...Epigenetic engineering with single-pot assembly By Eric Perkins Though it’s easy enough to contemplate DNA in terms... histone-modifying enzymes and reader-effector proteins. b) Golden Gate assembly (backbones available ... create multiple synthetic chromatin-modifying proteins quickly and accurately.   Priode and Haynes, ... is a new tool developed by Rui Tang in Monte Winslow’s lab to label cells after cell-cell interactions...C. elegans since 2015 to conditionally degrade proteins of interest in cells (Zhang et al., 2015). Recently.... TIR1 interacts with endogenous Skp1 and Cul3 proteins to form a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. In ...protein degradation the Ward lab used fluorescent proteins (FPs) fused to the AID* (minimal 44 amino acids...

...each mutated allele.  Cre-lox expressing strains Cre-lox strains are a common example of mice that are derived... Crossing mice to generate a desired phenotype Instead, genetic engineering should be used to separately...independently into different mice, and then these strains should be crossed to generate double-mutant offspring...experiments. You should also maintain your parental strains throughout this process. In the F1 and later generations...genetically engineered mice with a single mutation or strains that have been crossed, there are many considerations...gene randomly into their genome, some transgenic strains are difficult to breed. Some problems with transgenic...expression level of the transgene. In existing strains of mice, the transgene can be maintained on a hemizygous...

... lab characterized two Cpf1 nucleases, distant cousins of well-known Cas9. Cpf1 cleaves DNA in a staggered...indicated below each graph. Figure adapted from Kleinstiver et al., 2016. Until recently, two major elements...off-target editing efficiency. Kim et al. and Kleinstiver et al. characterized genome-wide editing efficiency... to single mismatches, but variably so, with Kleinstiver et al. reporting that Cpf1 can tolerate mismatches...essential function in Cpf1-mediated editing, as Kleinstiver et al. saw no decrease in Cpf1 activity with ...activity than that previously observed with SpCas9. Kleinstiver et al. suggest that AsCpf1’s off-target rate ...eSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1. Both AsCpf1 and LbCpf1 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) failed to induce off-target editing...

...AnltWfKuQg pic.twitter.com/OOrwo9feyJ — BTC Institute (@BTCInstitute1) December 23, 2020   Deck the Lab: ...no other, with many scientists working remotely instead of from the lab. Nonetheless, Addgene’s annual ...showcase it all!           View this post on Instagram                       A post shared...TarlingVallim) December 19, 2020 In third place, the BTC Institute decorated with dozens of individual virus snowflakes... to #DeckTheLab with virus snowflakes from @CVRHutchinson #SciArt #STEAM #WinterWonderlab @Addgene Make...Congratulations to the winners! We’ll DM you with instructions to claim your prize. And thank you to everyone...  Aliyah Weinstein...

...difficult to distinguish between proteins bound by the antibody vs proteins bound to the target protein, ...to confirm that your antibody is not binding to proteins outside of your target protein. Show suitability...antibody can distinguish between two very similar proteins. Additionally, they require variable expression...These strategies use multiple, unique antibodies against the same protein, each targeting a different epitope...correlation between the results. Using antibodies against different epitopes on the same target reduces the...This approach uses immunoprecipitation to capture proteins from a sample using the antibody and then uses...uses mass spectrometry to identify the captured proteins. If the antibody is specific, then you expect that...

... at the National Institutes of Health, was an Associate Professor at Albert Einstein College of Medicine...Hughes Medical Institute. His interests include the quality control of secretory proteins in the Endoplasmic... Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Today's postdoctoral fellows (PFs) face a number...fellowship lasts five years. Most universities and institutes annually advertise for Group Leader positions...new pieces of data, your talk will probably not inspire you or the audience. Ask yourself: What is the...because the search committee asked someone at my institute about me, even though I had not asked this person...successes can be infrequent and a hobby that provides instant gratification can help boost your ego in between...

