We narrowed to 608 results for: Sis
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TypeBlog PostPublishedJuly 7, 2020, 1:15 p.m....The ACE reporter is a bicistronic construct that consists of a mutated mCherry and a downstream constitutively...mScarlet reporter, luciferase reporter, and neomycin resistance reporter. Image adapted from Katti et al., 2020...As a proof of concept the Dow lab tested their hypothesis with GFP fluorescence. To do this they generated... including mScarlet-I, luciferase, antibiotic resistance markers, and other enzymes such as Cre-recombinase...proteins including fluorescent proteins, antibiotic resistance, and luciferase. References Gaudelli NM, Komor...
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Plasmids 101: E. coli Strains for Protein Expression
TypeBlog PostPublishedFeb. 10, 2015, 3:06 p.m....available to confer greater transcriptional control, assist with proper protein folding, and deal with sub-...in outer membrane protease VII, which reduces proteolysis of the expressed recombinant proteins. lon protease...deleted (designated lon or Δlon) similary reduce proteolysis of the expressed proteins. hsdSB (rB- mB-): These...coli B strain, except ** which are K12 Strain Resistance Key Features Genotype Use BL21 (DE3) Basic.... The pLys plasmid contains a chloramphenicol resistance cassette for positive selection and a p15A origin... -
Multicolor Animals: Using Fluorescent Proteins to Understand Single Cell Behavior
TypeBlog PostPublishedMarch 5, 2019, 1:08 p.m....possible by tools that allow cells to become persistently fluorescent during development. Stochastic multicolor...fluorescent neuron is visible. Chemical tags are more resistant to tissue clearing methods and can be labeled ... "Multicolor fate mapping of Langerhans cell homeostasis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 210.9 (2013...genetic multicolor cell labeling for neural circuit analysis in Drosophila melanogaster." Nature methods 8.3... Snippert, Hugo J., et al. "Intestinal crypt homeostasis results from neutral competition between symmetrically... -
March for Science
TypeBlog PostPublishedApril 21, 2017, 2:30 p.m....correctness of the hypothesis. The results of experiments can help support or reject a hypothesis. Looking at...Addgene or its staff. In Washington, D.C. as well as sister locations on April 22, 2017, scientists and non-scientists...knowledge. The process begins with a testable hypothesis - an educated guess about how some part of the... Magazine: A grim budget day for U.S. science: analysis and reaction to Trump’s plan Science Magazine:... -
Multiple Plasmids at a Low Price: Kits from Addgene
TypeBlog PostPublishedSept. 14, 2016, 2:30 p.m....seven-repeat proteins: Sjuts, Hanno, et al. "Molecular basis for inhibition of AcrB multidrug efflux pump by ...system in correlation to the size of the product. Analysis of protein size and expression level can be conveniently...frequencies across timepoints or populations. This kit consists of a 48 plasmid adapter library, with each plasmid... daptomycin reveals an ordered progression to resistance." Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 57.11...effects during adaptive evolution of antibiotic resistance." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences... -
RNA Interference in Plant Biology: New Tools for an Old Favorite
TypeBlog PostPublishedOct. 27, 2020, 1:15 p.m....complementary to the dsRNA (Wilson and Doudna, 2013). RNAi consists of two non-exclusive gene silencing pathways: ...different Dicer-like enzymes are involved in the biogenesis of different small RNAs (Figure 1). These siRNAs...amiRNAs based upon miRNA precursors of rice and Arabidopsis species, respectively. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA...plants, such as in the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Li et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2018...plants outside of limited, single cell protoplast analysis. Instead, microscopic plants must be visually ... -
Mycoplasma Contamination: Where Does It Come From and How to Prevent It
TypeBlog PostPublishedOct. 8, 2020, 1:15 p.m....guest blogger, Kaustubh Kishor Jadhav, a Research Assistant at MGMs Institute of Biosciences and Technology.... The absence of a rigid cell wall makes them resistant to antibiotics and antibacterial drugs like penicillin...of antibiotics can allow mycoplasma to develop resistance to the antibiotics. Antibiotics must only be ...prolonged use of a particular antibiotic can induce resistance for other bacteria apart from mycoplasma. Always...Jadhav! Kaustubh Kishor Jadhav, MSc is a Research Assistant at the MGMs Institute of Biosciences and Technology... -
