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...common reagents, straightforward protocols, and standard microscopes sounds great, right? But there is always...         Why Expansion Microscopy?  Traditional light microscopes are limited in the level of resolution...everything needed for synaptic transmission, are right around 250 nm, making it difficult to study the ...the inner workings of the synapse by conventional light or fluorescence microscopy (Dani, et al., 2010)....What is Expansion Microscopy?  ExM provides a straightforward answer to the space problem. Instead of imaging..., biological samples are enmeshed in a gel of a highly absorbent material that is able to expand evenly...points with a conventional, diffraction-limited light microscope.  Along with using more accessible imaging...

... the assayed PPI. This high-throughput application is much more straightforward to carry out because it... This is straightforward in easy-to-transfect cell lines where plasmid dosage can be tightly controlled...the non-radiative transfer for energy between neighboring fluorophores, FRET can be used to detect the ...subcellular localization of the studied PIPs. The straightforward nature of BiFC also makes it easier to generate...generate a large number of constructs for high-throughput screening of PPIs. For example, Bischof et al....Hu, 2012). Having a rough idea of how your PIPs might interact will allow you to determine where to fuse... Proteins 101: GFP Fusion Proteins - Making the Right Connection. Cellular expression Whether BiFC constructs...

...protein at higher levels, you risk observing artifacts only present when the protein is at a very high concentration...membrane-targeted CAAX-SunTag was 18-fold brighter than sfGFP! The high SunTag signal allowed them to cut their...transcription factor binding sites in a promoter lead to higher transcriptional activation. Multiple nuclear localization...explosion SUperNova," SunTag can help you turn up the brightness in your fluorescent imaging experiments. Fluorescent...their laser power by over 80% and still obtain a higher signal-to-noise ratio with a lower photobleaching...mitoNEET-SunTag-GFP. As expected, they obtained bright images of mitochondria without organelle toxicity...to traditional fluorescent proteins Improved brightness and signal-to-noise ratio Less chance of phototoxicity...

...elevated plus maze, the light-dark box is a simple device comprised of a brightly lit (risky) and a dark... a camera or tracking software. Locomotion is a highly complex process on the level of individual neurons...findings by controlling neurons in the mPFC with light. Activation of these neurons via the channel Channelrhodopsin...inhibitory mechanism of locomotor sensitization and might open new ways for a novel therapeutic approach against...to stay in dark areas (protected) as opposed to brightly illuminated ones (risky). They also prefer to ...diseases, animals have reduced anxiety levels and a higher tendency for risk taking. These animals also show... arm (risky), or a closed arm (safe). Mice with higher IL-1 beta production spent more time in the open...

...make sure people pay attention. Highlight your lowest points and highest points and make clear what was...I’m working with a talented journalist to shine light on living as a scientist in Beijing, talking to ...judgement. Eventually, we published the paper in a high-impact journal and it worked out for all of us.”...cases, the protagonist will be you. Make sure to highlight what lessons you’ve learned and what knowledge... into your research at an outreach event as you might in a scientific paper. Build lots of versions of...difficult and what was easy when appropriate. It might not be scientific to bring emotional discovery into...people pay attention. Practice Nobody gets good overnight. The only way to improve is to keep working on...

... is the cr:tracrRNA approach highly efficient, it is also straightforward as the RNA molecules can be ...events. In the light of these results, we re-analyzed our data and found that 75% of our highest knock-in efficiency...of interest are pulled-down and later coupled to high-throughput sequencing to identify genome-wide binding...Telmer 1998). Indeed, this method can be used at high throughput because numerous cell lines can be generated...challenges, we set out to develop a hassle-free, highly efficient Cas9 protein-based method for epitope...which, in our hands, is both cost-effective and highly active. After csRNP complex formation, a single-stranded...transfection/delivery step needs to be optimized to achieve high knock-in efficiency. To calculate the tagging efficiency...

...dye-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) conjugates (Kapanidis, Ebright, & Ebright, 2001). These Cy/NTA conjugates work the ...6. Kapanidis, Achillefs N., Yon W. Ebright, and Richard H. Ebright. "Site-specific incorporation of fluorescent... James D. Fessenden, an Assistant Professor at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Biochemists often struggle...mailbox: How to get your fluorophore delivered to the right place? FRET experiments require targeting the donor...the proper mailbox (i.e., a binding site) in the right city (protein). In a cell, this task is even harder...acceptor molecules are targeted nearby (such as a neighboring house on the same street as the donor), then ...specificity Donor fluorophores need to go to the right place. Mis-targeted donors never “see” FRET acceptors...