.... Multiple inserts: There are some cloning methods that make working with multiple inserts a breeze. Among...large number of inserts to assemble. You could also consider using Gateway if your insert number is a bit...another important consideration is: The number of inserts ...as some methods are more amenable to combining...Here you simply PCR-amplify your vector and your insert, DpnI digest away the templates, and transform ...toposisomerase I, and a taq polymerase-generated insert. When mixed, topoisomerase I provides both the ...enzyme mixes. After generating the appropriate inserts by PCR, there is no need for restriction digests... very high chance of success (>95% for a single insert), mostly due to the use of toxic ccdB to prevent...

...useful not only for future studies of kinesins but for many other proteins of interest too! Find CLIP, CLAP...brighter and more photostable than fluorescent proteins, making them ideal for single-molecule fluorescence...FRET to study the intramolecular dynamics of the proteins in solution and when associated with microtubules...microtubules. Figure 2: CLIP-SNAP fusion proteins for single-molecule FRET. A) Schematic of a CLIP-SNAP...flexible linker where a protein of interest can be inserted. B) Protein expression and labeling procedure....deposited an array of constructs for tagging the kinesins KIF5A and KIF5B as well as backbones for generating...generating other SNAPf-, CLIPf-, and CLAP-tagged proteins for mammalian cell expression. These plasmids will...

...experience with my blog helped immensely when CINSO started brainstorming the resources we wanted to provide online...and other nonprofits to gain support for CINSO. For instance, I tweeted to the Indiana State Museum and...nonprofit called Central Indiana Science Outreach, or CINSO. We organize fun science events for adults and professional...called “nontraditional,” helped prepare me to start CINSO. Here, I share some of the tips I learned along ... best supporter and most productive partnership CINSO has had. Volunteer! The turning point in my graduate... and graduate school resources daily to promote CINSO events and recruit speakers and participants for...something I had zero experience with before founding CINSO. Now, the network I built during graduate school...

...the proteins they label. In fact, a recent study of 400 proteins found that 20% of tagged proteins did... protein must be tested carefully to ensure it retains the attributes of the native protein. Since this...notably high solubility, limited affinity for other proteins, and accessibility to an antibody. From their ...candidates, they selected 12 candidate protein domains from non-vertebrate systems. Preliminary testing...sophisticated interactions with multiple other proteins. Again, little to no change in cell morphology...Series. Get the Inntag Plasmids Tag endogenous proteins with CRISPR Fluorescently Tag Your Protein of ...

... protect you and your institution, and almost all universities and institutions require them for material...protective of both the providing institution and the receiving institution. Therefore, many technology transfer...transfers. The UBMTA was drafted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and adopted by the Association...benefits for both the providing and receiving institutions and their respective researchers. Check out ...knowing your rights – and the rights of your institution – are protected while we handle all the paperwork... to you, or we can send it directly to your institution’s MTA coordinator. Organizations that have opted...

...DNA-binding molecule, such as Zinc-finger or TAL proteins, can be used. The Fujii lab demonstrated this ...spectroscopy studies allowed for the identification of proteins associated with the IRF-1 locus. Figure...was an intensive process. One method required insertion of a recognition sequence into the genomic DNA...that do not use dCas9, require Zinc-finger or TAL proteins targeting a specific genomic locus, which can ... addition to the identification of DNA binding proteins, this method can characterize nucleic acid-nucleic... D4Z4 array is modulated by DUX4-induced MBD3L proteins." Elife 7 (2018): e31023. PubMed PMID: 29533181...genomic regions and identification of associated proteins by engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin...

...constructing fusion proteins, check out our article: Fluorescent Proteins 101: GFP Fusion Proteins - Making the...factors. For example, FRET requires that fusion proteins be in close proximity and present in large enough...protein-protein interactions that uses split fluorescent proteins tethered to potential protein interaction partners...difficult with FRET, as the overexpression of fusion proteins it requires can lead to aberrant subcellular localization...localization of BiFC constructs should also be compared against those of their endogenous counterparts (by immunocytochemistry...call for a simple, yes-no answer — i.e., do two proteins interact or not? — FRET is preferable when the...Visualization of Interactions among bZIP and Rel Family Proteins in Living Cells Using Bimolecular Fluorescence...

