... tips for high efficiency cloning with this technique: Amplification efficiency is highest when using...labs, a variety of other cloning techniques with higher efficiency and simpler procedures have been developed... in the figure from Chaokun et al., 2011 to the right. After PCR, you should confirm that the products...introduced during PCR or any subsequent steps. Using high fidelity DNA polymerases, I have never had any mutations...chance of introducing an unwanted mutation. Tips for high efficiency cloning Now that you have a better understanding...using high fidelity DNA polymerases like phusion. An 18-cycle PCR leads to the most colonies after transformation...27391134. 2. Li, Chaokun, et al. "FastCloning: a highly simplified, purification-free, sequence-and ligation-independent...

...neurons in the mouse brain. MouseLight images can be found on the MouseLight website. Together with scientists...neuroanatomy and neural connectivity, providing valuable insights for neuronal communication. Viral vectors and...vectors can be equipped with strong promoters for high and neuron-specific transgene expression. Fluorescent...for their production and purification that yield high titers (see also AAV protocols for production, purification...researchers from the Janelia Campus for their MouseLight project but neurons were traced with AAV2. Two-Photon...variant, rAAV2-retro, that migrates retrogradely at higher rates than any other AAV serotype (Tervo et al....also having the added advantage of lower toxicity, higher specificity and reduced technical variability compared...

...forward, in this post I’ll point out some of the highlights and takeaways I got from the symposium. The ...outcome is not easily achieved. Of note, it was highlighted during the conference that just increasing funding...projects sought to make an interactive game that highlights just this point. As part of this, trainees need...thoughts The FOR Symposium Boston 2015 shined a light on some of the many problems facing the academic...academic research enterprise. In addition to highlighting some of the important questions that still need to...

...with different properties (for example, overall brightness or on/off kinetics) that makes them suitable ...(pGP-AAV-syn-FLEX-jGCaMP7b-WPRE) exhibits the brightest resting fluorescence of the GCaMP7 family of calcium...pAAV.hSyn-FLEX.iGABASnFR) has good membrane localization and brightness. The F102G variant (pAAV.hSyn-FLEX.iGABASnFR....through imaging. Since it’s illuminated by red/orange light, Archon1 can also be used in conjunction with optogenetic... activators and inhibitors that respond to blue light. We recently released a constitutive (pAAV-Syn-Archon1...-jGCaMP7f-WPRE AAV1 with a CAG promoter exhibits high specificity for Purkinje neurons. 105321  AAV1...pGP-AAV-syn-jGCaMP7c variant 1513-WPRE 7c exhibits high contrast between peak fluorescence and resting fluorescence...

...Some common ones you might see include ColE1, pMB1 (which comes in a few slightly different but well known...make additional copies. ori sequences are generally high in As and Ts. Why, you ask? Well, A-T base pairs...make a lot of your plasmid? Is the gene toxic in high amounts? It is always good to keep in mind that ...propagate plasmids, but endA- E. coli are best for high yields of plasmids. Growth conditions The amount...culture inoculum Freshly streaked bacteria have higher copy numbers – for optimal results always pick ...cultures. Freshly transformed cells also give a higher plasmid yield that colonies streaked from a glycerol...stock. Incubation for 12-16 hours tends to give higher copy numbers since the bacteria have just reached...

...While I had always enjoyed learning about biology in high school, it wasn’t until I started working in my ...molecular biology-based activities making their way into high school classrooms, like gel electrophoresis to separate...led me to develop BioBits ExplorerTM and BioBits BrightTM, biology kits based on freeze-dried, cell-free... that students can easily sense, whether that’s bright fluorescent proteins that they can see, enzymes...initially developed the BioBits kit to be used in high school classrooms, but it could be widely adapted... a biology teacher at the elementary, middle, or high school level, feel free to check out one of our ...PMC6070312. 2. Stark, Jessica C., et al. "BioBits™ Bright: A fluorescent synthetic biology education kit....

...fluorescence changes or a requirement for very high excitation light intensities have made these indicators difficult...Every few months we highlight a subset of the new plasmids in the repository through our hot plasmids...measure ApoB-LPs directly and develop a potentially high throughput in vivo model to identify drug candidates...Thierer et al, 2019). Zebrafish are a great model for high throughput study of ApoB-LPs because their ApoB ...amenable to use with other bEBP/UAS pairs, and displays high dynamic range. However, the promoter in question...lipid compositions of C. elegans membranes, which might beneficially influence the rhodopsin properties....

