We narrowed to 1,052 results for: FER

...ganglia in movement disorders.   References and Resources References Armbruster BN, Li X, Pausch MH, Herlitze... be the best option. Fluorescent proteins can interfere with fused protein function Under some circumstances...found that the fluorescent proteins can, indeed, interfere with the correct function of the protein of interest...in monkey neurons, we next hypothesized that a different tag fused to the hM4Di might improve the transport...Surprisingly, we found that this small change made a big difference. Replacing the mCherry with the HA tag resulted...transgene of interest. In our studies, mCherry interfered with the transport to the membrane of the DREADDs...doi.org/10.1002/0471140864.ps0909s73 Additional references on the Addgene blog Browse Fluorescent 101 blog...

...situ hybridization (FISH) and chromosome capture suffer from low resolution and can’t be used in vivo. ...NmCas9 and St1Cas9. Each ortholog was fused to a different fluorescent protein to create three distinct colors...orthologs is key: since each ortholog requires a different PAM sequence, a gRNA designed for one dCas9 should...specific for telomeric sequences and showed that different fluorescently labeled dCas9s are efficiently directed...target sequence. They succeeded in labeling two different pairs of chromosomes using gRNAs specific to sequences...specified by PAM sequence, each color requires a different Cas9 ortholog, and the target sequence must be... green, and red. In contrast, a gRNA with two different hairpins will produce a secondary color cyan, ...

...there’s less malignancy because there’s less proliferation. However, the lack of caveolin 1 in breast cancer...growth mediators and improving cancer cells proliferation.  How do microenvironments affect tumor spread... integrins (cell-adhesion proteins) targeting different organs. This means that exosomes not only promote...microenvironment’s malignancy but also incite different organs to become malignant. Exosomes also contain... (micro RNA) and other molecules that can be transferred to other cells, inducing epigenetic changes in...regulates transcription. Without TKA1, cells proliferate and cannot undergo apoptosis, thus multiplying...issues. Follow her on Twitter @BrbaraPinho6.      References Allinen, Minna, et al. "Molecular characterization...

...Tethering dCas9 to the histone acetyltransferase p300 or the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A allows researchers...whenever you hear it (whether at a scientific conference or a karaoke bar), you probably want to sigh....demethylation?  Dividing cells depend on DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to copy methylation marks from parental...demethylation – tight binding is crucial for dCas9 to interfere with DNMT1 even through replication. The dCas9... CRISPR-based tools for epigenetic editing.   References and resources:  Additional Resources on the Addgene...Addgene.org Read our CRISPR Guide to Epigenetics References Charlton J, Jung EJ, Mattei AL et al. (2020) ... al (2018). Genome-wide tracking of dCas9-methyltransferase footprints. Nat Commun 9, 597. https://doi.org...

...as they are often quite different from one library to another. They also differ from the CPS process in...examine three things: Aligning the NGS result to a reference sequence to confirm backbone elements.   Confirming...deposited plasmids is to align the NGS result to a reference sequence like a known backbone sequence. We’re...through BLAST or by direct alignment to an NCBI reference sequence or a sequence provided by the depositor...synthesized regions that have no publicly available reference sequence or plasmids containing genes with many...features using Snapgene. If we find information that differs from what we would expect given the data provided...the depositing laboratory confirms that these differences are expected and do not affect plasmid function...

...of the Canton Nucleic Acids Forum (CNAF) 2015 conference invited me to attend and speak about Addgene’...Thoughts on Guangzhou and the Science City The conference was located in the modern, relatively new “Science...national science and technology park, it enjoys preferential governmental policies for a high-tech development... which I could identify. There were dozens of different mushroom varieties alone. At least I could tell...requires an interdisciplinary team.  Day two of the conference was kicked off by Nobel Laureate (and Addgene...circRNAs do yet or how they do it. Of course, No conference would be complete without CRISPR Michael Terns... also exploring the use of cas9 proteins from different species for genome engineering. The final keynote...

... NIH, in the United States) Strong letters of reference that attest to your talent and expertise as a ...Leader position applications require 3 letters of reference- the graduate school mentor, the postdoctoral ... and your research well. Who could fill these different roles? A second or third mentor. Therefore, seek...the job market. Additional mentors are not so different from having a thesis committee in graduate school...confidence in the reagents and outcomes. This is preferable to finding out you've been doing something all...Finally, if you give your talk or poster to enough different kinds of audiences and if you pay attention to...presentations and will be able to provide letters of reference, informal recommendations, more positive grant...

