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We narrowed to 526 results for: MEA;

Showing: 41 - 60 of 526 results

  1. Fluorescent Proteins 101: Introduction to FRET

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...proteins are within 10 nanometers of each other, or measure the tension in the helical structure of spider ...in a synapse. What kinds of tools enable us to measure these properties, and what fascinating experiments...dipole-dipole interaction. The efficiency of FRET can be measured for a given donor-acceptor pair and a change in...fluorophores and serves as a small-scale ruler to measure distances that are too miniscule for conventional...improved dynamic range for fluorescence lifetime measurements." PloS one 10.8 (2015): e0134436. PubMed PMID... for studying protein-protein interactions by measuring the change in FRET efficiency, from which conclusions...proteins can contribute additional noise to the measurement. If the distance or orientation of the donor ...

  2. Deep Dive: Statistical Tests (Comparisons)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...assess if the mean of an experimental group is significantly greater or lesser than the mean of a control... other variables (effect). Central tendency – mean, median, and mode give you a summary snapshot without...outliers or data spread within those data sets. Measures of dispersion – standard deviation/error, variance...more in another blog. T-tests T-tests compare the mean of two groups to determine if they are statistically...in a certain direction (i.e., you just want to measure if a sample is greater than a control), then a ... (the test assesses the difference of the group means). Unpaired t-tests can also be referred to as two-sample...if there are significant differences between the means of your groups. However, it will only tell you if...

  3. Flow Cytometry Readouts: Yes, No, and Everything in Between

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...quantify smeary plots For smeary expressions, you can quantify shifts in signal using the mean fluorescence...where the two populations diverge. The smear plot! The dreaded smear - fear not! When you are looking to ...Figure 2: (A) a smeary dot plot showing a range of antibody readouts. (B) A gate on the smeary dot plot shows...antibody of interest: two clear populations or a huge smear across your FSH vs reporter plot. In this post, ...expression, and everything in between (Figure 2). These smears tend to occur when you are looking at proteins ....      Figure 4: A histogram plot for a smeary antibody readout. The orange peis the baseline ...with biorender.com. The plot above is for a smeary expression and is quite different from the yes-...

  4. Antibodies 101: Beyond Surface Labeling

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    Blog Post
    ... application, they can be membrane-permeant or membrane-impermeant, and the cells of interest can be the...proliferation staining. Dye stains are membrane-permeant or -impermeant and bind DNA or free amines, depending ...cell membrane freely, while others require a permeabilized membrane to enter cells. Depending on the research...employed: the cells are first fixed and then permeabilized, using two different buffer solutions. Fixing...the cellular state (think of mummification). Permeabilization, as the name suggests, perforates the cell...Figure 3). A useful side effect of the fixing/permeabilization (fix/perm) treatment is that the cells are...the fixing solution is different while the permeabilization solution can be the same). Examples of such...

  5. Antibodies 101: Normalization and Loading Controls for Western Blots

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...blot.   Total protein measurements as loading controls Total protein measurements are an accurate alternative...Outside the linear detection range, band intensity measurements become extremely susceptible to error, since...housekeeping proteins are highly expressed in cells. This means that at sample concentrations appropriate to detect...linear detection range of all proteins that will be measured in your assay. This is influenced by sample concentration...stain-free imaging systems are both effective for measuring the total protein present in a lane (Aldridge ...the approach you choose, your loading control measurement will take place either before or after blotting...for your POI. Figure 6: Total protein measurements are taken on the same gel or membrane (depending...

  6. Antibodies 101: ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Overview of using Sandwich ELISA to quantitatively measure protein concentration or antibody specificity via...mixture is added to the wells. Any free antibody (meaning it hasn’t bound to your protein of interest) will... antibody that binds in the well is an inverse measure of the amount of your protein of interest in the...Overview of using Competitive ELISA to quantitatively measure protein concentration or antibody specificity via...Overview of using Direct ELISA to quantitatively measure protein concentration or antibody specificity via...Overview of using Indirect ELISA to quantitatively measure protein concentration or antibody specificity via...proteins in an ELISA well As mentioned above, the measurement of the concentration of proteins in an ELISA ...

