We narrowed to 842 results for: Eras

...tools so that researchers around the world can accelerate their work. After all, as we like to sayat Addgene... plasmid. LentiCas9-blast virus can be used to generate Cas9-expressing cell lines, which can then be ...system as opposed to a single-vector system) has several benefits. First, the low viral titers typically...lab. We provide protocols and useful tips for generating your own lentivirus. Secondly, you can use a ...expression is typically cytotoxic, which makes generation of high titer Cas9 lentiviruses challenging. ...rate variability when using lentiCas9-blast to generate Cas9-expressing cells. To ensure that this growth...confound your experimental data, we recommend generating a monoclonal Cas9-expression line prior to performing...

...20, 2021. By Will Arnold and Shreya Vedantam Accelerating research by improving the availability of materials...pandemic in which scientists race to find vaccines, therapeutics, and other treatments to stem the spread of ...plasmids to help academic and industrial labs accelerate research and to help find a faster solution to...SARS-CoV-2 materials, it will not scale well to the several thousand plasmids from Ginkgo. To balance the need...time consuming, costly, and laborious QC for all several thousand plasmids at once. Any samples that are... any scientists who requested the plasmid. By leveraging our core strengths of intensive screening and...balance by modifying certain processes in both core operations. As it has been in much of the world, we have...

...reduces the need to generate “single-use” transgenic lines. Instead, researchers can generate and maintain transgenic...each protein of interest and, for in vivo work, generate a dedicated transgenic line. Using zebrafish as...albeit slightly offset due to the nanobody-GFP interaction). The modularity of the system provides researchers...likely to afford the ability to deliver more therapeutics to the CNS, and with reduced systemic side effects... the liver.    Fig. 2: Summary of the generational evolution of the AAV capsids (left) and transduction...off target. Across all loci tested, error rates overall ranged from 0.3% to 10%, in comparison to the 62...

...bacteriophages as bacterial therapeutics. This idea was incorporated into Novophage Therapeutics, Inc. in March 2009...co-founder and current VP of Business Development & Operations of Sample6, for advice on how to take an idea...the application was changed, but Sample6 still leverages the core engineering and scientific concepts to...moved on to become VP of Business Development & Operations. Starting a biotech company When and how ...commit to the company, the internet, crowd funding, federal funding, foundations, and investors are examples...to Dr. Mike Koeris (Co-founder and formerly VP Operations of Sample6) for taking the time to speak with...

...lab in Harvard's Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology is to understand the basis for cardiovascular...use their TALEN kit to quickly and efficiently generate human stem cells edited to carry mutant versions... In the Cell Stem Cell paper, for example, we generated hepatocytes to examine the effect of a gene on... metabolism. The TALEN kit is quite useful in generating the mutant cell lines that one needs to do disease.... That technology had been used for decades to generate knock-out mice, but for various reasons it is ...sequence a large number of individuals and find several mutations in the same gene or in multiple genes...Ding et al. "A TALEN genome-editing system for generating human stem cell-based disease models." Cell Stem...

...gRNAs! Comic by Maya Kostman.   Important considerations before you start an experiment with CRISPR ...expression. Location and sequence are important considerations for designing your gRNAs. For indels, it's ...off targets. For CRISPRa and CRISPRi, these considerations are of roughly equal importance (target should...worry less about sequence optimality because you generally have fewer sequences to choose from). Finally,...non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) often leads to the generation of indels and thus frameshifts that disrupt the... the introduction of a specific mutation, one generally relies on homology directed repair (HDR) to incorporate...user may need to optimize numerous parameters to generate the desired edit. The wrench: Gene activation ...

...exciting revelation. Science in any field can generally be applied to improve our lives and solve global...scientific process can help us understand how new therapies can be developed and applied. The current pandemic...Typically has a Master's or Bachelor's degree Generally a short-term position (1-2 years) Often a gap-...who opted to join labs in cancer biology or neurodegenerative disease because they had close relatives suffering...environment and with supportive mentors, being open and vulnerable about my struggles and what I don’t know yet ...also found that it is more common among first generation students, women, BIPOC, and other minoritized...like these can be highly beneficial. I’ve made several close friends and found incredible mentors through...