Lambda Red: A Homologous Recombination-based Technique for Genetic Engineering
TypeBlog PostPublishedDec. 15, 2016, 3:57 p.m....replace a gene of interest with an antibiotic resistance cassette. Substrate DNA Design and Generation... selectable DNA fragments, such as antibiotic resistance genes, as well as non-selectable DNA fragments...red phage, λTetR, that carries the tetracycline resistance gene and the lambda red repressor cI857. Once...confirmation of recombinant clones If a antibiotic resistance gene has been inserted, recombinants can first...first be selected via antibiotic resistance, but all clones should be further tested to confirm the presence... -
Antibodies 101: Validation
TypeBlog PostPublishedMarch 24, 2022, 1:15 p.m....antibodies as major culprits in the reproducibility crisis of biomedical research (Baker, 2015; Bradbury &...approach. Antibody-independent methods may include analysis of transcriptomic or proteomic data from several...protein interactions could be a factor in your analysis. Example: You are planning an RNA-immunoprecipitation...and send the captured proteins off for mass spec analysis (above). When the results come back it shows that...here! References Baker M (2015) Reproducibility crisis: Blame it on the antibodies. Nature 521:274–276... -
A Practical Guide to Optimizing AAV DIO and FLEx Vector Expression
TypeBlog PostPublishedNov. 2, 2021, 1:15 p.m.... the cause of leaky expression. To test their hypothesis, they randomly scrambled one pair of lox sites...packaging even begins. This spontaneous recombination persists even in recombinase deficient E. coli and under...References Aschauer DF, Kreuz S, Rumpel S (2013) Analysis of Transduction Efficiency, Tropism and Axonal...Ersing I, Haery L, Harten DeMaio K, Sanders E, Tasissa M, Kostman M, Tillgren M, Makana Hanley L, Mueller... (2020) A Novel Next-Generation Sequencing and Analysis Platform to Assess the Identity of Recombinant... -
How Exercise Purges Stress and Keeps Depression at Bay
TypeBlog PostPublishedNov. 25, 2014, 4:02 p.m....extra PGC-1a1 only in their skeletal muscle show resistance to stressful circumstances – including unpredictable...Activation of the PGC-1a1 Pathway Gene expression analysis of the animals’ skeletal muscles led to another...mck-PGC-1a1 mice, and those who exercise, show resistance to depression. For the researchers led by Dr...t what they’d expected. "Our initial research hypothesis was that trained muscle would produce a substance... -
Fluorescent Proteins 101: Photoactivatable Fluorescent Proteins
TypeBlog PostPublishedApril 25, 2017, 2:30 p.m....FP-chimeric protein may be at any one of many stages of synthesis and degradation. For this reason it is virtually...PA-FPs by performing several rounds of random mutagenesis screening for enhanced RFP variants. PA-mCherry...negative” photoswitching. In 2008, scientists used mutagenesis screens to find a version of Dronpa that doesn't...is blocked during the Bax activation phase of apoptosis." J Cell Biol 164.4 (2004): 493-499. PubMed PMID...PMC1635685. 12.Paez-Segala, Maria G., et al. "Fixation-resistant photoactivatable fluorescent proteins for CLEM... -
Typing CRISPR Systems
TypeBlog PostPublishedMarch 18, 2025, 1:15 p.m.... sequence similarity, phylogenetic analysis, neighborhood analysis of surrounding genes, and experimental...sequence divergence that requires a multi-pronged analysis to sort effectively. The current classification...are merely linked by a similar function. After analysis, CRISPR classifications were placed into a fairly... of factors, including your goal, experience, hypothesis, and even the time and money available. The breadth... -
Selecting Your Plasmid Purification Kit
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 27, 2025, 1:15 p.m....higher volume can affect the lysis buffer ratio and result in incomplete lysis. You may be able to scale ..., which can happen if you leave the sample in a lysis buffer for too long or if you get a little overzealous...scale the amount of buffers used to ensure proper lysis, but you will still face column capacity limitations...troubleshooting. If you need a high level of consistency between lots, then reviewing their quality assurance... -
Plasmids 101: What is a plasmid?