...discussions on strategies for antibody validation in different applications. Here, I want to highlight the general...transcriptomic or proteomic data from several different tissues or cell types. If your antibody indeed...antibodies against the same protein, each targeting a different epitope, and look for correlation between the ...the results. Using antibodies against different epitopes on the same target reduces the likelihood that ...unique antibodies. An additional caveat is that different antibodies may or may not perform well under the...couple of antibodies that are predicted to bind different epitopes of this protein.   You perform flow ...similar results, while the third looks entirely different (B), giving you confidence that your new antibodies...

... This preferential tropism for different brain regions is largely due the ability of different serotypes...tissue? What is commonly known is that different serotypes have different tropisms but, as you can see, AAVs...there are marked differences among serotypes in their efficiency at transducing different brain regions....serotypes to infect different cell types. In the CNS, it has been shown that there is variable transduction...movement. Follow her on twitter @katrinaboards.   References 1. Russell, David W. "AAV vectors, insertional...therapy 8.16 (2001): 1248. PubMed PMID: 11509958. 8. Ferrari, Forrest K., et al. "Second-strand synthesis is...

...Addgene now offers packaging plasmids for AAV6 and AAV11! Why these serotypes? AAV6 offers broad tissue... 1). See the paper for more details on small differences between mGold2s and mGold2t depending on the ...mGold2t for your next experiments and see the difference! Find mGold2 plasmids here! Lee, J., Lai, S....Created with BioRender.com. Steven Jacobsen and Jennifer Doudna’s labs engineered the tobacco rattle virus...libraries are available for tracking cell lineage, different applications require careful selection or design...Clonal Kinetics (STRACK) to study stem cell differentiation and cancer fates (Singh et al., 2025). Key ...stem cells and track clonal dynamics during differentiation after they introduced mutations that drive ...

...several different markers, it can also be used to run multiplex assays, allowing the reference sequence...primer  Molecular Biology Reference Molecular Cloning Techniques References Bell AD, Usher CL, McCarroll...each cycle. The raw data is then normalized to a reference sequence present in the same amount in all samples...curve. For CNV assays, it is recommended to use a reference sample with two copies of the gene (Ma, 2014.)...probe set for both the gene of interest and the reference sequence. At the end of the run, each droplet ...positive droplets for the gene of interest and reference gene, copy number can be determined through concentration...that matches your needs. Happy quantifying!  References and Resources More Resources on the Addgene blog...

... are composed of many different gRNA-containing plasmids, each with a different genomic target. The goal...expressing cells. Pooled lentiviral CRISPR libraries (referred to simply as “CRISPR libraries”) consist of a ...heterogeneous population of gRNA-containing lentiviral transfer vectors, each targeting a specific gene within.... Pooled gRNAs are then cloned into lentiviral transfer vectors to create the CRISPR library. CRISPR libraries...cell or set of cells containing a mutation in a different gene. Libraries may be available in a 1-plasmid... be used in drug screens to identify genes that confer drug-resistance. Mutant cells are treated with ...gRNAs that are “enriched” correspond to genes that confer drug resistance when mutated. Findings from this...

...Uniform Biological Material Transfer Agreement (UBMTA) for its material transfers. The UBMTA was drafted by... has time for paperwork? Here’s why a Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) matters: Science thrives on collaboration...universities and institutions require them for material transfers. When Addgene entered the plasmid sharing space...or choose to auto-approve MTAs. Whatever your preference, we are here to make it fast and easy. Fast...receiving institution. Therefore, many technology transfer officers are familiar with the UBMTA and are happy....org or +1 617-225-9000, or check out our MTA reference pages. So go ahead and use Addgene plasmids ...  material transfer agreement...

...about your different experiences in research labs. What are some similarities and differences you have ...found that research institutes in different places have very different cultures. In Basel, I felt that ...recently developed the oligoribonucleotide (ORN) interference-PCR (ORNi-PCR) method to suppress PCR amplification...join the Advisory Board of Addgene, I accepted the offer without any hesitation. I hope I will be able to...world? Fujii: Fortunately, I was able to work in different parts of the world in my early research career...technologies, hopefully they'll be completely different from what we are now doing in my lab then when...to Alerts" link in the Addgene Alerts box. References Identification of Proteins Associated with an...

