...MSCV-IRES-EGFP IRES Retroviral pMSCV-pBabeMCS-IRES-RFP IRES Retroviral pMSCV-IRES-YFP II IRES Retroviral...pCMMP-MCS-IRES-Puro IRES Retroviral pEF1a-IRES-Neo IRES Mammalian MSCV-IRES-Luciferase IRES Retroviral...instead of an IRES when stoichiometrically equivalent levels of expression are required, we should also...plasmids for research purposes are described below. IRES Elements Translation in eukaryotes usually begins... element called an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) to allow for initiation of translation from an ...mRNA. In the figure above, you can see that the IRES element acts as another ribosome recruitment site...co-expression of two proteins from a single mRNA. IRES was originally discovered in poliovirus RNA, where...

...homology-directed repair (HDR) of a CRISPR/Cas9 induced double-stranded break. This site-directed genome...using primers (with the desired mutation) in a PCR protocol that amplifies the entire plasmid template. The...for the desired modification. Finally, the positive clones are sequenced to confirm the desired modification...template for site directed mutagenesis.  Polymerase To ensure that you don’t introduce undesired mutations through...Kristian Laursen from Cornell University. Site directed mutagenesis is a highly versatile technique that...also highly relevant in this age of CRISPR; site-directed mutagenesis generally applies to plasmids, but...genome editing requires a template of high homology to the endogenous target, yet to facilitate the repair...

... in 2018, we wrote a post on the time and cost required to make a plasmid. In 2023 (and at closer to 2...

...post, we will describe the mechanism of homology directed repair, one of the repair pathways of DSBs, with...genome modification purposes. How does homology directed repair fix DNA double-strand breaks?  In eukaryotic...Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ) and Homology Directed Repair (HDR). NHEJ is the canonical homology-independent...-independent pathway as it involves the direct ligation of sticky or blunt ends and often introduces small...This will serve as both a substrate for proteins required for strand invasion and a primer for DNA repair...resolve to complete the DNA repair process Homology directed repair pathways HDR mechanisms can be divided ...an error prone mechanism that notably does not require a donor template and thus won’t be covered in detail...

...below. The complexity and challenges of homology directed repair (HDR) are echoed in the amount of interest...designing a repair template that contains your desired edit, and I want to make sure that I (and Addgene...out this RNP protocol on Protocols.io. The PAM Requirement and Expanding CRISPR Beyond SpCas9 The closer...

...updated Aug 20, 2020. Cas9 can be used to modify any desired genomic target provided that (1) the sequence is...signal for Cas9 and this sequence is a strict requirement for Cas9-mediated DNA cleavage. The need for... may be unintentionally mutated along with the desired target locus. The PAM sequence is of particular...concern when trying to edit a gene using homology directed repair, since HDR-mediated gene editing is most...Cas13 enzymes are advantageous because they do not require a PAM, and RNA targeting is potentially reversible...since there is no genomic edit. Some Cas13 enzymes require a single base protospacer flanking sequence (PFS...

...  But llama immunization has its drawbacks: it requires a camelid animal facility which can be expensive...spike protein (Walter et al., 2020). No llamas required. The advantages of synthetic nanobodies Nanobodies... because they have fewer hydrophilic surfaces, require detergents or lipids to remain folded, and are ...regions that bind to the antigen. The Seeger lab can directly provide the three sybody libraries in the form...

...welcome Julie Cicalese to the Addgene Board of Directors. Cicalese served as the Chief Human Resource Officer...School. The addition of Cicalese to the Board of Directors brings human resources experience and insight ...me to join the committee because I had recently retired from Harvard, and it let me keep my toe in the ...little bit?”    What are you doing to enjoy your retirement? I’m also on the advisory board for Art in Giving... Meet the other members of Addgene's Board of Directors Find careers at Addgene ...

...demonstrated how CRISPR nickases improve homology directed repair rates, and share their design rules for...PAM-out design.  Exploring nickases for homology directed repair The potential benefit of using nickases...could this system mediate repair throughout the entire region between the nicks? To find out, Schubert... if there are no available guides close to the desired mutation site. Quick tips for nickase design Ready...Resources on the Addgene Blog Learn about Homology Directed Repair 3 Tips to Improve HDR Efficiency How to...

...search of phages for therapy Phage Directory started out as a directory of phage researchers and the phages...can be sent out to the directory earlier, but the researchers in the directory are volunteering their ...says. As the labs in the directory step forward to help, the Phage Directory team must decide which labs...). The pair quickly teamed up to create Phage Directory in a whirlwind three days in November 2017. ...find much-needed phages for patients.   A phage directory is crucial because it's hard to find the right...a last resort, so a request for phages to the directory does not typically come out until nearly the last... and information Since the inception of Phage Directory ~1 year ago, Sacher and Zheng found that they ...