... handy “oldie” as you might say. RNA interference (RNAi) is, as the name might suggest, an RNA-mediated...Addgene plasmid #11653). Full shRNA sequence is highlighted in green, with red boxes indicating mature siRNA...Addgene plasmid #21114). The miRNA sequence is highlighted in green, with red boxes indicating mature miRNA...miRNA. Hairpin loop is in between the red boxes. Highlighted blue regions show flanking genomic sequence. ...-radius":"10px","padding-left":"180px","padding-right":"180px"}{% endraw %}{% end_module_attribute %}{...font-family":"helvetica","font-style":"normal","font-weight":"normal","text-decoration":"none"},"fallback":...font-family: helvetica; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none","font_set":"DEFAULT...

...aberrant light chain sequence, but was predicted to occur at a low frequency within functional light chain...a degenerate primer set to amplify IgG variable light (VL) and variable heavy (VH) chain sequences. Fusion...plasmid backbone for expression of the mAb heavy and light chain, each from a constitutively active CMV promoter... expression plasmid involved in coexpression of light (green) and heavy (blue) chains as driven by two...express the target antigen could be screened in a high-throughput manner. Cells were labeled with both ... R-mAbs. It was recognized that an aberrant IgG light chain transcript was expressed by some of the hybridomas...cloning, which in most cases left the functional light chain intact, the authors were able to greatly increase...

...shows: Higher ΔF/F0 (the measure of signal change during calcium events), Greater brightness, Less signal...neuroscience research. These fluorescent proteins light up in response to calcium, which is more than just...each indicator needs to emit a different color of light and be compatible with the lasers available in your...once using existing indicators. For example, you might want to use OCaMP to monitor Ca2+ signals, while...iGluSnFR4 to monitor glutamate in green/yellow and RdLight to monitor dopamine in red.  However, current red...becoming increasingly common due to their low cost and high power, but because they are non-tunable, their usefulness...enabling two-photon imaging without compromising on brightness, ∆F/F0, or signal-to-noise ratio (Figure 3). ...

...Addgenies support a high collaboration, high communication, high efficiency, high quality, low meeting...getting ready to embark on new exciting projects. Right now we don’t have to worry about succeeding at our...materials to better serve the community. We are delighted at the early outcomes and the ecstatic reception...by the scientists who request from us but also by high school students and industry scientists as a universal...21,806th most popular website in the world. I know, right? Upgrades to the internal LIMS pages and excellent...excitement of what we are accomplishing and what more we might do. I am grateful every day for their dedication...viral_sharing=False, embed_button=False, width='1280', height='720', player_id='7039679868', style='' %} Resources...

...two recombinases. How might one read the state of an RSM? The most straightforward way to read the state...state machines in living cells” (1), into a more straight-forward, concise explanation of how to adapt our...exposition, and detail, please refer to the paper. Why might one be interested in state machine technology? Biological...sent the PCR product for sequencing.  A less straightforward, but more population-wide (as opposed to single-cell...method since it lends itself to cheap, quick, and high throughput state detection with flow cytometry. ...cells; the sequencing and qPCR methods do not. How might one implement RSMs? In our study (1), we implement...Figure 3 below): Input Plasmid: The input plasmid (high copy, ColE1 origin of replication), contains large...

...concentrations of IL-3. Cells grown in high concentrations of IL-3 show a high proportion of blue fluorescence...Every few months we highlight a subset of the new plasmids and viral preps in the repository through ...Split-wrmScarlet is a new split red FP that is three times brighter in worms than split-sfCherry3. It was created ...in live cells. The fluorescent timer emits blue light around the time of synthesis and, after a few hours...cells. Cells undergoing rapid cell cycles have a high blue to red ratio, whereas cells with long or slow...cells as measured by flow cytometry. Cells grown in high IL-3 showed mostly blue fluorescence, indicating...CRISPR corner By Jennifer Tsang Here are a few highlights from recent CRISPR plasmids. To find all of the...

... recommended.  Environmental influences like bright light or noise should be avoided as this will also...consideration for behavioral testing in a laboratory, a high level of experimental control is required, because...frequencies (> 20 kHz, produced from fluorescent light bulbs, for example) that are outside the humans’...optogentics to control neuronal activity, commonly via light-activated ion channels. Similarly, chemogenetic ... trigger neuronal excitation or inhibition upon light (or drug) application.  Genetic manipulation can... generally mediates broad cell tropism and has a high percentage of neuronal targeting after stereotaxic....  Viral vector injection Viral vectors allow a tight spatial and temporal control of gene expression ...

...Atsushi Miyawaki and colleagues identified a highly bright and stable fluorescent protein, StayGold. Although...Every few months we highlight some of the new plasmids, antibodies, and viral preps in the repository...uses a much shorter crRNA. Cas12-RNP-PAGE achieved high editing frequency (nearly 100% in some cases) and...break up the dimerization without losing that brightness and stability. Here’s a quick overview of these.... This variant has similar photostability and brightness compared to the original, though its maturation...sufficient to disrupt dimerization while maintaining the bright and stable fluorescence of the original (Ivorra-Molla....rs-2684100/v1.  Piatkevich, K., et al. (2023). Bright and stable monomeric fluorescent proteins derived...