...opposite direction to fluorescence collection is referred to as “Epi” illumination. Therefore these are ...incorporate optical sectioning. Optical sectioning refers to the ability to extract light from a single, ...excitation light path. Each hole corresponds to a different location in the sample. As more than one hole ...between the glass coverslip and a sample in aqueous buffer it is completely reflected. This reflection occurs...index mismatch between the glass and the water-like buffer the sample is immersed in. Although the excitation...one of four categories that are each suited to different types of modern day fluorescence microscopes (...means that the images will appear sharp without interference from blurry out-of-focus light. The most difficult...

... cell. Differential expression of transcription factors, which recognize and bind to different DNA motifs...the genome based on their differential chromatin accessibility across different cell types. Most enhancers...department of Molecular Genetics. References and Resources References Ben-Simon, Y., Hooper, M., Narayan...resources to generate highly specific tools to target different cell populations and regions of the brain. This...only in target cells. This pattern is termed “differential DNA accessibility,” and AIBS uses it to find...brightness. You will find enhancers to target many different cell populations and brain regions and the genetic...

...many countries, import and export regulations, differing customs processes, and the distances the packages...distributes to per year, 2005-2023. We identified and offered a number of solutions that increased accessibility...each courier we contracted with so we can always offer the fastest shipping. However, there were issues...specific to that country. ‌For example, when we began offering temperature-sensitive materials, we noticed a ... backbones, lentiviral packaging systems, and luciferase expression. On individual material pages, we ...educational resources for each type of resource we offer.  In 2013, we launched the Addgene blog for topics...particular topic into beautifully designed and easy-to-reference eBooks. Figure 3: Global readership of the Addgene...

...optimized for dual-AAV systems. These variants use different RT enzymes and performed large edits with similar...types. DIRECTED is compatible with fusogens from different viral families and can be used to target multiple... to reduce negative side effects. This platform offers a promising approach for experimental therapies... enzymes, TurboID and APEX2, are localized to different cellular compartments. They showed APEX2 can use...uses sequential labeling by TurboID and APEX2 at different cellular locations. C) Enrichment of dual-labeled...stably or inducibly express tagged iPAK4 from different promoters, specific time points appear as fluorescent...bands of color with HaloTag-iPAK4 by applying different HaloTag dyes and showed they could record transcriptional...

...strains of mice. This suggests that a small genetic difference between these two mice might drive their divergent...took a broad approach and searched for genetic difference between the 36 mouse strains that are part of...permissive phenotype, but only one, Ly6a, showed differential protein and RNA expression between the brains...are not reproduced when the vector is used in different mouse strains. The in vivo selection for PHP.B....eB viral preps are available from Addgene. References Holmes, Christina, and William L. Stanford. "...performed in non-human primates, check out these two references: Dayton, Robert D., Mychal S. Grames, and Ronald...Ronald L. Klein. "More expansive gene transfer to the rat CNS: AAV PHP. EB vector dose–response and comparison...

...acquired drug resistance are referred to as methods of ‘horizontal gene transfer’. Resistance can also arise...you! Many thanks to our Guest Blogger, Jennifer Rivers! Jennifer Rivers ScM, MLS(ASCP)CM is a research ...This post was contributed by guest blogger, Jennifer Rivers, a research microbiologist specializing in...multi-drug resistance are resistant to three or more different classes, or types, of drugs used to treat them...either through random mutation or horizontal gene transfer, means to defend themselves from these naturally...resistance can arise, and has arisen, for many different reasons. Exposure to antibacterial drugs provides...science communication, and public health.     References 1. O'Neill, J. "Tackling drug-resistant infections...

...patients suffer any less acutely.  The Rare Genomics Institute works to help those who suffer from rare...in diabetes and lymphoma research or the many different ways you can improve your heart health. These ...disease research and provide hope to patients suffering from these devastating afflictions. Elia Di Schiavi...abdomen and affects roughly 20% of mesothelioma sufferers. This disease is less widely understood and often...for peritoneal mesothelioma and thereby relieve suffering from this little-known disease. You can find more...Nabavi and will continue to work to help those suffering from rare diseases. These underrepresented individuals...rare disease research funding opportunities. References 1. Jones, C., et al. "PP09. 1–2352: Systematic...