..., MBA, CPA to the Addgene Board of Directors. Katz is the Director of Intellectual Property Programs at...addition of Katz and Paratore onto the Board of Directors brings complementary experience and insight to...plasmids and other necessary information that’s required to do research. Paratore: What I’ve been most ...you tell me a bit about your job? Katz: I’m the Director of Intellectual Property Programs at Suffolk University...Learn more about Karen Katz, Esq Ms. Katz is the Director of Intellectual Property Programs at Suffolk University... Meet the other members of Addgene's Board of Directors Find careers at Addgene ...

...including modifying other sites in the genome and directly interacting with transcription machinery. ...to overlap the CpG of interest. Having the CpG directly inside the gRNA sequence is a great guarantee ...

...2xStrep-IRES-Puro: Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein  pLVX-EF1alpha-SARS-CoV-2-M-2xStrep-IRES-Puro:...pLVX-EF1alpha-SARS-CoV-2-E-2xStrep-IRES-Puro) and NSP2 (pLVX-EF1alpha-SARS-CoV-2-nsp2-2xStrep-IRES-Puro) are also in the...M protein pLVX-EF1alpha-SARS-CoV-2-orf3a-2xStrep-IRES-Puro: Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a Lentiviral... See our Serotype Testing AAV inventory for the entire collection! Plasmid Serotype Name Depositor ...

... Communications. 2017. PubMed PMID: 28924139. FIRE-Cas9 for inducible interrogation of the epigenome...Article contributed by Joanne Kamens Listen to the Fire-Cas9 Podcast Segment Jerry Crabtree’s lab has developed...Inducible Recruitment for Epigenome editing by Cas9 (FIRE–Cas9), combines these approaches to enable rapid...cell type. By varying which sgRNAs are used with FIRE-Cas9, experiments can be designed to target multiple...analysis of epigenetic memory at nearly any locus. The FIRE-Cas9 plasmids can be found here. Braun et al. Nat...controls expression of transcription factor 2, which directly controls expression of a reporter protein, it ...

...)-mCherry 50467  AAV2 pAAV-CaMKIIa-HA-hM4D(Gi)-IRES-mCitrine 121538  AAV5 pOTTC1484 - pAAV SYN1 HA-hM4D...Serotype Name 119741  AAV5  AAV SYN flex PSAM4 GlyR IRES EGFP Recombinase AAV Finally, we are excited ...Plasmid Serotype Name 55634  AAV1  pAAV-EF1a-mCherry-IRES-Flpo 55637  AAV1  pAAV-EF1a-Flpo Chemogenetics... Serotype Name 119472  AAV5  AV SYN PSAM4 GlyR IRES EGFP   Biosensors Plasmid Serotype Name ...in the last few months. You can also browse our entire AAV inventory. Our new AAVs include: Control AAVs...

...GlyR IRES EGFP Chimeric channels for neuronal manipulation 119742  AAV5  AAV SYN PSAM4 GlyR IRES EGFP...-dependent CRE) 55634  AAV1  pAAV-EF1a-mCherry-IRES-Flpo 55637  AAV1  pAAV-EF1a-Flpo Calcium sensors...released so far in 2019. You can also browse our entire AAV inventory! Our new AAVs include: pGP-AAV-syn-FLEX-jGCaMP7b-WPRE...neurotransmitter in vertebrates, but methods for directly imaging GABA have been limited. Like calcium sensors...

...Element (IRE) RNA motif of the ferritin light chain RNA transcript. IRE motifs are bound by IRE binding...cannot distinguish between proteins that directly or indirectly interact with the bait. Also, RaPID can...binding proteins, IREB1 and IREB2, which post-transcriptionally regulate iron metabolism pathway transcripts...interactions or to analyze chromatin states (CHIP-seq, FAIRE-seq, Cut & Run) and to detect protein-protein interactions...RNA-protein interactions due to sample processing. Require prior knowledge that the protein of interest interacts... methods are not ideal for in vivo work. BirA* requires 16-18 hours to sufficiently biotinylate interacting...found that all HHCS-associated sequences had lower IREB2 binding enrichment compared to wild-type sequences...

...cells were transduced with either pAAV-Ef1a-mCherry-IRES-Cre (55634-AAVrg) alone at 1.7E6 viral genomes (...expression alone was detected. pAAV-Ef1a-mCherry-IRES-Cre was a gift from Karl Deisseroth (Addgene viral... Cre-dependent GFP expression was detected with direct fluorescence. GFP was not detected in the absence...Control Mycoplasma Our 293T cell line was obtained directly from Takara, and is routinely tested for mycoplasma...