...and understanding of CRISPR, and perhaps provide insights and ideas for your own research! Classification...bacteria and nearly 100% in archaea, though Class 1 remains largely underutilized compared to Class 2. Class...effector complex but are defined by the accessory Cas proteins in the Cascade complex. Despite a tenuous grasp... genes, Cas1 and Cas2, which are critical for inserting short fragments of foreign DNA into the CRISPR...CRISPR in more depth, the Jennifer Doudna lab maintains an encyclopedia of Class 2 CRISPR systems called...a CRISPR-associated transposase (CAST) that can insert large fragments of DNA. The V-F variants, which...discovery algorithms find new candidates for CRISPR proteins. A type VII is already on the horizon (Altae-Tran...

...recombination is the process by which nearly all domains of life repair genomic damage, specifically double...sequence homologous to the chromosomal site of insertion. The linear PCR product is introduced into the...the cell by direct transformation. A given insert will typically contain both a protein modification sequence...imaging studies rely on direct fusion of fluorescent proteins (FPs) to a yeast gene of interest. These fluorescently...abundance, movement, and localization of individual proteins, but also investigate protein-protein interactions...interest, allowing for easy capture and detection of proteins and complexes, without the artifacts sometimes... PCR product from this collection will yield an insert with the format (protease site)-6xGly linker-(epitope...

...limited to traditional restriction enzyme cloning. Instead, you can choose a molecular cloning technique that...takes place between the attB sites flanking the insert and the attP sites of the donor vector. This reaction... inhibits the growth of CcdB sensitive E. coli strains, most colonies should contain the desired, recombined...vector.   Method B: TOPO-cloning of the desired insert into an attL-entry-TOPO vector. TOPO cloning adds...Method B to create an entry clone: TOPO cloning the insert into an attL-containing entry vector.   Method...interest and a attL-entry vector. This fragment is inserted in a multiple cloning site (MCS) of an attL-containing... create an entry clone: Restriction cloning the inset into an attL-containing entry vector.   Pro...

...you produce viral vectors using viral envelope proteins from another virus to either restrict or broaden... but you use a different envelope glycoprotein instead of the wild-type glycoprotein. The pseudotyped ...protein is encoded on the envelope plasmid which contains a promoter, the envelope gene, and a polyA tail...virus:  Lowering cytotoxicity. Different envelope proteins have different levels of cytotoxicity and the ...pseudotyping methods with other viruses in a BSL-2 lab instead of a BSL-3 or BSL-4 lab. For more details, check...in serum (DePolo et al., 2000). Other envelope proteins for pseudotyping While VSV-G is the most commonly...for pseudotyping, there are many more envelope proteins that can be used for specific purposes as described...

...co-repressor important in development. Groucho family proteins are found in flies, worms, frogs, mice, and even...the Shivdasani Lab from the Dana Farber Cancer Institute! Sonic Hedgehog, an important regulator of embryonic...named by a postdoc in Cliff Tabin’s lab who took inspiration from a comic book his daughter was reading. SHH...synthetic transposon system that can be used to insert specific pieces of DNA into vertebrate chromosomes... et al., 1991, Jordan and Karess, 1997), which contains the regulatory regions that are necessary for ...spaghetti? I actually couldn’t find the specific origins of the name but some of our Addgenies had an idea...plasmid in our repository, plasmid 39624, that contains cmr.   tinman and bagpipe, two genes important...

...upstream of either NGA or NGC PAM sequences (Kleinstiver et al. 2015). From these screens, they identified...mutations found in the REC2, REC3, and PAM interacting domains and allows for expanded PAM recognition as well...off-target activity (Hu et al., 2018).  In 2020, the Kleinstiver lab reported the development of near-PAMless ...the CRISPR toolbox The isolation of novel CRISPR proteins has and will continue to dramatically increase...which makes it easier to target AT-rich genomes (Kleinstiver et al., 2016). Type VI CRISPR systems, which ...Wolfe SA, Sontheimer EJ (2018) NmeCas9 is an intrinsically high-fidelity genome-editing platform. Genome... plasmids from this publication at Addgene. Kleinstiver BP, Prew MS, Tsai SQ, Topkar VV, Nguyen NT, Zheng...