...through the proliferation of specific, and not all, Langerhans cells, to create foci of proliferating cells....construct containing fluorescent proteins (XFP) of different colors to label an organ or entire organism. Because...more refined versions have been developed, which differ in the number, stability, and brightness of the...localization sequence, allowing it to localize to a different area of the cell than CFP and YFP. The most recent...could recombine to activate the expression of a different fluorescent protein. Therefore, each cell could...become a powerful tool for understanding cell proliferation. Inducible XFP expression in the Ubow mouse ...can be combined with new imaging techniques.  References Cai, Dawen, et al. "Improved tools for the Brainbow...

...through a tiny pore by measuring differences in ion flow caused by the different electrochemical properties ...fragmented into smaller pieces, run on a gel, and transferred to a membrane for analysis through hybridization...standard PCR. This allows the researcher to compare different DNA sequences to see which is more abundant in...content by comparing the fragments created by different restriction enzyme digests. Incubating a DNA sample...restriction mapping (Figure 1). Though some labs may prefer to send DNA directly for sequencing (more on that...incorporation of a ddNTP. Researchers perform four different reactions, one for each radiolabelled ddNTP, and...machines (9). Today, similar technologies, sometimes referred to as sequence DNA as it synthesized by electronically...

...understand genetic cytoplasmic factors that could be transferred between cells. At the time, these extranuclear...episome seemed appropriate, especially since the Fertility, or F-factor discovered by Ester Lederberg in ...-factors. Like F-factors, R-factors could be transferred between bacteria via cell-to-cell contact; however... the same. Over the next few years genes from different bacterial (and eventually mammalian) species were...ubiquitous tool that can be diversely applied to many different experiments. Addgene was founded in order to store... keeping with our goal of creating a one-stop reference guide for plasmids we've updated and added new...: 24043817. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3785787. References: Lederberg, Joshua. "Cell Genetics and Hereditary...

...specific problem. Every species is so different – an awake monkey is different from a cell in a dish. I always...of life. Our most recent paper in Nature Methods offers the first true two-color pair. We'll be sending...want to activate two sets of neurons and see how different parts of the brain or the cells within them work...set of neurons, maybe we could treat patients suffering from Parkinson's, chronic pain, deafness, or other...Boyden: I think because neuroscience has so many different goals: to understand how a mouse changes emotions...find ways to make these tools more selective for different ions. Right now, we can modulate electricity. ... click the link in the Addgene Alerts box. References: Independent Optical Excitation of Distinct Neural...

...research program (think a subtle difference in mouse chow, a different water filtration system, environmental...outline and refer back to the original paper that everyone in your lab has been referencing for the last...original researchers actually did. Admittedly, the differences are often very subtle, and it can take a lot ...and it was just that they were doing something differently. Communication comes in many forms—from transparency...other publishers and organizations have various different versions of checklists and guidelines to help ...rewarding good scientific citizenship in all its different forms as part of graduation, hiring, funding, ...

...cells (Ma et al., 2015). To do so, they fused a different fluorescent protein to various Cas9 variants, ...either MS2, PP7, or boxB) that each recruits a different fluorescent protein (BFP, GFP, or RFP) to the ...green, or red readout. But gRNAs containing two different hairpins will produce a secondary color (yellow...allows for simultaneous visualization of sites on different chromosomes in living cells, the system requires...they chose an intergenic DNA region (IDR3) as a reference loci to measure inter-locus distances of loci ...sgRNA-Sirius-4X(MS2-PP7) showing recruitment of different fluorescent proteins. (B) CRISPR-Sirius used to...try. Find CRISPR-Sirius plasmids at Addgene. References Ma, Hanhui et al. “Multicolor CRISPR labeling...

...deposits to Addgene.  Insomuch as different journals represent different research areas, target readers,... would also be great to know how much of that difference in citations is caused by depositing a plasmid...wouldn’t be causal. To control for a number of differences between those papers with Addgene plasmids and..., so our estimates now take into account any differences in citations due to the journal of publication... the same journals! So, is all this remaining difference caused by depositing the related plasmids with...it is still suggestive that we see such a big difference in citations after controlling for journal. And...Visit his website at: http://www.neil-t.com/ .   References 1. Cong, Le, et al. "Multiplex genome engineering...