TypeBlog PostPublishedApril 2, 2020, 6:17 p.m.... more functional benefits to the host such as resistance to antibiotics, degradative functions, and/or...advantageous for survival, such as an antibiotic resistance gene. In contrast, plasmids utilized in the ...recruiting replication machinery proteins Antibiotic Resistance Gene Allows for selection of plasmid-containing... obtained. Selectable Marker The antibiotic resistance gene allows for selection in bacteria. However... -
Tips for Improving Your Next Manuscript
TypeBlog PostPublishedNov. 22, 2016, 3:30 p.m....multiple high-profile publications. My classmates consisted of graduate students, post-grads, and early career...topic by the moderators. The assignments, which consisted of reading that class’s section of a manuscript...Four ways to improve your next manuscript 1. Be consistent with your figures The figures of a manuscript...and they should also be easily understood and consistent in design and layout. 2. Be concise in your writing... -
Early Career Researcher Toolbox: Free Online Molecular Biology Tools
TypeBlog PostPublishedSept. 12, 2023, 1:15 p.m....Primer design. Plasmid mapping. DNA sequence analysis. We all have our favorite tools for tackling these...plasmid Editor): A free, donation-based plasmid analysis tool including editing, annotating, creating maps...pET21a-BirA. DNA / protein database search and analysis tools Addgene's analyze sequence tool: Annotates...Assembly OligoAnalyzer Tool from IDT: For hairpin analysis, Tm and primer dimer estimation, and other primer... -
Oh, The Places You Can Go: Careers in Science Communication - Curriculum Development
TypeBlog PostPublishedNov. 1, 2017, 2:04 p.m....kinematics in physics, to developing a lab about mitosis and meiosis in biology. Lots of it is researching the... to students, like how to pour a gel [for] electrophoresis or doing a dissection video. I did that in ...themselves. “You open up the box and there’s a gel electrophoresis tray in there. Or the dissection specimens.... -
Safe Port in a Storm...How Addgene is Weathering the Pandemic
TypeBlog PostPublishedSept. 17, 2020, 1:15 p.m....earlier than most companies. Since the start of this crisis, we’ve been very responsive to the mood of the ...unknown amounts of time, we were facing a financial crisis. As a nonprofit organization, Addgene charges enough...figure out a way to maintain our services during the crisis and maintain our workforce for when we need to ...plasmids and other reagents every day, and this crisis has highlighted the importance of access to quality... -
Natural or synthetic? How Addgene’s dataset reveals trends in biological innovation
TypeBlog PostPublishedNov. 8, 2018, 3:47 p.m....learn about trends in synthetic biology and DNA synthesis. They published their results in a paper in Nature...biology, in particular, the ability to do DNA synthesis, is evolving so fast that it is a really nice ... in GC content between many organisms and DNA synthesis companies often work within a narrow range for...Philipp Pfingstag, and Neil C. Thompson. "Gene synthesis allows biologists to source genes from farther... -
Hot Plasmids - September 2019 - CRISPR, Auxin Inducible Degradation, MerMAID Channelrhodopsins, and Genome Looping
TypeBlog PostPublishedSept. 3, 2019, 1:15 p.m....The researchers identified MerMAIDS from their analysis of different publicly available metagenomic data... study demonstrates the power of combining the analysis of publicly available metagenomic datasets with...fused dCas9 to a truncated CIB1 protein from Arabidopsis (CIBN), which they call the LADL Anchor. Using... iterations is the addition of CRY2, another Arabidoposis protein that heterodimerizes with CIBN upon ... -
Plasmids 101: Screening Strategies Used in Plasmid Cloning
