...behavior is not done in response to any specific stimulus. While the escape response neural pathway is well...narrow down the possible specific neurons responsible for the response based on the overlap between groups....subsequent effects on behavior. The system is an especially powerful tool for in vivo behavioral studies ...photostimulation in order to drive the full symmetrical response.  The function of Kolmer-Agduhr cells had previously...

...low salary I might add). You have a right and responsibility to choose a lab where you can thrive and do...spend a day or two hanging out around the lab and especially try to attend a lab meeting. Observe how the ...the lab members treat one another (especially those low on the totem pole). Can you see yourself enjoying... hope to grow.  Find mentors who take their responsibility to train you seriously. Why work for someone...allocation of meaningless tasks, removal of responsibility, repeated reminders of blunders, setting target...signs while interviewing: Lab members speak disrespectfully of supervisors and/or each other. You are not...equipment quotes? Understand administrative responsibilities? Is the work (topic and/or technical aspects...

...antibody as well as the role it plays in an immune response. But what is an isotype? How many are there? Why...isotypes also appear at different stages of an immune response. There are three main pathogen clearing functions...This isotype is produced during a primary immune response because all B cells begin by expressing IgM. IgM... predominant isotype during a secondary immune response, which is when the immune system encounters  an...IgM and IgD antibodies, but later in an immune response, the variable region of an antibody is paired ...helps B cells adapt during the course of an immune response since it also changes the effector function of...

...CRISPR systems can be as confusing as reading Shakespeare for the first time. The discovery and application... systems now seem neatly organized into their respective categories, arriving at a consensus was not as...hierarchy: class to type to subtype to variant. Despite the seemingly complicated steps to arrive at this...largely underutilized compared to Class 2. Class 1 Despite their incredible abundance, Class 1 CRISPR systems...accessory Cas proteins in the Cascade complex. Despite a tenuous grasp on how type III systems function... III-E effector was developed, called Cas7-11. Despite being in Class 1, Cas7-11 is a single protein effector...Harrington, L. B., Burstein, D., Chen, J. S., Paez-Espino, D., Ma, E., Witte, I. P., Cofsky, J. C., Kyrpides...

... of known concentration and measure a specific response as a function of the concentration. You then plot... the concentration of the standards versus the response and use that information to extrapolate the concentration...create a standard curve, you graph the measured response of the serially diluted standard as a function...concentration of the unknown sample based on its measured response. An example of this is shown in Figure 2.   ...limits of the instrument being used to measure the response. The dynamic range needs to be wide enough to ...concentrations but suffers from decreased specificity, especially as it approaches the minimum and maximum thresholds...

...effects of ART. Why can’t the body mount an immune response to destroy these reservoirs? Essentially, the ...system doesn’t see any threat to which it should respond. Latently infected cells evade immune detection...die, either through cytotoxicity or the immune response. The second strategy is the simple removal of ... apoptosis, indicating a true “shock and kill” response. Cutting HIV-1 out of the genome with CRISPR/Cas9... all of the target cells. This goal may prove especially difficult given that the viral reservoir spans...strategy may be a better option than direct cleavage. Despite the potential difficulties in translating these...

...Boyden et al., 2005; Deisseroth et al., 2006). Despite its relatively recent development, the history ...cell membranes and maintain membrane potential in response to visible light (Zhang et al., 2011). What do...expression and low ability to induce innate immune responses (Fenno et al., 2011). However, rAAVs lack the ...defined recognition sites (i.e., loxP and FRT, respectively) (Abremski and Hoess, 1984; Van Duyne, 2001;... is inserted in the antisense orientation with respect to the promoter to prevent its expression, and ... "Diversity of dopaminergic neural circuits in response to drug exposure." Neuropsychopharmacology 41.10...

...of fluorescent responses. Studies on the kinetics of these sensors showed rapid response (60 or 130 ms ...submicromolar) DA affinity and high-magnitude responses (increases in fluorescence) at low concentrations... or 2.5 s off, for mouse or human receptors, respectively). Using GRABDA sensors in experiments The Li...neuron in vivo in Drosophila Detect DA dynamics in response to a threatening looming stimulus in vivo in transgenic...

... call for applications. We had an overwhelming response and were excited to see the many creative uses...variants have been found that affect the body’s response to warfarin. “These novel methods will be instrumental... the human population can affect drug and dose response. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are frequently...fluorescent proteins under the control of promoters responsive to water or nutrient levels can help him determine...reporter can also be used to track how one population responds to a second population. Last, Bernach will simultaneously...