...not exert force by dynamically rearranging into different polymerization states. Instead, R body monomers...natural context or 3) be modified to extend at different pH levels. Domesticating R bodies We have shown...that R bodies can function to break membranes of different organisms. And finally, we demonstrated that R... can be “tuned” with mutagenesis to extend at different pH values. Using a screen that takes advantage... fact that coiled R-bodies sediment in certain buffers but remain soluble when extended (see figure to...region produced R-bodies that could extend at different pHs. Plasmids expressing expressing both wild ...School. Follow her on Twitter @jessicapolka.     References 1. Kanabrocki, J. A., Quackenbush, R. L. & Pond...

... labs (see table below) have different PAM requirements. These different PAM requirements allow researchers...discovered all the time and the requirements of these different systems can vary (for example, xCas9 is a variant...neither bind nor cut the target. Cas9 homologs from different organisms or Cas9 mutants developed in a variety...researchers to target many different genomic loci. 3. Cleave target DNA resulting in a double-strand break...). Throughout the remainder of this post, we’ll refer to this RNA complex as the “gRNA”. The gRNA contains...choice (see tips for designing a gRNA) and their prefered Cas9 variant (with the appropriate PAM sequence...sequence.   Now that you know about all the different components of CRISPR, It's time to start thinking...

...student or postdoc may require different types of mentoring. Some mentees prefer lots of advice and micromanagement...an effective working environment? Tom Ellis was offered a start-up package that included a postdoc and ...recommends to seek out advice from seasoned PIs who can offer support. “It is an exciting and emotional time!”...recruit people who are nice as top criterion and offers advice to not rush when growing your lab. “One ... lab and safety manager, researcher, adviser, conference planner, and writer.” Connie Cepko was surprised...impossible' or useless.” How do you run your lab differently or the same as your adviser did? Tom Ellis merges...online. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) offers some great resources for Early Career Scientists...

...libraries expand upon the CRISPR family of plasmids by offering a lentivirus-based mechanism for sgRNA delivery... microscope 8 hours post-pulse. The distinct differences of red-to-green fluorescence in individual mitochondria...mitochondria in the networks marks the differences in import of newly synthesized (green) protein and ...five previously unknown channelrhodopsins from different species: Stigleoclonium helveticum (ShChR), Chlamydomonas...advances, the Ting lab’s first-generation APEX suffered from inconsistent activity levels and limited ...cassette. They validated this methodology in two differents types of bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium...naturally-occurring variations in the TALE repeat, referred to as “non-RVD variations”, were found to improve...

...2025 and updated in August 2025. References and resources References Ahuja, V., Jeyabalan, S., & Tzanakakis...multiple coreceptors, which may be present on different cell types and sometimes vary between target species... numbers separated by a slash: the first number refers to the genome, and the second number to the capsid...AAV8, AAV9 In addition to tissue tropism, different AAV serotypes can be useful to evade neutralizing... (AAV) Serotype 9 Provides Global Cardiac Gene Transfer Superior to AAV1, AAV6, AAV7, and AAV8 in the ...Hemagglutination and Efficient Transduction but Differ in Sialic Acid Linkage Specificity. Journal of ... Dudman, J. T., Hantman, A. W., Looger, L. L., Schaffer, D. V., & Karpova, A. Y. (2016). A Designer AAV...

...check out these blog posts.       References and resources References Burry, Richard W. “Controls for ..., you will have a better understanding of the different types of controls and be able to use this information...treatment versus and which are likely just natural differences between individuals. Recommended controls for...extremely bright, then the noise likely will not interfere. If the fluorescence from your target is weak,...fluorescence of the sample, or autofluorescence, also interferes with data interpretation and can be addressed....  Western blotting When comparing samples in different lanes in a western blot, you’ll need to include...equal loading across samples and equal protein transfer from the gel to the membrane. A loading control...

...plasmid sample has a mix of different-sized multimers, you may even see different sets of bands on the gel... us at [email protected]. Resources and References References Bacolla A, Wang G, Jain A, Chuzhanova NA...Nanopore sequencing or PacBio SMRT sequencing, (which differ from the short-read Illumina MiSeq sequencing that...multimerization has been observed to occur in many different kinds of plasmids, taking many forms (Levene, ...from BiteSize Bio for more information on how different plasmid conformations run on an agarose gel). ...low metabolic burden seed-stock and fed-batch fermentation processes. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 Aug 15;103...Plasmids 101 eBookAddgene's Molecular Biology ReferenceAddgene's Restriction Digest Protocol More resources...