... an MRI, you know that magnetic fields can pass right through our tissues unimpeded. Andrew and Maria ...for a magnetic response among other proteins that might serve as a starting point for developing useful ...Andrew and Maria explained, “to our surprise and delight,” the very first protein they tested — E. coli ...coli expressing good ol’ EGFP — showed a slight but detectable change in fluorescence when a small magnet...team was careful to test the possibility that this might just be an artifact and eliminate sources of interference...expressed and purified. Although a ~1% change in signal might not make a very powerful tool, it was promising ...enhanced for future MagLOV-based tools, just as light-induced conformational changes are the basis of ...

...antibody 9E10 displays highly variable epitope recognition dependent on neighboring sequence context. Sci...However, it was (and still is) infeasible to generate highly specific antibodies for every potential new target...interest with unrelated peptides that already had high quality antibodies available - aka peptide tagging...tagging.  Key to this strategy was the existence of high quality antibodies for well defined peptides. Munro...the neuropeptide substance P. This protein had a highly specific antibody to the C-terminal five amino ...sounds less than ideal.  Unexpected connections Right around the same time that Munro and Pelham were ... (1) Locate a promising monoclonal antibody with high specificity. (2) Narrow down the specific epitope...

...Every student about to graduate shares the same nightmare: the question “So, what comes next?” For those...education or ending a Master’s program, the answer might be to continue in academia and pursue a PhD. However... such as Zoom, to determine if a program is the right fit for you without the financial and logistical...to around twelve professors and heard back from eight. These emails don’t have to be long; the idea is...you a chance to get to know the faculty that you might be working with for the duration of your program...that will help you determine if the program is the right fit. Reaching out to PIs also means doing plenty...close to your computer with things you want to highlight in the interview is another way to make the virtual...

...previous best performer mGold — while maintaining high brightness and fast maturation time (Figure 1). See the...Every few months we highlight some of the new plasmids, antibodies, viral preps, and more in the repository...articles. Here's what you'll find in this post: Bright and photostable yellow fluorescent protein mGold2...Mapping anterograde synaptic connections with ATLAS Bright and photostable yellow fluorescent protein mGold2...Mike Lacy Get your sunglasses — these proteins are bright! Most current yellow fluorescent proteins tend ...plasmids here! Lee, J., Lai, S., et al. (2025). Bright and photostable yellow fluorescent proteins for...doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58223-5.   TnpB, so hot right now By Alyssa Shepard While CRISPR has become a ...

...keep in mind that UV light only kills microorganisms that it strikes directly. UV light exposure is also ...ensure nothing is covering it. Turning on the UV light 3-4 times a week for up to half an hour can help...also harmful for eyes and skin so keep the light off when the hood is in use. Wipe the hood with a disinfectant...source of contamination for your experiments, the bright side is that you also have the power to take the...morphology: Shape and size matter You should have a light microscope close to the hood so you can view your... morphologies and doing a quick check under the light microscope will help you identify bacterial and ...are sensitive to pH. Anything between orange and light orange usually indicates that the cells have grown...

... and image analysis software are highly sensitive to detecting light signals not visible to the human ... that the resolution of light microscopy is limited by the wavelength of light and, practically speaking...and diseased states can also provide interesting insights into disease mechanisms and protein function. ...well-characterized marker proteins tagged with FPs to highlight various subcellular structures. Please see Figure...visualize subcellular structures. For example, you might use your fluoresent protein fused to a signal sequence...complexes with. These “colocalization” studies give insights about the proximity of two proteins within the...PMC3074624. 5. Bindels, Daphne S., et al. "mScarlet: a bright monomeric red fluorescent protein for cellular ...

...verify loss of minicircle RNA Delivery DNA-Free High High Transgene-free and vector-free Multiple transfections... Pros Cons MMLV-derived Retrovirus Integrating High Low Efficient and Stable Genome integration Insertional...reactivation, residual expression Lentivirus Integrating High Low Efficient and Stable Genome integration Insertional...transfections required Protein Delivery DNA-Free Low High Transgene-free and vector-free. Slow and inefficient...reprogramming efficiencies ranking as low, medium or high is based on the reprogramming efficiencies reported...pMXs or pMSCV, infect dividing cells, and have a higher efficiency of generating iPSCs compared to other...integrate or replicate. Their small size leads to higher transfection efficiencies and they tend to express...

