere-like...