...projects in many labs. However, the high costs of sample preparation for high-throughput next generation (NGS...Addgene to develop a highly optimized bioinformatics pipeline that will return high-quality assembled and...quantities of library molecules for each sample remain highly normalized across a wide range of input DNA concentrations... vary by DNA input amount. plexWell™ + Addgene = high quality NGS-assembled plasmids Because of the enhanced... plasmids. The plexWell™ workflow also offers a highly efficient NGS-based alternative to Sanger sequencing...assembly pipeline. To date, this has resulted in high quality NGS-based assemblies for over 3000 plasmids...

...Antibodies 101: Choosing the Right Isotype Antibodies 101: Selecting the Right Antibody Resources on Addgene.org...groups on a western blot and look for the molecular weight shifts indicative of tau phosphorylation. By including...protein standard (P) to check for tau molecular weight shifts. A negative control is a sample or ...runs. If the results vary considerably, then the high degree of variability in the process could make ...signal from your target needs to be significantly higher than the background noise (Waters 2009). If the...the fluorescence from your target is extremely bright, then the noise likely will not interfere. If the...control for all new samples, protocol changes, or when high background labeling occurs (Burry 2011). Complex...

...commonly used, PVDF tends to be slightly more popular due to its durability and high binding capacity. In addition... (HRP), that emits light upon reacting with a specific substrate. The emitted light, or chemiluminescence... samples, a protein standard of known molecular weight in a separate lane can help confirm the size of...acrylamide content of the gel. For small proteins, use a higher percentage of acrylamide to increase migration ...broad range of protein sizes but takes hours to overnight.  In contrast, a semi-dry transfer only requires...chain. Consequently, antibodies validated for IP might not work for a western and vice versa.  In addition...specific experimental condition you could look for a slight size shift in the protein band before and after...

...junior faculty member at Harvard Medical School/Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH). Based on her experience...years ago looking for their career improvement) and bright students that will be the future of the country...to help build, together with the universities, a bright future. IMP provides matched one-on-one international...Although all mentorship relationships are valuable and highly recommended, a mentor with international experience...impressions of the IMP experience. Conference highlights included remarks by the Spanish Secretary of ...representatives from different Spanish universities and high level public and private institutions also showed...website Learn about the Mentor Circle Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital Visit the International Mentoring...

... be on LinkedIn?” For anyone who is planning or might need to plan for a career outside academia (that...business or follow up. Use the "Contact info" link right below their photo. 2) Personalize all connection...note, you waste an opportunity to start things out right. Also, many people on LinkedIn don’t appreciate ...connect button unless you’re on a profile page. You might be looking at a list of suggested connections and...connect people that want to meet or that you think might be helpful to each other. This is a quick way to... before you’ve had a chance to proof read. This might not be important for a good friend, but if you are...and it’s still connecting with a stranger so is highly discouraged. You should be using your network to...

...applications and gene therapy: they can be produced at high titers, can accommodate large transgenes, transduce...Gutless Ad vectors (helper-dependent (HD-Ad), or high-capacity (HC-Ad__ are devoid of viral genes and ...belongs to this category. 3rd Gen AdV (Gutless or high capacity AdV) are devoid of all viral coding sequences...proteins in trans. The Gutless AdV have generated high interest for gene therapy due their increased cloning...more HEK293 cells and produce more rAdV to reach higher titers. Successfully infected cells will become...separate rAdV from other cellular debris. Purified high-titer rAdV is then dialyzed and stored at -80C. ...account. You're now ready to use your purified, high-titer rAdV in your experiment. Enjoy! References...

...midst of a crisis. The “antibody crisis” came to light as antibodies became commercialized, revealing the...goldilocks antibodies. A goldilocks antibody is highly specific (minimal binding to off-target molecules...creating a public and accessible database for low-cost, high-quality antibodies for IHC. Working with collaborators...their recombinant forms (rAbs). mAbs and rAbs have higher homogeneity than polyclonal antibodies because ...from the negative control, such as showing a very bright signal only in the hippocampus compared to other...the amount of time the sample needs to be under light to discern the signal. If the exposure time is long...allowing scientists to find and utilize reliable, high-quality antibodies. We are creating a database for...

...catalog to help you find the right split-FP plasmid for your experiment.  Highlighted Split-Fluorescent Protein...bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Kodama Y, Hu CD. Biotechniques...amino-terminal acetylation system and novel in vivo high-throughput screen for molecules affecting alpha-...Improved sfCherry3C(1-10) for use with sfCherry2(11) Bright split red fluorescent proteins for the visualization... chromophore formation (abundant in eukaryotes) Bright monomeric near-infrared fluorescent proteins as... with exogenous fluorophores, which can even be bright enough for single-molecule tracking in live cells...