...cleave affinity tags from purified recombinant proteins at small and large scale.  This new technique ...technique involves selection in the cytosol (instead of on the yeast extracellular surface) which enables tracking...demonstrated to work for evolution of other target proteins and might be useful for your studies.  Find the... Angela Abitua Genetically encoded fluorescent proteins are often used to label  specific structures, ...within cells. However, sometimes these fluorescent proteins might not localize to the right places, which ...to improve nuclear localization of fluorescent proteins, they found that adding a triple nuclear localization...in the cytosol of E. coli, however the nanobody proteins tend to get stuck in inclusion bodies. Takayuki...

...split protein like Cas9 is to use split inteins. Split inteins are a pair of naturally occuring polypeptides...toxicity. More AAV-based CRISPR systems Smaller Cas proteins SaCas9 isn't the only CRISPR enzyme that’s small...advantage that it can be turned off by anti-CRISPR proteins. The Sontheimer lab used NmeCas9 with AAV to edit...disease-causing loci in mouse liver.  Two other smaller Cas proteins include Cas12b and CasX. While there are no papers...papers yet published that deliver these Cas proteins with AAV, at just 1,108 and 986 amino acids, respectively...polypeptides that, when at the ends of two proteins, mediates protein trans-splicing, similar to an intron...developed a split intein spCas9-AAV toolbox that retains the gene-targeting capabilities of full-length ...

...Strong insect promoter from baculovirus Constitutive  Commonly used in expression systems for insect cells...to replicate plasmids and make sure the cells maintains it. Here, we'll cover the promoter, which is necessary...responsible for initiating the transcription of your insert into RNA. In practice, the term "promoter" describes...regulatory factors: enhancers, boundary elements, insulators, and silencers; however, some "leakiness" of ...Strong hybrid mammalian promoter Constitutive  Contains CMV enhancer, chicken beta actin promoter, and...with Tetracyline or its derivatives.  Typically contains a minimal promoter with low basal activity and... promoter. Ac5 General expression mRNA Strong insect promoter from Drosophila Actin 5c gene Constitutive...

...                           California Institute of Technology             Johns Hopkins University                           ...                           National Institute for Physiological Sciences Broad Institute                                       ...for tagged and untagged expression of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. We teamed...from the Michael J. Fox Foundation are used in Parkinson’s research.  The extensive resource from the Structural... determine the three dimensional structures of proteins.  The RESOLUTE Consortium collection enables research... collection, a ‘One-Stop Shop’ for Fluorescent Proteins, and plasmids from several labs at Florida State...

...problems? Instead of directly fusing a fluorescent protein to your protein of interest, you instead fuse it...possibility of long-term imaging studies. If you instead overexpress your protein at higher levels, you ...is at a very high concentration. Overexpressed proteins also have the potential to form aggregates and...to the synthetic SunTag scaffold. This scaffold contains 10-24 copies of the short epitope GCN4. GCN4 recruits...SunTag, they attempted single-molecule imaging deep inside the cell, in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Again, ... of SunTag compared to traditional fluorescent proteins Improved brightness and signal-to-noise ratio... fluorescent proteins...

...alarming results are due, at least in part, to insufficient and non-standard record keeping despite scientist...to capture ideas, write down certain notes or brainstorm, but we have to admit that paper-based record...functionalities that are hard to imagine on paper, such as instant search through all saved data and automated writing...maintenance and support.” Besides that, academic institutions tend to think about the long term, so they need... once they establish the system within their institution. In the study, respondents were also asked about...providers used to supplement their paper notebooks. Instead, all of the important information is consolidated... In addition, if you are working for a large institution or company, site licenses might be available ...

