...cellular responses in addition to antibody response 2) very high immunogenicity 3) and long-lasting immune...biology – they can deliver materials to specific destinations, haul a variety of cargo, and even handle a ...delivery of the actual virus to which immunity is desired. Instead, components of the virus are now delivered...

...PubMed PMID: 8491198. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC413431. 2. Bukrinsky MI, et al. “Active nuclear import of human...target cells and organisms, and when that cargo is designed to make you sick…well, you feel it. But the same...host genome or temporarily express whatever it encodes. This ability to infect cells with a high efficiency...

...JS, Legube G, Miller KM Genes Dev. 2015 Jan 15;29(2):197-211. DNA Cross-Bridging Shapes a Single Nucleus... articles reporting chromatin-related research describe the production of plasmids that might be useful...colleagues and guest bloggers have written posts describing new methods and tools for studying chromatin ...

..., but at a lower efficiency (~20%). Figure 2: Schematic of multicomponent assembly with SLIC. Multiple..., the use of LIC is often limited to specially designed plasmids. Sequence- and ligation-independent cloning...the “damage” and producing a complete plasmid. Besides being compatible with any vector, the SLIC protocol...

...higher quenching of mScarlet emission. Figure 2: Ace-mScarlet is a fusion between the voltage-sensitive...showing the potential for broad use. This kit is designed for use with acceptor vectors from the MoClo Toolkit...tracing Article contributed by Erin Sanders CreLite, designed by the Eisenhoffer lab, is a new tool that increases...

..., N. and Hamilton, D. 1981. PubMed PMID: 6276558. 2. Site-specific DNA recombination in mammalian cells...using a resistance marker; however, it is often desirable to remove the marker after the initial selection... Combining this with some of the loxP methods described above, a genetic modification can be restricted...

...1) or added using PCR-based amplification (Option 2). Advantages of Golden Gate cloning Golden Gate cloning...customized to direct assembly of DNA fragments. When designed correctly, the recognition sites do not appear... scheme is as follows: the gene of interest is designed with Type IIS sites (such as BsaI or BbsI), that...and do not appear in the final construct. The destination vector contains sites with complementary overhangs...ligation can be done in one 30-minute reaction. The destination vector and entry vector(s) are placed in a single...IIS enzyme and ligase. Although the original destination vector + insert may spontaneously religate, this... be re-digested. In contrast, formation of the desired ligation product is irreversible because this construct...

... later this year. Designing the donor plasmid Figure 2: Donor plasmid design strategy. A donor ...with each cell line. The editing strategy and design described above can be used to create similar donor ...GFP tag and 1kb of homologous DNA flanking both sides (about 2.7kb total)—is inserted into a plasmid backbone...plasmid to prevent the plasmid from being cut and destroyed by CRISPR/Cas9 during transfection. Making the...use electroporation, a technique that briefly destabilizes the cell’s outer membrane and allows the components...Addgene’s CRISPR-based Protein Tagging collection includes systems for tagging mammalian cell lines, Drosophila...

...still depolarize neurons at lower MOIs. Figure 2: ChRgers are delivered by intravenous injection into... model to help them construct “designer” channelrhodopsins with desired characteristics. The model was...Viviana Gradinaru’s lab used machine learning to design new channelrhodopsins that are more light sensitive...constrained and poorly understood. It’s hard to design new channelrhodopsins with high-throughput proteins...Using machine-learning to overcome channelrhodopsin design challenges To overcome these challenges, the Arnold...experiments. The sequences in this library were designed using structural information about parental channelrhodopsins...existing channelrhodopsins CoChR and/or ChR2(H134R). Designer channelrhodopsins paired with a systemic AAV allow...

...neuron-astrocyte, and cancer-stromal cell pairs.   Figure 2: Schematic of the interaction between the sender cell...repository that will help epigenetic researchers custom design their own engineering plasmid tools in about a ...cloning, the Haynes lab’s Protocols.io protocol describes an elegant system that allows for the assembly... cells that make up the human body and G-baToN provides versibility in tracking and modulating the interactions... inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) expressed under a desired promoter with a specific spatiotemporal expression...interests via CRISPR techniques. This tool-kit includes an array of FPs as well as additional useful tags...libraries encode target sites flanked by randomized nucleotides in place of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM...

...Antibody Fragments. Antibodies (Basel). 2019 Apr 9;8(2):28. doi: 10.3390/antib8020028. PMID: 31544834; PMCID... as the OG (as the kids say) affinity reagents deserved to be celebrated, there are many other amazing...its thorns and every affinity reagent has its downsides. These reduced-in-size options often have reduced...°C and can refold correctly after denaturing.  Designed ankyrin repeat proteins, or DARPins, are genetically...a wide variety of targets, including proteins, peptides, amino acids, drugs, metal ions, and cells. They...

...Era of Personalized Medicine. Genes Dis. 2017 Jun;4(2):43-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.04.001 Maetzig...about a specific virus? We have you covered with guides on lentivirus, retrovirus, adenovirus, and AAV....

...signal separately for each target.   Figure 2: Examples of simultaneous multiplex IF labeling of... Brewer, M., McDonough, L., Zhu, Y., Neumann, E., De Caestecker, M., Gutierrez, D., & Spraggins, J. (2022...between the targets. Or, it might be sufficient to describe or classify the labeled structures visually; for...will vary depending on your specific experimental design. Like selecting an antibody, some of the requirements...

...improvement in muscle physiological performance.  2. Trans-splicing Overview: For trans-plicing, splice...doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201302948 Trapani I, Toriello E, de Simone S, Colella P, Iodice C, Polishchuk EV, Sommella...physical size of the genomes is still ~4.7kb. But despite this, larger functional transgene products were...HDR event can’t occur. Lastly, depending on its design, donor A may be capable of expressing a truncated...

...inside the cell,” says Pedre Pérez. Figure 2: Micrographs of the biosensor expressed in the human...sulfurtransferase (MPST) which catalyzes the desulfuration of 3-mercaptopyruvate and generates an enzyme-bound...transferred to thiol-containing acceptors. These hydropersulfides modulate protein activity and have important...

...beginning Let’s take a quick flash back to 2004. “Shrek 2” was the most popular movie in theaters, the Razr ...business practices, like accepting e-signatures and designing a website users could easily navigate. This meant...Read the Addgene guide: https://www.addgene.org/guides/crispr/” — SirHamhands, responding to a request...

...protocols 4.4 (2009): 495-505. PubMed PMID: 19300443. 2. Geraerts, Martine, et al. "Comparison of lentiviral...virus will not only ensure that your infection is designed in the best possible way, but it may also save...the transgene itself. Many researchers prefer to design primers that target the common features of viral...

...company culture.  It’s also a good idea to prepare 1-2 unique questions for each interviewer by looking at...method seems simple, I found it hard to remember to describe all four parts of a STAR answer once the interview... because sometimes companies have relaxed dress codes for interviews. You can also ask HR for clarification...

...main decisions to make: 1. Which modification? and 2. Which viral vector should be used? Modifying gene...behavioral neuroscience, and address experimental design considerations used in all behavioral studies. ...ion channels. Similarly, chemogenetic tools are designed channels that are chemically activated. Both are...

...strain (which will be covered in more detail in part 2 of this blog series) controls the cell types in which...reporter gene, which replaces the targeted gene and provides a way to track successfully engineered cells. ...genotype each animal to identify the ones with the desired genotype. Inducible and conditional systems Conditional...