...Microbial Opsins Opsins are light-gated ion channels or pumps that absorb light at specific wavelengths. ...respond to different wavelengths of light, like blue or yellow light. These various opsins also initiate...also a blue light activated cation channel. ChR2 is preferred over ChR1 because ChR2 has higher conductance...Channelrhodopsin from Volvox carteri 570 Chronos High-speed, light-sensitive channel from Stigeoclonium helveticum... 566 ArchT Light-activated outward proton pump from Halorubrum strain TP009. Improved light sensitivity...binding domain, allowing light to activate transcription. Phytochromes and light oxygen voltage (LOV) domains...) BLUF domains bPAC Light-activated adenylyl cyclase from Beggiatoa sp. for light-induced cAMP modulation...

...enough to cause a DSB. If high specificity is crucial to your experiment, you might consider using the dual...will have the highest specificity. To increase specificity, you can also consider using a high-fidelity Cas...Hsu PD, Wright J, Agarwala V, Scott DA, Zhang F. Nat Protoc . 8(11):2281-308. PMID: 24157548 High-frequency...end joining (NHEJ) pathway The less efficient but high-fidelity homology directed repair (HDR) pathway ...Break (Cut) Enhancing Specificity with Nickases and High Fidelity Enzymes CRISPR specificity is partially...researchers used rational mutagenesis to develop two high fidelity Cas9's : eSpCas9(1.1) and SpCas9-HF1. eSpCas9...interactions with the DNA phosphate backbone. Another high fidelity Cas9, HypaCas9 , was developed in 2017 ...

...the Fab fragments contain highly variable regions, shown in light blue and light orange, that bind to a ...are light-sensitive molecules which emit a specific wavelength of light after excitation by light of a...pair the brightness of the fluorophore with the abundance of the antibody target. If a bright fluorophore...molecular tools used in the lab to specifically and tightly bind to other proteins. Antibodies, produced as...-efficient way to produce antibodies, with the highest variability in antibodies produced. Cells - Antibodies...protein chains: two large heavy chains and two small light chains. These four domains come together to form... to be produced in a single individual, giving a high probability that an antibody will be able to recognize...

...These episomes can concatemerize, producing high molecular weight structures that are maintained extrachromosomally... a hybrid capsid derived from eight serotypes. AAV-DJ displays a higher transduction efficiency in vitro...separation of Rep and Cap shown in the figure on the right facilitates the viral pseudotyping discussed below... of transgenes, as well as the expression of neighboring genes. The short coding sequences of channelrhodopsins...any wild type serotype; in vivo , it displays very high infectivity across a broad range of cell types. ...

...insert expression (i.e., a strong promoter directs high expression, whereas weaker promoters can direct ...determines the type of plasmid and dictates how it might be used in the lab. Below are some common plasmid...particles, that can infect your target cells at a high efficiency. Addgene's expanding viral service offers...Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) comes in. NGS is a high-throughput, multi parallel sequencing platform that... Plasmids 101: 5 factors to help you choose the right cloning method Plasmids 101: Restriction Cloning...

...neurotransmission. This, and the fact that GPCR ligands can have high potency, which is potentially important for dosing...off-target effects in vivo and the receptors exhibited high levels of constitutive activity, making them less...example, a study in rats using an hM4Di receptor might consider an alternative DREADD ligand such as DCZ...BA, Hufeisen SJ, Meltzer HY, Roth BL (2004). The highly efficacious actions of N-desmethylclozapine at ...

... capacity of >8 Kb. Constructs contain left and right arms to facilitate homologous recombination of the...and the adenoviral plasmid have matching left and right homology arms which facilitate homologous recombination...the shuttle vector, but this method results in a higher background of non-recombinant adenoviral plasmids...

...choosing the right cloning method for your research project . The following guide will highlight several of...

...from Addgene. 2nd Generation The graphic to the right shows how the lentiviral genome is edited down and...lentivirus is outlined in the simple schematic to the right. 3-4 plasmids are transfected into A293T cells: ...however, they are different viruses and thus use slightly different isoforms of these packaging components...

...immune system, antibodies are proteins capable of highly specific binding to other proteins. Antibody-based...technologies developed for optogenetics research utilize light to detect, measure, and control molecular signals...

...however, they are different viruses and thus use slightly different isoforms of these packaging components...research to reduce promoter interference and/or drive high expression of a transgene from an internal promoter...

...additional hypothesis-directed experiments. As you might have guessed from their name, pooled libraries are...

...polymerase) to bind to a promoter. Transcription is tightly controlled in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Promoters...