...own machinery to replicate the viral genome and proteins. This is, for the intrepid researcher looking ...Virus structure While all viruses have a genome inside a protein shell known as a capsid, some also have...can either follow central dogma (gDNA to RNA to proteins) or require an intermediary DNA replication step...transcribed into mRNA, directly translated into proteins, or, in the case of retroviruses, reverse transcribe...transcribed into mRNA before being translated into proteins. RNA viruses replicate their genomes using a variety...egg sac. (Okay, some enveloped viruses bud out, instead of lysing, but they do generally still kill the...replicative ability. The remaining particle, which retains the protein coat (and envelope), has a “gutted”...

...please use one of these methods to ensure your insert retains the 3' A overhang: Use a mixture of proofreading...below, the “A” overhang on the blue PCR product insert comes from using Taq polymerase for the amplification...these kits also often have the topoisomerase site inserted into a beta-galactosidase cassette allowing a ...clones. Once you introduce your 3’-end “A” overhang insert, the magic of TOPO cloning happens. Basic procedure... Colonies: You can confirm the presence of your insert by PCR, restriction digest, or sequencing. Pro ...concentration or you are cloning an extremely large insert. Since the standard ligation reaction is fairly...PCR Use REPLACR Mutatgenesis to Easily Generate Insertion and Deletions in a Plasmids Learn How to Verify...

...Plasmids 101: E. coli Strains for Protein Production Addgenie Julian Taylor-Parker explains why you might want...Homology Directed Repair Addgenie Chari Cortez explains some of the basic science behind homology directed...production and gives a quick rundown of some of the strains you can use to express your protein of interest...find a successful clone? Addgenie Jessica Welch explains how Blue-White screening could be a potential ...Addgene Science Communications Intern Mary Gearing explains how Cas9 homolog, Cpf1, may make it easier to ... able to help you. Head Addgenie Joanne Kamens explains what career coaches do and offers up some career... to use with CRISPR as the cargo. Mary Gearing explains some of the clever ways to successfully combine...

...Oliver Griesbeck of the Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology has been working on genetically encoded...used for ratiometric in vivo imaging. Griesbeck explains, while these Twitch sensors are always bright,...particular advantage for observing events taking place inside cells that are on the move, such as T lymphocytes...Eindhoven has similar interest in FRET-based sensor proteins, particularly for the intracellular imaging of... should require the simple swapping of binding domains, in practice optimizing the sensors involves plenty...solution: they devised self-associating fluorescent domains whose association is disrupted in the presence ... of mOrange2 and mCherry as donor and acceptor domains. He says, these new colors might now enable observation...

...pMinDisplay vector. GPI contains a C-terminal glycosylphostidylinositol anchor. SGZ contains a PDGFR transmembrane...update our iGluSnFR post! Here, we look at the origins of the system and explore advances that have happened...happened since our original 2018 blog post. The origins of iGluSnFR   iGluSnFR was developed in 2013 by...an increase in fluorescence intensity from the inserted GFP. After characterizing iGluSnFR in vitro, showing...localization through different C-terminal anchoring domains The original iGluSnFR in the pMinDisplay backbone...introduce iGluSnFR3 in two additional anchoring domains – GPI and SGZ. Fig: 4 Sequence schematics...Fluorescent Protein Biosensors Browse All Fluorescent Proteins Find AAV Tools References Marvin, Jonathan S....

...blog Read our fluorescent proteins blog posts Download the fluorescent proteins 101 eBook Read our plasmids...cascade of caspases, protease enzymes that cleave proteins. Executioner caspases are activated last in the...Zhang et al., 2019). How does FlipGFP work? GFP contains 11 β-strands and one central ɑ-helix that can ...10 (β10), and (3) β-strand 11 (β11). Each part contains components and residues that are necessary for...specific protease that is commonly used to cleave proteins. This protease reporter based on sfCherry however...in FlipGFP can be applied to other fluorescent proteins to create an array of multicolor reporters that...fluorescent protein fusions Browse the fluorescent proteins plasmid kits ...