... research focuses on protein innovations for therapeutic and vaccine design. We all want tools that expand...of us still do), so we are used to the idea of general interfaces and the freedom to test out lots of ...of the coupling system include: Wide fusion-tolerance — Click Biology tags should be similarly useful...one finds in cells. High yield of reaction — generating product without a lot of left-over starting components...bonds. Reactions also can happen at both body temperature and on ice, when we have cracked open the cells...cross-reaction with SpyTag/SpyCatcher, allows for iterative expansion DogTag/DogCatcher SpyTag/SpyCatcher...systems can also assemble vaccines, target gene therapy vectors, or lock together smart biomaterials. There...

...dTomato) that promote interactions between the FPs interfere with native interactions, preventing proper ...the red fluorescent proteins form tetramers. In general, fluorescent proteins have a natural affinity and...higher order aggregates. This property can be tolerated in some applications (e.g. labeling of cells or...homodimers or higher order oligomers can be analyzed by several techniques. Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE under non-denaturing...reflect the likelihood that fluorescent proteins interact or oligomerize in cells? This question is largely...fluorescent protein’s propensity to homodimerize. Several studies have used the OSER assay to demonstrate...

...address these questions, biologists often use next-generation sequencing. Sequencing the 16S rRNA reveals the..., 2019). They called their method Metagenomic Alteration of Gut microbiome by In situ Conjugation (MAGIC...vitro and in vivo. They identified cells from 19 genera across four phyla that have taken up the plasmid...vivo studies. However, they only identified seven genera in in vitro experiments, possibly because in vitro...one cell during cell division. To achieve the agglomeration of fluorescent proteins into one particle within...decreases over time and the number of elapsed generations can be determined. The lab used DCDC to measure...measure growth rate of E. coli for over 10 generations and showed that this method can be used for both in...

... Overview of the CRISPR classification hierarchy. The hierarchy flows from Class to type to subtype to...the array of CRISPR technologies. Learning the general principles of this classification system will help...classifications were placed into a fairly simple hierarchy: class to type to subtype to variant. Despite ...seemingly complicated steps to arrive at this hierarchy, the main aspects of each class and type are easy...Class 1, and are the most common type of CRISPR overall. Type I systems degrade large sections of DNA thanks...most common. Figure 4: Overview of the general CRISPR type VI mechanism. The Cas13 effector binds...diversity of rare CRISPR-Cas systems with deep terascale clustering. Science, 382(6673). https://doi.org...

...cascades that clear these infections. Anything that generates an antibody response in the immune system is referred...churn out antibodies against the injected protein. Several weeks later, blood from the animal is drawn and...antigen binding, the variable regions alone can be generated as a fusion protein. An ScFv is made up of the...your samples to a standard curve. This curve is generated using a serial dilution of a known amount of protein...for other experiments to study protein-protein interactions. Flow cytometry Flow cytometry is used to detect...2014.   In vivo uses For both research and therapeutic purposes, antibodies can be used to affect cellular...functional grade antibodies. Some of the research and therapeutic uses overlap: antibodies can bind to and inhibit...

...circuits with functional relevance following a set hierarchy. MoClo originally developed from Golden Gate Cloning...organization schema MoClo can be broken down into three hierarchical levels: individual DNA parts, transcriptional...For example: in a cell there are proteins which interact with other proteins and with DNA, and these complexes...are multigene systems whose protein products can interact with the DNA that encodes the protein itself or... or other genes within the circuit. These interactions yield a cellular phenotype, translational output...can support a larger cellular engineering goal, several of which are described below. Multigene circuits...promoter for a given peptide can easily be tested by generating Level 1 TUs with unique promoters, and the ideal...

...your study is aimed at developing human therapies. If a therapeutic is the end goal, it is best to work with...Targeting is also important in the development of therapies when expression must be restricted to specific... crossing the blood-brain barrier.  Another consideration when picking ligands for chemogenetic studies...ligands. However, they retain their intracellular interactions and still set off the same pathways, giving ... (Saloman, JL, et al., 2016).   DREADD ligands Several DREADDs, including hM3D(Gq), have been derived ...& Gold, M. S. (2016). Gi-DREADD Expression in Peripheral Nerves Produces Ligand-Dependent Analgesia, as...

... In this article we will discuss general viral safety considerations and best practices for handling lab-grown... basic biological research as well as clinical therapy. These biological tools are useful because they... separate plasmid (envelope plasmid), and the polymerase (Pol) for replication and Gag structural protein... and the same holds true for types of viruses generated in the lab. The four most common types of viruses... lab and require additional safety measures.   General viral handling safety   Containment and personal...resistant to ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, 0.5% peracetic acid, 10% bleach, or 1% iodine are useful. Some...