...isolated from different organisms and engineered Cas9 variants that were able to target different PAM sites...activity of Sniper-Cas9 to different Cas9 variants using gRNAs of different lengths (Lee et al., 2018)...found in other species can recognize a variety of different PAM sequences. Researchers have also used experimental...activity relative to Cas9. Since then, the Joung and Jennifer Doudna Labs used targeted mutagenesis to generate...relative to eSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF across a number of different sites. Using a combined random and directed mutagenesis...choosing a Cas protein for your experiment. References Hu, Johnny H., et al. "Evolved Cas9 variants ...

... the best method for titering AAV? Is there a difference in titer results between ddPCR and qPCR? A: At...curve and somewhat more reliable quantitation. Differences in sample treatment across methods can affect...  Q5: What is the efficiency of co-delivering different AAV particles into the same cells in vivo? A: ...give some insight into codelivery efficiency at different doses. See Figure 4 in this paper for more information...very high dosage. Any thoughts?  A: The question refers to this paper. AAV can be safely concentrated to...IACUC committee.  Animal Models Q9: Is there any difference in transfection efficiency when delivering these...injections? A: We have not observed any appreciable difference in AAV transduction efficiency between retro-...

... the retina using viral tools.   References and Resources References Pillay, S., et al. "An essential ...and can be specifically targeted to a number of different cell types even when systemically administered...researchers speak about AAVs, they are actually referring to rAAVs. ITRs and serotypes The names of AAVs...ITRs, which comes from the AAV2 serotype. Serotype refers to the type of capsid (outer protein shell) used...capsids allow the virus to infect (or not infect) different cell types with some specificity. There are a ...will lose expression quicker than terminally differentiated, non-dividing cells.   Figure 2: ...subretinal injections of neonatal mouse eyes at two different ages." Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Springer...

... and offer educated insight into what the desirable features of future technologies should offer in order... funding towards my PhD project. Grant writing offers various skill building opportunities that graduate... to a given problem, Empowers the writer, And offers insight into a career as a Professor. Step ...Challenge motivates the request for application and offers an opportunity to summarize the limitations of ...potential pitfalls of the intended protocol, and offers alternative solutions to demonstrate thorough thought...standard “Our work will empower the world” tone that differs from publication writing and may be challenging...and exposure, here are some additional links that offer more advice on writing a grant proposal. "Murder...

...Figure 9: epegRNAs (left) and PE7 (right) offer two different strategies for protecting pegRNAs from degradation...software in the comments below! References and Resources References Anzalone, A. V., Randolph, P. B.,... These tips are a great starting point: Test different lengths of the primer binding site, starting with...still be optimized (Anzalone et al., 2019). Test different lengths of reverse transcriptase template, starting... templates, it is even more important to test different lengths and sequences, as unintended secondary...specific prime editing tools There are a lot of different prime editing tools to choose from, and many have...

...you can quickly test that part in different contexts and plug different characterized parts into a TU! What...works on genetic code expansion.  References and Resources References Weber E, Engler C, Gruetzner R, Werner...cloning is MoClo. That’s because MoClo specifically refers to the organizational schema described above, and...nature of MoClo allows users to test a variety of different orientations and components within the system ... a great tool to deliver many combinations of different candidate genes at once to identify the best cocktail...and gene editing that use MoClo, for which many different MoClo kits have already been established. Keep...

...tools for genetic engineering. There are several different viral vectors to choose from, for example gamma-retrovirus...separate envelope and packaging plasmids as well as transfer plasmids. This concept ensures safe handling and...isoforms of these proteins, as well as the viral LTRs differ. Therefore, lentiviral and gamma-retroviral packaging...Gamma-retroviral vectors Popular gamma-Retroviral Transfer Vectors   Expressing your gene of interest pMKO...expressing RNAi pMKO.1 puro (Plasmid #8452) RNA interference (RNAi) is an RNA-mediated gene silencing mechanism...interest. Lentiviral vectors Popular Lentiviral Transfer Vectors    Expressing your gene of interest pLenti-puro... in phenotype. The plasmid comes with a 1.9 kb stuffer sequence that can be removed and replaced with ...