...structural component of atherogenic lipoproteins, shuttles lipoproteins through the circulatory systems, ...LipoGlo: A reporter for measuring ApoB bound lipoproteins Article contributed by Leah Schwiesow A leading...cardiovascular disease is driven by atherogenic lipoproteins that accumulate within the vascular wall. ApoB...formation of atherosclerotic plaques. ApoB bound lipoproteins (ApoB-LPs) are indirectly measured through their... Steven Farber and colleagues at the Carnegie Institute for Science have developed the LipoGlo system ...created an endogenous ApoB-NanoLuc reporter by inserting the NanoLuc luciferase downstream of the apoB ...requires binding of bacterial enhancer binding proteins (bEBPs) at a sequence upstream of the promoter...

...founder, Eric Perkins, is Addgene’s Director of Science Product Management and explains the origins of ABC: ... favorite books - both scientific and not - to inspire you to read a little more this October. Science..., examining relationships between microbes and insects, mammals, and plants, among others. I particularly...lost for an age) fight in the Napoleonic Wars and against something even more sinister. 1000 pages long. ...and with the events of the times."     - Aliyah Weinstein, Marketing and Communications Manager Addgene's... Aliyah Weinstein...

...053 lentiviral expression vector, which contains an sgRNA insert site and a reporter for tracing the engineered...fragment with one part of an established pair of proteins (iLID and SspB) that undergo light-induced dimerization...photosynthetic organisms use for buoyancy. These proteins allow dissolved gases to diffuse in and out but... lab discovered in 2014 that these gas vesicle proteins scatter sound waves and create ultrasound contrast...reporter plasmids, each containing two fluorescent proteins and four repeats of a miRNA target site. One fluorescent...CRISPR-Cas9 system CHIME Article contributed by Aliyah Weinstein  Listen to the CRISPR podcast segment Understanding...gene editing tool on the immune system, the group inserted sgRNAs targeting various innate and adaptive immune...

...transposon to stably integrate a reporter gene that contains a puromycin resistance gene followed by the target...the desired genome edit:  A donor plasmid that contains a puromycin resistance gene linked to an in-frame... when transfecting your cells.  A plasmid that contains Cas9. The Madison lab also created an inducible... labor-intensive, require multiple fluorescent proteins, and aren’t that efficient. To overcome these ...named GEmCherry1, due to the “genomic fragment inserted into mCherry”. However this one mutated methionine...GEmCherry2 work? The premise is that the genomic region inserted into the N-terminus of mCherry can be targeted...repaired by NHEJ which depending on the nucleotides inserted or deleted, can result in an in-frame shift of...

...While institutions that focus on creative problem solving like the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have...technology. Monoculture and chemical spraying, mainstays of modern agriculture, are now synonymous with...control over their interaction with it, we hope to inspire and open a new conversation about GMOs.  Challenge...involves two basic components: the pigments (anthocyanins), and the plant circadian clock. Petunias have...transformation technologies like those pioneered by Ewen Mullins of Ireland’s Teagasc.  Plant biotechnology is full...business enterprises, he can be found climbing mountains or playing with his two cats. Keira Havens grew...Biophysics and Biochemistry from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 2004, she accepted a commission...

...digest to cut out the inserts followed by a five-piece ligation with the four inserts and the master plasmid...mammalian or other cells. TALENs are engineered proteins that comprise a DNA binding domain and an endonuclease...technology allows you to create a pair of designer proteins that will introduce a double-strand break in the...FokI endonuclease domain as well as fluorescent proteins used to sort the cells after the plasmids have...question – cardiomyocytes, adipocytes or neurons, for instance – to see how those mutations influence the disease...particular disease state. You could use the kit to insert all of those variants into stem cells with the ...introducing a mutation somewhere else in the genome. It remains to be seen which system is cleaner in terms of ...

...constitutively expressed proteins while tet-on turns on constitutively silenced proteins. Addition of tetracycline...degron tagging vector! Destabilizing domains Destabilizing domains (DD) are akin to degron tags, just ... to temporarily reduce expression of essential proteins (when knockouts aren’t viable). siRNA or RNAi ...gene of interest. It will inhibit transcription instead of introducing a DNA double strand break. Transient...transgene vector. Degron tags Tagging relevant proteins with a degron tag can provide inducible protein... easily implemented for exogenously introduced proteins, as many of them just need a special promoter ...