...specific to the acceptor In order for FRET to occur several constraints must be met. The donor and acceptor...appropriately for energy transfer via dipole-dipole interaction. The efficiency of FRET can be measured for a...FRET range, FRET efficiency is used to infer an interaction between the fluorophores and serves as a small-scale...As the choice of fluorophore pairs is a key consideration for a FRET experiment, the possibilities can...of fluorescent proteins available. Fortunately, several excellent reviews have collated data from various... typically used for studying protein-protein interactions by measuring the change in FRET efficiency, ..., FRET experiments can probe protein-protein interactions, measure the concentration or activity of small...

...Performance dCas9-VP64 activation is generally thought of as the “first generation” CRISPR activator. While it ...initially published in 2013 (Bikard et al., 2013, Perez-Pinera et al., 2013). In the years that followed, innovative...Performance SunTag performs better than first generation activators while showing lower activation levels...to recruit transcription factors. Performance Generally, VPR is found to have significantly higher activation...method, dCas9 is fused to CBP, an histone acetyltransferase domain capable of rearranging chromatin structure...588 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14136 Perez-Pinera P, Kocak DD, Vockley CM, Adler AF, Kabadi AM, Polstein...

...FingR = fibronectin intrabody generated with mRNA display. Modified from Rivera & Huang, et al. (2025) under...biologists, due to their compact size and ability to generate heritable edits (learn more in our recent blog...serotypes? AAV6 offers broad tissue tropism for gene therapy and ex vivo cell engineering applications and is...synaptic connections By Emily P. Bentley While several viral tools can perform neuronal tracing, anterograde...receptor subunit GluA1 found at excitatory synapses (Rivera & Huang, et al., 2025). AF was fused to a presynaptic...broadening its applications. Find ATLAS plasmids here! Rivera, J. F., Huang, H., et al. (2025). ATLAS: a rationally...

...Evan’s team generated their Myc antibodies. At first, anti-c-Myc [9E10] was just one of several new tools...over the years, several alternative antibodies against the Myc tag have been generated in an attempt to.... However, it was (and still is) infeasible to generate highly specific antibodies for every potential...would help the field explore Myc’s role in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.  Using two different synthetic...epitope within that region. You’ll notice that “generate a reliable antibody for protein tagging approaches...

... virus may acquire mutations to escape these therapeutics. Jesse Bloom’s lab at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer... Figure 1. (A) SARS-CoV-2 RBD DMS Library generation and sequencing. From Starr et al Cell., 2020....synthetase complex, the team investigated whether the generated antibodies could bind these aaRSs. They found ... Gräslund lab plans to continue their work by generating antibodies for additional aminoacyl tRNA synthetases...nanoparticle can protect proteins from unfavorable interactions in the cell, improving biosynthetic pathway ...represent 0.001% of the population.  Because indel generation by Cas9 can occur at a steady rate, scientists... Farm GENIE project have arrived! We now offer several versions of GCaMP8 vectors in serotypes AAV1 and...

...carbon sources such as glycerol or glucose (in moderation) may also serve to increase cell density and ...plasmid yield. You can optimize your growth time, temperature, and shaking speed to maximize cell density and... and plasmid yield as these factors are generally, but not perfectly, correlated. Typical growth times...sufficient gas exchange in the overnight culture. Generally, large cultures in flasks may be shaken around...plates, require a faster shaking speed for proper aeration (260-300 RPM). 37℃ doesn’t work for every plasmid...plasmid Certain plasmids and strains grow best at temperatures other than the standard 37℃. This plasmid feature...recommendations to grow a plasmid at 30℃ or room temperature. These recommendations also often require a longer...

...describe and interact with the world using words like OR and AND. These logical operators are so useful...collection is the beginnings of what we think of as an operating system for engineering an entire cell. Typically...BIOFAB project is seeding the beginnings of an operating system for programming life, starting with the... pieces in these kits as the beginnings of an operating system or language for programming life. Which...as applied to products on the domestic market generates $300 billion dollars every year. That's two percent...anticipate plugging into the probiotic and cellular therapeutic space. If you were to look forward to the future...