...R bodies can repeatedly extend and contract in response to changing pH, and they can rupture E. coli spheroplasts...that can extend and retract over many microns in response to pH changes without the need for ATP or other...polymerization states. Instead, R body monomers respond to pH changes by undergoing local conformational...like vasculature or extracellular matrices) in response to pH changes. Beyond these applications, purified...enzymes for use as a scaffold that changes shape in response to environmental conditions. More speculatively...

...chemiluminescent proteins for imaging, but it has precluded widespread adoption of the technology. In 2012, Saito et...different applications. For long-term imaging, especially where photobleaching and phototoxicity are a ...constructs come in very handy. This approach is especially suited to complement optogenetic tools, where...autofluorescence and a high signal-to-noise ratio. Despite the many benefits of Nano-lantern technology, there...there is no external light source. Therefore, especially thick samples may not be appropriate for use ...

... inhibit intracellular signaling cascades as a response to the extracellular stimuli. Ligand dissociation...ligand to receptor to G-protein, and finally, to a response? Let’s take a look at a few examples with plasmids... labeling to quantifiably measure GPCR agonist response in vivo (Paek et al., 2017). In this technique...receptors to interact with small molecules to elicit a response in a certain cell type. Chemogenetics is similar...scientists then modified some GPCRs further to respond to specific, pharmacologically-inert, small molecules...

...likely to elicit a strong immune response, factors that may make it especially suitable for in vivo research...to its stringent PAM specificity. This can be especially important for base editing techniques, where ...choosing a Cas9, the Feng Zhang Lab had described eSpCas9, while the Keith Joung Lab had developed SpCas9...decreased or similar off-target activity, relative to eSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF across a number of different sites...

...many as 30% of all cancers, especially those of the pancreas and colon. Despite the prevalence of Ras mutations...die from cancer-related complications each year. Despite these grim statistics, new strategies for attacking...the accelerator and brake pedal of a vehicle, respectively. In the case of a mutation that turns a proto-oncogene... has access to all of the latest resources? In response to this challenge, Addgene has launched an initiative...

..., and China (14%). Spikes in plasmid requests correspond to publications of popular papers. Figure...orders come from the U.S. and Europe, we see a corresponding dip in plasmid request activity around March... paper, we observed that the demand for the corresponding plasmids tended to follow an exponential decay...while 𝜓z(t) multiplies the likelihood by the corresponding factor 𝜙z if t is during event z. The "events...the sum of mean +1 and -1 std for each paper, respectively. The fitted model captures weekend, Christmas...

...express our gene of interest. This element is responsible for initiating the transcription of your insert...promoter (RNA polymerase binding site) and operators (response elements). Promoters are about 100 to 1000 base...eukaryotes have muliple polymerases which are each responsible for a specific subset of RNAs. To gain this specificity... phosphoglycerate kinase gene.  Constitutive  Widespread expression, but may vary by cell type. Tends ...acceptor. TRE General expression mRNA Tetracycline response element promoter Inducible with Tetracyline or...

...successful modifications, efficiency can be low, especially for larger modifications. What’s the solution... L-arabinose and anhydrotetracycline (aTet), respectively. pMAZ-SK contains an aTet-inducible gRNA and... ability to multiplex repression. Using a Tet responsive promoter to drive expression of a catalytically...a gRNA are expressed on pRH2502 and pRH2521, respectively. Both dCas9 and the gRNA are Tet-inducible, ...and developed new, more tightly controlled, Tet responsive promoters to avoid leaky activation of the system... enable C-to-T and A-to-G base substitutions respectively. Substitutions seem most efficient when using...

...signaling, as well as immune response, tissue repair, and kidney development. Despite their ubiquity and significance...mechanisms, or ascertain which integrins are responsible for specific ligand-binding functions, all key...intracellular signal cascades, and allowing agile responses to mechanical forces in the cell’s microenvironment...shaping of the extracellular matrix. During immune responses, this same conformation encourages immune cell...

...available through Addgene (Cat.# 70185 and 70186, respectively). Antares Chu, J., et al. (4), likewise, wanted...) probes. These probes generally consist of a responsive protein (e.g. calcium binding protein) fused ...fused to two fluorescent proteins. When the responsive protein binds to calcium it changes conformation and... event being monitored. Optogenetic regulators respond to specific wavelengths of light to initiate signaling...binding domain, and NanoLuc® Luciferase. CalFlux VNT responds to changes in intracellular calcium and is useful...

...generally a sample or group that will have a desired response. For example, if you are studying the effect of...that the testing protocols elicited the expected response and have a baseline with which to compare the ...negative control group does not receive the drug, any response recorded would be due to natural biological variation...Biological replicates help you to determine which responses arise from drug treatment versus and which are... control is critical for data interpretation, especially when changes in protein expression are the experimental...