  7. Make a Splash: Notions of Scientific Impact Are Evolving

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... you like to measure yours? More Reading Fenner M. "Altmetrics and Other Novel Measures for Scientific...Impact Measures" (2009) PLOS One 4(6): e6022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006022 Aragon AM. "A measure for...publish in journals with a high “impact factor,” a measure that dates back to 1975 and is based on the average..., there are plenty of other ways to define and measure scientific impact. Even if we stick to citation...and journal publications really the best way to measure impact? As that Nature report also noted, papers...traditional scientific journals. Of course, no one measure will ever adequately capture a notion as complex...

  8. Antibodies 101: Introduction to Gating in Flow Cytometry

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...with two measurements: forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC). To acquire these measurements, the cytometer... that are being measured: height (H), area (A), and width (W). The different measures are represented ...sequence of gates to be able to select and precisely measure your cells of interest. In many experiments you...exclude all dead cells from my analysis. For this measurement, I used a fluorescent dye that can only enter...with a trend of two populations with basically a smear in between. Again, it can depend on the type of ...negative population. When you’re interested in measuring a population based on a fluorescent stain, you...you might be wondering which second measurement to choose for graphically displaying your events. You are...

  9. Hot Biosensors 2022: Year-End Roundup

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...with new tools to measure their favorite targets and finding new targets to measure! Let’s take a look...D, et al. A fluorescent sensor for real-time measurement of extracellular oxytocin dynamics in the brain...class of signaling receptors, but the options for measuring activity of specific RTKs are limited. In a new...different ITAM/SH2 reporter pairs allow multiplexed measurement of different RTKs. Although this sensor relies...Farahani PE, et al. pYtags enable spatiotemporal measurements of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in living... affinity isn’t always better, especially if it means operating at the outer edge of the sensor’s dynamic...s41467-022-30685-x. Feel the heat with B-gTEMP  Measuring local temperature variations and heat transfer...

  10. Quantifying DNA? Here are Five DNA Quantification Methods to Consider

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...spectrophotometer measures these absorbances using UV-transparent cuvettes. First you measure the absorbance...in. This is a “blank” and measures the background absorbance. Then you measure the absorbance of the DNA...common ways to quantify DNA. This method involves measuring the absorbance/transmission of light through a...DNA sample.  These absorbance measures give you an idea of the concentration of your DNA prep and whether...as compared to spectrophotometric methods that measure all nucleic acids). These methods are more sensitive...sensitivity so it’s not used much. However, the measurements are made in the visible range and can be read...

  11. Fluorescent Protein Travel Awards - Protein Variants, a Serotonin Sensor, and an Artificial Leaf Replica System

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...serotonergic neurons (measured using a red calcium sensor) leads to the release of serotonin (measured using the ...an artificial leaf replica means creating a “leaf” with similar permeability of water and nutrients and... when they find genetic variants, what does that mean? Previous research shows that approximately 75% ...protein abundance, possibly due to misfolding. But measuring variants one at a time is time consuming and unscalable...throughput manner. She helped develop a method that measures the effects of sequence variants on abundance ...sensor in sleep-related studies and in assays for measuring human serotonin transporter activity. Unger also...

  13. Rosella: A Fluorescent pH-Biosensor for Studying Autophagy

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...method does provide a quantitative measure of autophagy, it only measures bulk autophagy (as opposed to giving... Long-lived protein degradation: This approach measures the degradation rate of radio-labeled long-lived.... Autophagy is then induced and quantified by measuring the amount of radioactivity in the culture supernatant...out of this assay. This is also a quantitative measure of autophagy, but, like the protein degradation...degradation assay above, it’s slow and only measures bulk autophagy. Morphological assays Electron microscopy... localization in the cell. SEP’s pH sensitivity means Rosella will fluoresce green unless it’s in an acidic... L. K., Graham, T. E. (2015). Rapid parallel measurements of macroautophagy and mitophagy in mammalian...