...be stabilized by monomeric superfolded GFP and averages only ~50% RNA knockdown. In initial tests, Cas13b...Prevotella sep. P5-125 (PspCas13b) yielded 62.9% average knockdown, and they chose this enzyme for further...editing. To increase A->G editing, they employed hyperactive ADAR constructs, like ADAR2DD(E488Q). They also...and designated this system REPAIRv1. Using next-generation sequencing, they confirmed A->I editing and found...off-target activity. By mutating residues in ADAR2 that interact with duplex RNA, they hoped to destabilize ADAR-RNA...   Addressing the potential use of RESCUE in therapeutic applications, the authors tested various dRanCas13b...of RNA editing in research and its potential therapeutic uses We are also curious if REPAIR and RESCUE...

... to illuminate biology and enable next-generation therapeutics. Prime editing, base editing, PACE, and... lab places an order, they are likely to order several plasmids at once, breaking the statistical independence...our distribution, resulting in the following hierarchical model: Because the U.S., Europe, and China ...the inferred percentage of normal activity (the average rate of unique PIs/labs placing orders per day)...The inferred weekend effect is, in retrospect, generally more dramatic than the COVID-19 effect, though...not a causal interpretation -- the effect would generally not be the same if weekends were somehow imposed...

...fresh columns, regenerated columns had similar DNA yields. Additionally, columns regenerated up to five times...size of bacterial culture you’re working with. Overall, the glass syringe filter method is not only cheaper...cellulose dipstick. Image: Zou et al., 2018. Regeneration of silica columns for DNA purification Starting... and Deng labs developed a simple method for regenerating silica columns that come with PCR product purification...before a wash with ddH2O and then ethanol. After regeneration, trace amounts of DNA (3 femtograms/ul) could...Huang, L., Zhao, S., & Deng, W. (2018). Rapid Regeneration and Reuse of Silica Columns from PCR Purification...

...India at room temperature. Partnering with our distributor allowed us to ensure that temperature-sensitive...transit for a certain number of days and tracking average transit time for each courier we contracted with...destination in a timely manner and at the correct temperature. To date, we have partnered with six distributors...country. ‌For example, when we began offering temperature-sensitive materials, we noticed a large percentage...preps and libraries were kept at the appropriate temperature for the duration of their journey. Figure 2... backbones, lentiviral packaging systems, and luciferase expression. On individual material pages, we ...

...and some considerations when using the method. ELISA basics All ELISAs follow the same overall process....simple and saves time, it also has several drawbacks. Direct ELISAs generally have higher levels of background... the capture reagent to prevent non-specific interactions. Next comes the binding step where the target...Typically, the reporter is an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP)... of conjugated antibodies   Additional considerations No matter what ELISA method you choose, it ...

...initiation proteins to start their own replication. In general, these plasmids tend to be low copy number. Conversely...at the low-affinity sites, the proteins work cooperatively to separate nearby AT-rich regions of DNA. In...are occupied by ATP-bound DnaA, the proteins cooperatively can separate the DNA strands. Created with BioRender.com... from the ori. In the elongation phase, a DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand at each replication...controlling the initiation of replication. Once the average copy number for a given plasmid has been reached...called iterons located near the ori and directly interacts with DnaA, stabilizing its binding and contributing...negatively regulate its own expression and thereby the overall replication of pSC101 (del Solar et al., 1998)....

...continuous evolution and protein engineering to generate seven new prime editors, PE6a–g, that overcome...delivery and reduce off-target effects of gene therapy, Feng Zhang’s lab has developed a system called...specific cell types. It can also make CAR-T cell therapy more accessible by simplifying the production process...creation of CAR-T cells directly within the body. Overall, DIRECTED can increase on-target delivery with ... offers a promising approach for experimental therapies and medical applications.  Find DIRECTED plasmids...Lacy Proximity labeling can identify protein interactions or map a local proteome, but some applications...transcriptional history of a cell. Lin et al. generated a fusion protein called iPAK4 that assembles into...

...means they can be used with or as fluorophores in several different ways. Researchers have used oligonucleotides...can be created in many different ways, but the general premise is that an aptamer in its unbound state...cells. The new aptamer also has a higher melting temperature than its Spinach ancestors, and has a lower magnesium...fluorophores, including: Environments with higher temperatures, since proteins can denature while aptamers ...likely to trigger immunoresponses. Nucleotides, in general, are far less immunogenic than proteins. Assays...ions or particularly small molecules that do not generate an immune response. Aptamers can be selected for...Peixuan AND Haque, Farzin. RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2014. 5. Hayat, Akhtar...