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TypeBlog Post...refreshed figures made using BioRender.com. Figure 1: PRIME editing Please check out the updated guide...update, we have added new sections to share and describe some incredible new CRISPR technologies developed...much-anticipated prime editing section and additions describing CRISPR’s ability to make large genome edits using...transposases or the Cascade-Cas3 system. We also describe newly engineered Cas9s with more flexible requirements...
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Viral Vectors 101: Parts of the AAV Transfer Plasmid
TypeBlog Post...and take a look at each of its parts. Figure 1: Parts of an AAV transfer plasmid. Parts shown in ..., ubiquitous expression, while the human synapsin 1 promoter is neuronal specific (Haery et al., 2019)...this post, you’ve got the knowledge to be able to design a construct for the successful and specific expression... -
Natural or synthetic? How Addgene’s dataset reveals trends in biological innovation
TypeBlog Post...from distantly related organisms. In 2006, less than 1% of the genes deposited at Addgene were synthetic....synthetic biology is expanding rapidly. References 1. Kunjapur, Aditya M., Philipp Pfingstag, and Neil ...of 173 known synthetic and natural genes. In designing and optimizing their algorithm, they found that... -
Summer SciComm: Science Storytelling
TypeBlog Post...defined as (1) the struggle between two opposing forces or (2) the result of competing desires or (3) the...journey even when they know the ending. Fig. 1: We all know that the superheroes win in the end. ... -
Antibodies 101: Avoiding the Mouse on Mouse Mess in IHC
TypeBlog Post...following three strategies might help! Figure 1: Species on species staining can be a problem because...same host species as your secondary antibody since 1) your secondary should not recognize Fab fragments...immunocytochemistry (ICC). Not all of the solutions described here may be as effective for other techniques,... -
Scientific Peer-review: Providing Critical and Kind Feedback and Advocating for Open Science
TypeBlog Post...the journal-specific guidelines. Peer-review step 1: The first read At the first read of the paper, I ...group of Prof. Mark Tester, where she focuses on (1) salt-induced changes in root-to-shoot ratio in Arabidopsis...of my review - "The manuscript by ZZZ et al., describes ... The authors share a wealth of data on ... ...Additionally, you can ask that data and resources described in the manuscript are accessible to the community... -
Evolution of Lab Techniques
TypeBlog Post...blotting, named for its inventor Edward M. Southern (1), can be used to detect DNA identity, size, and abundance...hours at low cost with restriction mapping (Figure 1). Though some labs may prefer to send DNA directly... serotonergic system and behavior. References 1. Southern, Edwin Mellor. "Detection of specific sequences...the order of nucleotides in a string of DNA (7). Sanger sequencing uses modified nucleotides, called dideoxynucleotides...the widespread use of Sanger sequencing. Building upon this technology, radiolabelled nucleotides were...causes sickle cell anemia. The mutation happens to destroy a sequence recognized by the restriction enzyme...synthesis reaction along with all four regular nucleotides results in the synthesis of DNA strands of all... -
Plan Your Experiment
TypeGuide...start designing the specific components (Cas enzyme and guide RNA) for your experiment (Figure 1). You...gRNA), the design of the gRNA sequence, and finally how to validate your genetic edit. Figure 1: Flow chart...population. Some cells may remain wild type due to either (1) a lack of gRNA and/or Cas9 expression or (2) a lack...Biology , 1239 , 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1862-1_10 PMID: 25408407 Dixit, A., Parnas, O...multi-plasmid SAM system Activate Design and Clone Your gRNA Achieving your desired edit comes down to location...on proper gRNA design. While there are some cases where it makes sense to manually design a gRNA, in most...most cases gRNA design software is better and more efficient at designing potential gRNAs for you to choose... -
Targeted Mutagenesis with EvolvR
TypeBlog Post...native endonuclease activity degrades the displaced strand. Figure 1: EvolvR consists of an error-prone...mutation rate and extend the editing window of EvolvR: (1) two additional mutations to PolI3M generated PolI5M...diversification of all nucleotides at a user-defined loci in bacteria. Its modular nature provides versatility in...provide a means to continuously diversify all nucleotides within a user-defined genomic region. EvolvR,...method developed by the Dueber Lab at Berkeley, provides a new approach for generating novel genetic variants...users to achieve targeted diversification of all nucleotides within a defined region of a genome. Require...turbidostat. Only mutate particular types of nucleotides. Both the Bassik Lab and the Chang Lab have created... -
Fluorescent Proteins 101: GFP Fusion Proteins - Making the Right Connection
TypeBlog Post...sticks out and can be considered a linker (figure 1). In fact, for several FRET biosensors (yellow cameleon...fluorescent protein are relatively close together (figure 1). Where should the fluorescent protein be inserted...fluorescent protein database." Nature methods (2019): 1. PubMed PMID: 30886412. Mastop, Marieke, et al. "A...any DNA sequence in the way that they like, the design and engineering of fusion proteins is relatively...fusion proteins and highlight some aspects of their design. Protein size and shape matters The green fluorescent...necessary for post-translational modifications. Despite these potential issues, GFP has been used successfully...consist of random amino acid sequences or (ii) designed to form an inert, unstructured peptide and therefore... -
New Optogenetic Tools for Cytoskeleton and Membrane Control
TypeBlog Post...overcomes many of those limitations (Figure 1). Figure 1: Opto-katanin induces fast, localized microtubule...GTPase Signaling Toolbox. ACS Synthetic Biology, 11(1), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.1c00604...optogenetics than neuronal activity. Researchers have designed a variety of photoswitchable elements into many... and limitations – for example, microtubule-destabilizing drugs are impossible to target to specific subcellular...plasmids if you want to make a stable cell line. This design allows highly localized, rapid and reversible microtubule...Rho GTPase activity. A) Schematic of Opto-RhoGEF design and activity. B) OptoTIAM (magenta) expressed in...processes in cells and tissues. And, this Opto-RhoGEF design could be extended to other GTPases. The Chow Lab... -
Introducing the Addgene Antibodies 101 eBook!