  14. Antibiotic Resistance: An Old Solution but a New Problem

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... anti-fungal drugs, because ‘antibiotic’ merely means that the drug prevents the growth of a living organism...used to treat them. Very often, this is what it means to be a ‘superbug’. Superbugs are often very difficult...antibacterial drugs. Resistance can be intrinsic, meaning a basic characteristic that naturally occurs in...is essentially always there, or acquired, which means the bacterium is not naturally resistant but has...through random mutation or horizontal gene transfer, means to defend themselves from these naturally occurring...inhibited. The amount of inhibition around the disk is measured in millimeters, and corresponds to the level of... seeing a promotion for antibiotic-free, farmed meats. We can focus on creating new antibiotic therapies...

  15. How Dry Ice Affects Viral Vector Sample pH & How to Avoid It

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Viral Preps from Addgene Measuring the pH of our samples: What we did To measure the pH of our samples, ...few experiments to determine if our tubes were permeable to the CO2 released from dry ice, and whether ... is that some of tubes’ o-rings are, in fact, permeable to CO2 at low temperatures (-80°C) and once in...the color of the liquid solution and pH paper to measure the pH. We compared the dry ice-stored samples ...Not all tubes (or rather, not all O-rings) were permeable to CO2 at low temperatures. We tested two different...tubes after the indicated incubation periods, and measured the pH. We found that tubes subjected to a recovery...

  16. Writing Scientific Manuscripts: Literature Searching, Reading, & Organizing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...give? Ask yourself if the results mean what the authors say they mean. Could there be any other possible...substantiate the facts upon which it builds. This means you have to become familiar with a body of literature...Finding reliable references and sorting out what they mean is no small task. As a scientist, it is useful to...the work, the research that was done and what it means. The introduction should give you just enough information...experiments, what data they collected and what it means. There should be some connection or flow among the...validating work prior to publication, it doesn’t mean that there are no mistakes or misinterpretations...

  17. Antibodies 101: Introduction to Antibodies

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...the hybridoma can occur, known as genetic drift, meaning that over time, the antibody you expect it to produce... the advantage of being significantly smaller, meaning they can recognize epitopes that full antibodies...can be used for qualitative and quantitative measurement of protein expression in cell lysates, whole ...cultured cells. ELISA can be used to quantitatively measure the amount of protein present. The reaction takes... (OD) - of the known and experimental wells is measured. To find the exact amount of protein in your sample...subsets of interest from among the mixture and to measure the relative amount of your protein of interest...the cell surface, or the cell membrane can be permeabilized to allow antibodies to bind to intracellular...

  18. A Control for All Seasons

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...group and C, technical replicates or repeated measurements will increase the power of the results. In this...experiment. Technical replicates are repeated measurements of the same sample and are included to assess...the process could make it difficult to obtain meaningful results.  Biological replicates are distinct ...with ‌secondary antibody as usual and the signal measured. If a nonspecific signal is detected, the level...to include a loading control. A loading control measures the protein level of a target that is thought ... the same membrane that the target protein was measured on.    Flow cytometry In addition to the controls...controls for antibody-based experiments, it is by no means an exhaustive list and we encourage you to review...

  19. Sensing Neuronal Dopamine

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Methods for measuring Dopamine In vivo microdialysis The gold standard method of measuring DA and other...technique is performed with a probe surrounded by a semipermeable membrane, which is inserted into the region ...causes the passive diffusion of DA across the semipermeable membrane from the extracellular fluid into the... the method is powerful and offers immediate measurements in a live animal that can be correlated to behavior...powerful new developments in the detection and measurement of neurotransmitters in various species and while...

  20. Plasmids 101: Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...drop onto the smear until the alcohol runs clear and immediately rinse. Flood the smear with the safranin...a species of bacteria, but what does it actually mean? What relevance does it have on the structure of...pretty simple process. First, flood the heat-fixed smear with the crystal violet stain for 1 minute. Rinse...procedural instructions, including timing, preparing the smear, and mixing the stains and solutions used, check...since gram negative and positive bacteria are permeable to different classes of antibiotics. The classification...
Showing: 41 - 60 of 526 results