...PAM) might work too.  High dCas9 and gRNA expression are key for complete DNA demethylation – tight binding...the Future, and big hair. To what was perhaps a slightly smaller population, something else was also suddenly...conference or a karaoke bar), you probably want to sigh. The problem is that many of these studies report... 2018). This means that off-target loci – in neighboring chromatin or throughout the genome – could be...reality, editing your target site is not as straightforward as expected. TET1 can have many effects independent...and pLM-CMV-R-Cre. Selection for cells stably and highly expressing these constructs can be achieved by ...

...emission spectra, meaning they will emit fluorescent light at similar wavelengths (See this handy emission ...against APC-Cy7, the populations are in more of a straight line and are only positive for APC (Figure 1B)...horizontal line, so our circled population on the right needs to shift towards the X axis to become a perpendicular... plot in 2A, the populations are not perfectly straight, but the center of each population is in a line... sample you are trying to compensate in the top right corner of a flow plot, meaning that it should be..., it will show up as a diagonal line in the top right corner of the plot and large compensation values...positive sample. The cell population in the top right corner of the plot is positive for both markers,...

...injection site is straightforward, as it targets large muscle groups (usually the thigh), though it is important...injection, like you might after getting a vaccine. Restraint: mechanical restraint Location: thigh Gauge: 25–27...use depends on a number of factors. You have to weigh the pros and cons of various methods and choose ...circulation is slower, and more institutional oversight is required. Restraint: mechanical restraint or...such as experimental therapies or pain relief, straight to the stomach. This technique involves administering...Intermediate Intramuscular Mechanical restrainer Thigh 25–27 < 0.02–0.05 mL Beginner Subcutaneous Back...

...for fusion proteins! Despite multiple studies in high profile journal articles, many researchers remain...primarily as a dimer in cells while a protein with a high micromolar or low millimolar Kd is unlikely to form... Following the simple logic outlined above, you might think EGFP is unlikely to form dimers in a cell....then their effective concentration will be much higher than if they are homogenously distributed and mobile...concentration of FPs around that fusion protein is very high. Real world examples of these situations in cells... the POI. These structures are large (microns), bright, non-physiological, and difficult to ignore [1,...normally self-associate into homodimers or even higher order oligomers. Unfortunately, FP dimerization...

...and understanding of CRISPR, and perhaps provide insights and ideas for your own research! Classification...categories, arriving at a consensus was not as straightforward as it seems. There is not a single gene that... sequence similarity, phylogenetic analysis, neighborhood analysis of surrounding genes, and experimental...cutting up DNA after recruitment by Cascade. As you might imagine, this is handy for creating large genomic...adaptations for increased fidelity, activation/repression, high precision edits, and more. Figure 3: Schematic...Cas12 create short 3’ overhangs, which leads to slightly increased efficiency when conducting edits using...with BioRender.com.   What’s your type? It is highly unlikely that you will have to know and understand...

... completed with the Ig light chains. The variable region of the heavy and light chain determine what antigen...going to spot the whole, long word right off the bat, but you might see a few letters and be able to guess...Two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains make up each antibody molecule. The Fc region... of an antibody including Fc, Fab, heavy chain, light chain, constant region, variable region   The...made up of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains fused together to form a single protein that.... The proteins are separated based on molecular weight by SDS-PAGE, and are subsequently transferred to...interest and detect its presence. Then, the amount of light that can pass through each well - the optical density...

...accurate and reproducible. I also highly recommend spending the money on a high quality stereotaxic frame with...and versatility, the technique is remarkably straightforward to learn and relatively cheap (compared to ...manipulated a number of the opsin genes to alter the light spectrum for activation and the kinetics of opsin...above) include Channelrhodopsin2 (Chr2), a blue-light sensitive non-specific cation channel, activation...potential. Halorhodopsins (HR) are green/yellow-light sensitive chloride ion pumps, activation of which...expression alone is extremely limited. Therefore, highly expressing, generic neuronal promoters such as ...privately communicated to me as one of these extremely high expressing promoters). Conduct a time course experiment...