...new Cas enzymes on the block? The Cas family of proteins has many useful genome engineering enzymes, each...other Cas enzymes is its method of DNA cleavage. Instead of cleaving DNA at a defined site to form a clean...Unlike many other Cas enzymes, Cas14 targets ssDNA instead of dsDNA. It cleaves ssDNA with high fidelity -...nuclease, however, unlike Cas9, it targets RNA instead of DNA. This makes it particularly useful in generating...composed of the fusion of several Cas7 and Cas11 domains. Cas7-11 cuts ssRNA and is capable of pre-crRNA...   Table 1: Fast facts on Cas family proteins and genome editing abilities   Choosing a...adaptable Cas currently available, the other Cas proteins should not be overlooked. The unique features ...

...researchers have used fluorescently tagged DNA-binding proteins to label certain loci, but this approach is not...Cas9 (dCas9) cannot induce gene editing, but it retains its gRNA-directed targeting capacity. By using ...two hairpin sequences, which recruit fluorescent proteins BFP, GFP, and RFP fused to the respective hairpin...and red. In contrast, a gRNA with two different hairpins will produce a secondary color cyan, yellow, or... individual colors to 6. A gRNA with all three hairpins generates white light. All 6 gRNAs can be expressed...composite. gRNAs with two identical hairpin binding domains produce blue, green, or red fluorescence, depending...Learn Some of the Pitfalls When Using Fluorescent Proteins Control Protein Activity with GFP Resources on...

...suite of plasmids (pGT) with various replicative origins that can be used for broad or narrow range of microbial...longitudinal studies of the gut microbiome, James Collins’s lab developed a paper-based method that can be...concentration within a sample. Using this system, the Collins lab was able to detect mRNA from 10 bacteria of...methods, the ability to detect mRNA transcripts of toxins and other transcripts of interest is a benefit ...with broad host-range (Meyer, 2009). The vector retains the oriT for delivery into recipients by conjugation...microbial population dynamics in the gut can provide insight into how the microbiome responds to infection, ... (DCDC), relies on the assembly of fluorescent proteins into one bright particle that segregates into ...

...enzymes that degrade RNA, are especially hardy proteins that are found in and on everything, including...solution and spun down the homogenate to remove the insoluble material. Then, the homogenate was loaded onto... hours to separate the intact RNA from DNA and proteins. Although very effective at isolating total RNA...RNA could be effectively separated from DNA and proteins by a simple extraction protocol with guanidinium...in a guanidinium thiocyanate solution. However, instead of RNA separation using cesium-chloride gradients...in the top, aqueous layer, while DNA and other proteins are retained in the interphase and bottom, organic...into one step. After homogenization in TRIzol®, insoluble material is removed via centrifugation and the...

...However, instead of weakening interaction sbetween the non-target strand and Cas9, Kleinstiver et al disrupted..., researchers from the Zhang lab at the Broad Institute, the Joung lab at Harvard Medical School, and ...groove formed by the Cas9 HNH and RuvC nuclease domains 2. Interactions between the target strand and ...specificity. Design and testing of SpCas9-HF1 Kleinstiver et al and the Joung Lab similarly thought that...mutations N497A, R661A, Q695A, and Q926A (SpCas9-HF1 contains all four mutations). Although the precise mutations...from Addgene here! Future possibilities for Cas proteins With their enhanced specificity, eSpCas9, SpCas9...25079318. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4176945. 4. Kleinstiver, Benjamin P., et al. "High-fidelity CRISPR–Cas9...

...shipping materials (i.e., a deposit kit) with instructions on how to send liquid DNA or bacterial streaks...lab. Plasmid Type Choose from: Encodes one insert, encodes gRNA/shRNA, or empty backbone. Purpose...plasmid will work for them. Species of Gene or Insert Choose from: H. sapiens (human), M. musculus ...luciferase, cre/lox, yeast expression, worm expression, insect expression, plant expression, mouse targeting, ... cannot be propagated in any of these standard strains, choose other, indicate strain in the “Growth Strain...showing the first eight columns and a pop-up instruction box for the “Purpose” field. If you ever have...should go into a cell, hover over the cell and instructions will pop up. When you’re finished filling out...