... cell or neuron type may not work well for a neighboring cell type, even within the same brain region ...Low-magnification images showing viral spread. (D-F)  High-magnification images immuno-stained against dopamine...frustrating and often months-long quests to find the right AAV for your system or to successfully replicate...sharing of negative data.  Negative AAV data is highly desirable  In a survey we conducted to improve ...and that it often provides incredibly valuable insight into one’s work. As a community, we must therefore... descriptions, a minimum n = 2, and well labeled high- and low-magnification images demonstrating vector... do you have sitting in computers and notebooks right now?, I’m willing to bet the answer would be along...

...from Addgene right on our plasmid pages and provide a citation that you can put straight into your reference...our website using the search bar found at the top right of every page. You can search for plasmids by name... number, or keyword. Although an initial search might give you many results, you can narrow your search...search results using the filters found on the right side of the search page. A great breakdown of our search...special collections pages. These pages serve to highlight plasmids that can be used for specific purposes...Every quarter we release a Newsletter where we spotlight some of the plasmids that have come through our...page - each day we showcase a new plasmid that you might otherwise miss. We hope this feature will draw attention...

...Every few months we highlight some of the new plasmids, antibodies, and viral preps in our repository...different genomic loci — in some cases, over 20-fold higher editing than PEmax. The authors hypothesized that...immunoblotted against vinculin as a loading control (right panel). Image from Addgene. These antibodies... subthreshold voltage fluctuations, while having high fidelity during action potentials of fast-spiking...j.neuron.2023.03.009. PMID: 37015225.  Simple and highly specific targeting of microglia with AAV By Alyssa...human IBA1 promoter (hIBA1a, 466 bp) that drives high microglia-specific gene expression when incorporated...hIBA1a promoters in mice. B) Quantifications showing high microglia specificity of GFP expression for the ...

...neuron-optimized viral vectors, and high-throughput screening approaches. Here, we’ll highlight these recent advancements...least, more straightforward than generating cDNA for each gene isoform individually. To highlight this advantage... The Day Lab used their optimized vectors to highlight a key advantage of CRISPRa over traditional cDNA...targeted anywhere in the genome, it is relatively straightforward to use CRISPRa to selectively target these ...-optimized lentiviral vectors can be found here. High-throughput screening strategies Although the tools...

...upper right) and a mixed population of B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the lower middle right. DCs...generated often looks like the graph on the left, it might make more sense once you realize events are plotted...plotted on an invisible Cartesian plane (right.) Each event is plotted by the amount of signal read from...cells. If you look at the dot plot in Figure 2, you might assume that all cell populations are positive for...another two are B+. Our A-B+ cells are in the lower right corner.      Figure 2: This flow plot has... (SSC) and forward scatter (FSC), which measure light that “scatters” past the cell, instead of fluorescent...DCs), mDCs and pDCs. Let's follow it from left to right.  First, SSC and FSC are measured to differentiate...

...FRET signal you should choose the highest quantum yield donor, the highest absorbing acceptor and fluorophores... similar brightness - even though in the most popular pair, CFP has five-fold less brightness than YFP...that case the cross-talk is high and your background signal may be higher than the signal generated by... the acceptor (linking the quantity of absorbed light, at a given wavelength, to the concentration of ...that can affect FRET measurements include: the brightness of a fluorophore pair, donor:acceptor stoichiometry...the donor is excited by a specific wavelength of light and the signal is collected by using emission filters... of the donor is increased. This method is straightforward and quantitative, but it is destructive and...

...Every few months we highlight a subset of the new plasmids, antibodies, and viral preps in the repository...Improved voltage indicator: JEDI-2P Novel class of light-gated potassium channelrhodopsins Myc-tag antibody...indicator (GEVI) called JEDI-2P. Using a custom, high-throughput screening platform to apply saturating...10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.013.   Novel class of light-gated potassium channelrhodopsins by: Mike Lacy ...Xue and John Spudich identifies a novel class of light-gated potassium channelrhodopsins, named Kalium ...2022). The authors show that HcKCR1 and HcKCR2 have high selectivity for K+ over Na+ and rapid photocurrent... optogenetic use.   Fig. 2: A) HcKCR1 is highly selective for K+ over other Na+ and other cations...

...serum. Harrington et al suspected GeoCas9 might have higher stability since prior research had shown that...zebrafish, frogs, some bacteria; but not thermophilic (high heat loving) bacteria. Until recently the only available...s SpCas9. These Cas9 proteins don’t work well at high temperatures, so to use them in thermophiles, bacteria...approach only works for facultative thermophiles (high OR medium heat loving), but not obligate thermophiles... RNP activity or longevity. GeoCas9 is active at high temperatures Figure 1: Thermostability of...tested the ability of GeoCas9 RNPs to be incubated at high temps but still maintain activity following heat...temperatures. In both cases, GeoCas9 outperformed SpCas9 at high temperatures. See Figure 1 for a summary of the ...