...Biosensor Looger New serotype pAAV-CAG-DIO-NLS-mRuby3-IRES-eGtACR1-ST AAV9 Optogenetics Adesnik New viral vector...

...doi.org/10.1128/jvi.71.8.6174-6178.1997 Wickersham IR, Finke S, Conzelmann K-K, Callaway EM (2006) Retrograde...–49 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth999 Wickersham IR, Lyon DC, Barnard RJO, Mori T, Finke S, Conzelmann...Infection of these cells with VSV-G pseudotyped virus requires the upregulation of LDLR expression using other...neurons. However, VSV-G’s broad tropism can be undesired for in vivo studies since there’s the potential...neuronal cells and can travel in a retrograde direction from the synapse to the cell body, making it a...use rabies virus is to delete the glycoprotein required for entry into the cell (rabies dG). Because rabies... system (Wickersham et al., 2007). This system requires first supplying rabies glycoprotein along with...

...be separated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and expressed under the same promoter. Alternatively...cells - one containing the gene of interest (pTet-IRES-EGFP, pPRIME-Tet-GFP-FF3) and one with either tTA...response element (RRE), an internal promoter, and the desired gene (transfer vector plasmid), 2) the HIV-1 genome...in terms of RCL generation because this vector requires only three HIV-1 genes (gag, pol, and rev) for...that there is often  background activity and it requires continuous administration of Dox to repress transgene...One drawback of the Tet system is that it often requires the delivery of two distinct expression vectors...This supernatant can be stored at 4 °C or can be directly added to your target cells. However in that case...

...DreO-bGHpA (50363-AAV5) Flp vectors pAAV-EF1a-mCherry-IRES-Flpo (55634-AAV1) pAAV-EF1a-Flpo (55637-AAV1) Viral...Testing AAV inventory for the entire collection! We are expanding our entire control AAV inventory to give...promoter directs ubiquitous expression. pAAV-mDlx-NLS-mRuby2 (99130-AAVrg): The Dlx element directs expression...in the last few months. You can also browse our entire AAV inventory. Our new AAVs include: EGFP-expressing...pAAV-hSyn-DIO-EGFP (50457-AAV5): The Synapsin promoter directs broad, neuronal expression. AAV pCAG-FLEX-EGFP-...112677-AAV5 and 112677-AAVrg): The EF1a promoter directs strong, ubiquitous expression. This is a Cre-dependent...

...vectors if you need to. Additionally, they have an IRES-Puro marker to facilitate stable cell clone selection... of dollars, but by approaching it from a new direction, we hope to do it much faster. Years of science...

...shRNA Tools for RNAi! Cre-Lox technology CAG-GFP-IRES-CRE (Plasmid #48201) This retroviral vector from...silencing mechanism. Scientists can express siRNAs to direct the cellular RNAi machinery to silence target genes...

...with the opsin or chemogenetic receptor, through an IRES or 2A sequence. In this case, the proteins are not...chemogenetic receptors used in these techniques cannot be directly visualized with fluorescence or immunohistochemistry...

... genes packaged in them and use elements such as IRES or 2A to co-express them from one promoter. Specificity...

...acceptor, contains sequence that is over 80% GC. Some IRES sequences also contain regions that are GC rich.... refined and user friendly, to own the process entirely remains a large undertaking. Priority number one... usually confirm the insert through BLAST or by direct alignment to an NCBI reference sequence or a sequence...workflow and yield sufficient data to capture the entire viral genome. The full details of that workflow...

...74(5):858-73. Pubmed PMID 22681690.  8, Wickersham IR, Finke S, Conzelmann KK, Callaway EM. Retrograde ...SK, Vamanrao A, Uchida N. Whole-brain mapping of direct inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuron. 2012...

...interest, but after an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). This is oftentimes used in conjuction with FACS... the importance of the entire GFP protein, which is almost completely required to maintain fluorescent...co-factors, substrates, or enzymatic activity – it only requires the presence of oxygen during maturation. This...This meant that the protein could be taken directly from A. Victoria and expressed in any organism while...been done to expand the red-fluorescent protein repertoire; however, these proteins are unique from GFP ...

...vectors (for lentiviral packaging) and contain an IRES-Puro marker for stable cell clone selection. For...neutralization assays, part of a study that examined the repertoire of antibodies from 19 COVID-19 convalescent individuals... E, Konermann S, Hsu PD (2021) Genome-wide, bidirectional CRISPR screens identify mucins as critical host...Harrison SC, Wesemann DR (2021) Memory B cell repertoire for recognition of evolving SARS-CoV-2 spike ...