...Arg-mutant proteins in living baker’s yeast cells, including Arg-mutant yeast homologs of human proteins that...past, we've been working with the Rare Genomics Institute to provide plasmid grants to researchers working... his lab’s research is the mechanisms by which proteins assemble into functional multi-subunit macromolecular...function of even a small fraction of Arg-mutant proteins could improve health outcomes for millions of ...treatment for rare diseases caused by Arg-mutant proteins, but there is currently no evidence of Arg-mutant...large number of other disease-linked Arg-mutant proteins both in yeast and human cells in order to determine...rescue of a variety of disease-linked Arg-mutant proteins in the lab, clinicians might consider prescribing...

...icosahedral capsid made of 3 types of proteins: fiber, penton and hexon proteins. The viral genome DNA is further... which contains the adenoviral genes necessary for virus production. For detailed instructions on how ...consisting of a capsid surrounding an inner core which contains the adenoviral genome. The genome itself is a ...further protected by histone-like proteins forming the nucleocapsid. B) Three generations of adenoviral ...ceases relatively quickly due to immune response against AdV. Importantly, recombination-competent adenovirus...helper adenovirus is required to provide the viral proteins in trans. The Gutless AdV have generated high ...

...at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and Institute for Basic Science (IBS...protein. After fusing the CRY2 and CIB1 domains to separate proteins of interest, a researcher can cause ...robust and efficient oligomerization of target proteins in response to blue light. This tool, CRY2clust...2017. PubMed PMID: 28288122. New fluorescent proteins for use as FLIM-FRET acceptors  Listen to the...(YFP) with an excitation peak of 519 nm. These proteins have improved photophysical properties and can...maturation kinetics than other dark fluorescent proteins, it has good signal stability allowing for minimized...

...detect, purify, quantify, deplete, and visualize proteins of interest (Greenfield, 2014). Traditionally,...Therefore, researchers from over 100 scientific institutions have proposed a shift to recombinant DNA-based...expression. If starting from a protein sample (for instance, affinity purified antibodies from a patient’s...the line and subsequent cloning of the antibody chains (Crosnier et al., 2010; Andrews et al., 2019). ...well in animals because of similarities to host proteins. After the antibody of interest has been cloned...non-antibody based affinity reagents (e.g., monobodies, DARPins) (Helma et al., 2015).    The Many Benefits of...and sequences for antibodies are not shared. For instance, through open plasmid sharing, the CRISPR community...

...precise insertion of a DNA sequence ranging from a single nucleotide change to large insertions like the...MLV)-like particles loaded with Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). According to the authors, they named...polyprotein Nanoblades are formed when viral structural proteins, such as the MLV protein Gag, multimerize and ...cleaves the proteolytic site connecting the two proteins, thus releasing Cas9. Nanoblades can also deliver...loaded with 1-4 different gRNAs. Viral envelope proteins To alter the cell tropism of Nanoblades, different...alternative method for generating transgenic mice strains and for non-invasive in vivo gene editing. The ...viral-derived Nanoblades loaded with Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins." Nature communications 10.1 (2019): 45. ...

...student and then instructor at Singularity University at NASA Ames, and an instructor at Biocurious.org...makerspaces around the world. Hackerspaces.org maintains a list of active spaces near you.   Learning ...complexity using existing C. elegans mutants. For instance, we use a mutant known as CX51 that exhibits motor...Minnesota has declared our makerspace an educational institution meaning that we can obtain known mutants at $7.00...motor behaviour, and ultimately submit our new strains back to the CGC for other researchers to use. Although...equipment that would otherwise be discarded. For instance, the centrifuge in the picture had a broken controller... the fantastic optics and fluidics platform it contains. Biotech equipment becomes obsolete amazingly ...