...pathological conditions. References: Monticelli, M., Ferro, T., Jaeken, J., dos Reis Ferreira, V. & Videira, P...GdnHCl to patients suffering from rare diseases arising from Arg mutations. References: Baldwin, Enoch,...life-threatening consequences. They result from defects in different steps in the glycan biosynthetic pathway and have...recently reviewed and reported that PMM2-CDG patients suffer from immunological defects. These are characterized... discovered that the in vitro functions of 11 different Arg-mutant enzymes could be rescued by supplementation...

...never been so important.     References and resources References Biering SB,  Sarnik SA, Wang E, Zengel... study the mechanisms of infection and how to interfere with it in a BSL-2 lab instead of a BSL-3 lab....for generating pseudovirus and those encoding different spike protein variants that can be incorporated...vaccinated individuals are at neutralizing the different SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. You can learn more ...widely used qPCR and antigen tests.  Labs including Jennifer Doudna’s lab and Feng Zheng’s lab had already ...head over to this blog post that highlights five different methods to use CRISPR to detect SARS-CoV-2. Other... Jennifer Tsang...

...publish a new blog post, and live tweet from conferences. Find more tips on using social media as a scientist...for example at an anniversary or for Girls’ Day, offer guided tours to show people where the lab magic ...communicate science. You can draw live sketches at conferences like @ATJCagan or create agar art with colorful...Association, EUSJA or ABSW for helpful tips and job offers. If you live in the UK, join the SciComm mailing...10 days. And the Society of Experimental Biology offers press internships to cover their annual meetings...College London. Similarly, the University of Cardiff offers an MSc in Science, Media and Communication. In ...Santa Cruz, MIT, UW Madison, and Boston University offer science communication programs. Others, like Northwestern...

... can only carry around 4.5 kb. Different AAV serotypes have preferences for specific cell types. For example...behavioral studies. References Stoica L, Ahmed SS, Gao G, Sena-Esteves M. Gene transfer to the CNS using ...the experiment. Handling can however negatively interfere with certain tests and is not always recommended...end of an experiment series would behave very differently (distracted) from the ones tested at the beginning...Experiment Behavioral scoring systems (experimenter differences in behavior observation); experimenter blinding...injections. AAV particles are smaller and may be preferable if wider diffusion is required. On the other ...

...collaborate with specialists in different fields that can provide different insight into an area - not just...you are looking to move to a different university, perhaps in a different country, choose where you go...collaborators It’s a good idea to move around to different labs during your career; you learn new techniques...I hope to discover. This section may make the difference in whether you get funding or not; applications... grants too There are actually quite a lot of different pots of money available for researchers, so look...gained in writing small travel grants to attend conferences and a seed funding grant for a proof-of-principal...

...these will not be detailed here, but additional references are provided at the end.  Nearly all common bacterial..., and III), each responsible for transcribing different types of RNA: Polymerase I is responsible for ...that each eukaryotic RNA polymerase terminates differently. Polymerase III, for example, relies on a specific...Rho-independent termination found in prokaryotes. This is different than Polymerases I and II, which both require ...factor dependent, Polymerases I and II employ different mechanisms to terminate transcription. Polymerase...and/or use weaker poly(A) signals like BGH.  References Peters JM, Vangeloff AD, Landick R. Bacterial...Promoter-Dependent Manner. Hum Gene Ther. 2008. PMID: 18627247 Zufferey R, Donello JE, Trono D, Hope TJ. Woodchuck Hepatitis...

... optical insulator called a ferrule (below). The fiber optic cable/ferrule is inserted into the target...optic patch cable is then connected from laser to ferrule to deliver light pulses to the target brain region...Several protocols have been written outlining the different steps and materials required for each [1, 2]. ...photons from the laser to the patch cable to the ferrule implant must be maintained during the entire protocol...motor cortex of a mouse. Upon connection of the ferrule implant to the laser with the patch cable (difficult...discussed above, each opsin variant has slightly different activation/inactivation kinetics. For example,... or follow him on Twitter @derekpsimonphd.    References 1. Gutierrez DV, et al. Optogenetic control of...

...yours does and then use that time! Different platforms have different quirks, so remember to practice on...that requires its students to do rotations in different labs before selecting an advisor, it is always...! Prepping for the interview Many universities offer free practice sessions for students doing virtual...points and keeping them at-hand, you can quickly reference your questions about the PI’s research or the ...the name of the award you won for your conference presentation. It can help soothe your nerves and make ...like sickness or scheduling issues can and do interfere with those in-person plans. Virtual options are...good fit for you. The application process looks different than it did a few years ago, but I hope the tips...