...Addgene we've set out to fill this gap by both highlighting that researchers do learn MANY transferable ...the lab and by offering advice on areas where you might need some help. Today in our transferable skills...with SnapGene, for example, allows us to display high-quality maps and annotations without us having to...events can be very tough. First I needed to find the right contacts at the companies and then convince the ...Great progress! You are collaborating with your neighboring lab, you've met interesting people at conferences...are the individuals that are part of them. I’m delighted that these collaborations give me opportunities...An Imperative for Graduate Students" from Inside Higher Ed Additional Resources on the Addgene Blog Check...

...and writing are key skills. Other fields, often highly technical or skills-based ones, may not use them...are less likely to require cover letters, while higher-level jobs are more likely to consider cover letters...that asks for strong organizational skills. You might think, “I’d be good at that! I organized my lab ...]. Notice that the intros above allow you to highlight what specific skills, qualities, or interests ...considered cover letters to be more important for higher-level positions. Many did not require cover letters...-neutral greeting like “Dear Hiring Manager.” Highlight your achievements with specific examples. Instead...

...have limited use in vivo because they are based on light which is very easily scattered by tissue. Ultrasound...modality with good tissue penetration depth as well as high spatial and temporal resolution, making it ideal...vesicle genes from Serratia sp. 39006 produced the highest levels of nonlinear acoustic contrast in E. coli...). Gas vesicle expression in vivo is also straightforward: after the E. coli have colonized tumors, inject...Methods to assess bARGSer expression, from left to right: colony whiteness on inducer plates, white inclusions...We wanted to create second-generation mARGs with higher expression, a smaller genetic footprint, and nonlinear...chromatin-opening agents. It ended up being very straightforward to engineer various cell lines from different...

...parts of our code, we might be calling something a sample and in other places, we might be calling it an aliquot...soundness of the software design. Each of us brings slightly different cognitive biases as a result of our ...creates trust amongst the team. Whether we are a highly collaborative team because we are using the Scrum...we are using the Scrum framework because we are highly collaborative, we love teamwork. Working collaboratively...parts of the shipping code. The following sprint we might have an EMTA theme and we will all be working in... Most of the time, updating these libraries is straight forward. However, there are times where a library...no further updates, security or otherwise. This might sound like Greek to you, which brings me to my next...

...densities that are low enough to prevent confluency but high enough to promote cell growth. Overgrown cultures... age of your culture post thaw. In general, the higher the passage number of a culture the lower the transfection...be a bit dubious due to lack of documentation and high turn-over of lab personnel. If you are unsure of...with pH changes and resource consumption due to the high cell density of the culture. In addition to benefitting...harvest approach is that it tends to result in a higher volume of lower titer virus. In such cases you ...downstream applications. While this ensures that the highest titer virus is used, it is not always feasible,...titered. Most titering approaches transduce into highly permissive cell lines such as HEK293, H0 or A549...

...IBEX is a highly multiplexed tissue imaging method that uses iterative staining and chemical bleaching...bleaching to allow for high-resolution imaging without degrading the tissue (Radtke et al., 2020, 2022). I do... do mean highly multiplexed: you can image over 65 different parameters using this method (see Movie S8..., you’re probably also very interested in having high-quality antibodies and reagents that you know work...you’re certainly not alone – we’re all looking for high-quality antibodies and reagents that work for our...immunolabeling and chemical bleaching method for high-content imaging of diverse tissues. Nature Protocols... Data with Addgene Antibodies 101: Choosing the Right Isotype...

... for a reply to an email. You need answers: the right ones, quickly, and this is why we have a dedicated...phone call or write out an email. You need help right at the moment you’re looking for it, or you may ... from your colleagues, to intellectual property rights and handling your constructs once they reach you... new feature on our website; towards the bottom right corner of each page there’s a blue icon displaying...result. By clicking on the result links themselves right from within the widget, you’ll navigate to articles...on the "Leave us a message" button shown to the right, you will be be prompted to enter your name and ...team’s attention, where we can then offer the same high level of direct service you’ve come to expect from...

...together DNA fragments. As a fun way to start, I highly recommend watching this entertaining video created...assembly work? The required homology between neighboring fragments can be created via PCR amplification...including regions of homology to the vector or neighboring fragment. Then you would amplify the fragments...success rate of this reaction is typically fairly high, so there is usually no need to screen a large amount...structure, such as a hairpin or a stem loop (as might be anticipated to occur within a terminator sequence...required single-stranded annealing and priming of neighboring assembly fragments. Gibson assembly is commonly...vector that you want to use is very large, has a high GC content, contains a lot of repeats--any of which...