TypeBlog Post...may find “Chapter 1: What is an Antibody” quite useful. If you’re looking to design your first flow cytometry...eBooks, the Antibodies 101 eBook is designed to be a helpful desktop reference. Each chapter brings together... -
Viral Vectors 101: The AAV Retrograde Serotype
TypeBlog Post...by Jason Nasse. References 1. Tervo, D. Gowanlock R., et al. "A designer AAV variant permits efficient... There are two methods of neuronal tracing (Fig. 1): one to visualize neurons that send information to...trillion connections (synapses.) In this post we’ll describe the AAV retrograde serotype (AAVrg) and how it... this can cause challenges for the experimental design as these vectors can exhibit spurious expression...efficiency can have a major impact on experimental design and interpretation of results. Take extra care ... -
Five Popular Model Organisms, Part 2
TypeBlog Post...oxygen. Additionally, its status as a Biosafety Level 1 microbe makes it a perfect candidate for introductory...Transport, biofilms, and much more. Because of it’s BSL-1 status, E. coli can be used as a model to relate these...with superior performance. Nature Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04899-x Yokoyama...pathological developments (Vieira et al., 2019) Besides their ability to regenerate, the axolotl has several...scientific history, highly characterized genome, and widespread utilization, Arabidopsis has made significant...Arabidopsis genome project marked the beginning of widespread Arabidopsis genetics research development. Arabidopsis...allows for easy cloning of constructs specifically designed for use in Arabidopsis. There are also important... -
Expanding the Targeting Scope and Editing Efficiency of Adenine Base Editors
TypeBlog Post...speed: base editing before Cas lets go Figure 1: David Liu gives a talk at the Cell Symposia: Gene..., Thuronyi BW, Wilson C, Koblan LW, Zeng J, Bauer DE, Doudna JA, Liu DR (2020) Phage-assisted evolution... -
Antibodies 101: Chimeric Antibodies
TypeBlog Post...distinguish between your two targets. Figure 1: In the isotype conversion process the variable regions...natural isotype to that of a different group (Fig. 1). This process, called isotope conversion, gives users...In the case above, you can’t costain with your desired antibodies because the pair belong to the same ... -
Quantifying DNA? Here are Five DNA Quantification Methods to Consider
TypeBlog Post...automated. Unlike gel electrophoresis, you only need 1-2 ul of sample and the run time is just a few minutes...quantified first before larger fragments. Figure 1: The quantification of a RNA ladder using capillary...store your plasmid DNA Learn about the different grades of plasmid DNA preps Resources on Addgene.org ... -
Plasmids 101: How to Verify Your Plasmid Using a Restriction Digest Analysis
TypeBlog Post...agarose gel. The resulting gel image includes a 1kb ladder (lane 1) that has bands ranging from about 500bp...restriction digests are comprised of 2 separate steps: 1) incubating your DNA with restriction enzymes which... -
Plasmids 101: Inducible Promoters
TypeBlog Post...Hsp70, the heat shock releases heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), which subsequently binds to heat shock elements...induction of a promoter. Below, you’ll find a short description of these three types of inducible promoters, ... popular light-regulated two component systems designed by the Tabor lab. Which inducible promoter is ... -
Hot Plasmids - May 2022
TypeBlog Post... https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-021-00836-1 Visual barcodes for live cell clonal multiplexing by: Rachel... Zebrafish) (Xiong, et al., 2021). Fig. 1: Schematic showing the workflow for the BLITZ system... error rate for long sequence knock-ins Visual barcodes for live cell clonal multiplexing Improving ...nanobody-GFP interaction). The modularity of the system provides researchers better flexibility and makes the approach...other experiments. And, while the BLITZ system was designed and optimized with zebrafish in mind, it can easily...Recently, Ravid Straussman’s lab has developed visual barcodes for clonal multiplexing of cells in live imaging...peptide. By combining three different localization peptides with four different fluorescent proteins, and ...