TypeBlog PostPublishedSept. 15, 2020, 1:15 p.m.... lost a specific gene survive (ex: antibiotic resistance marker). In a previous blog post, we covered ...plasmid backbone, as it often relies on antibiotic resistance. But what about identifying clones that contain...Lynne Postovit’s lab. It contains an ampicillin resistance marker in the backbone. A selection on agar containing...visualize this process, or visit our restriction analysis blog post. Colony PCR Colony PCR can detect... -
Plasmids 101: Transformation, Transduction, Bacterial Conjugation, and Transfection
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 25, 2019, 12:54 p.m....mechanism by which bacteria have gained antibiotic resistance and virulence. Scientists have studied how HGT... replication-incompetent phage particles with assistance from a ‘helper’ phage prior to transduction. ...can infer genetic advantages such as antibiotic resistance. Bacterial conjugation as explained by...Bacterial Conjugation. In An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th edition (2000). Meibom, Karin L., et al. ... -
Improved Plasmid Maps Powered by SnapGene
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 29, 2017, 1:06 p.m....of common plasmid features such as antibiotic resistance genes, selectable markers, promoters, origins...plasmid sequence For more immediate, high-level analysis, you can click directly on the “Analyze Sequence...to additional tooltip information and sequence analysis tabs including: Maps This is the first tab...For example, if you hover over the ampicillin resistance gene, you’ll find the full name of the gene, ... -
Enabling Precision Functional Genomics with the Target Accelerator Plasmid Collection
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 11, 2017, 2:30 p.m....expression profiling, systematic tumorigenesis assays, drug epistasis assays, and morphological profiling...huge challenges preventing us from testing this hypothesis: There was no large scale, broadly available... corresponding to cancer variants derived from analysis of lung adenocarcinoma genomes (Lung Cancer Mutant... -
AAV Q&A with Tim Miles
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 17, 2022, 1:15 p.m....dosing, we advise that users keep titering method consistent across samples within a project. Targeting Your... on vector dose. The color diversity in Vector Assisted Spectral Tracing (VAST) experiments using PHP....best practices’ for model organisms. Q11: How consistent is expression is when injecting CAP-B10 or CAP-B22...linked to epigenetic changes, such as multiple sclerosis? A: Basic science and preclinical researchers... -
Plasmids 101: Methylation and Restriction Enzymes
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 30, 2016, 2:30 p.m....newly synthesized product from a site-directed mutagenesis experiment? The answer to both questions is the...basepairs or small indels that occur during DNA synthesis, and protomoting or repressing protein expression...cleave DNA. DpnI is often used for site directed mutagenesis. During this process, incorporation of a desired...Troubleshoot Your Sequencing Results Use REPLACR Mutagenesis to Mutate Your Plasmids Resources on Addgene.org... -
Plasmids 101: Yeast Vectors
TypeBlog PostPublishedFeb. 25, 2014, 7:11 p.m....will catch you up on the core replication and resistance features of yeast vectors and explain how they... and diploid state which is useful for genetic analysis, as well as an efficient mechanism of homologous... due to high rates of spontaneously occurring resistant mutants and the insensitivity of yeast strains...auxotrophic markers. The MX series of antibiotic resistance cassettes is most commonly employed, with the... -
Plasmids 101: CcdB - The Toxic Key to Efficient Cloning
TypeBlog PostPublishedDec. 8, 2016, 3:30 p.m....that is resistant to the toxic effects of CcdB. Another commercially available, CcdB-resistant strain ... investigator’s gene of interest. CcdB resistant E. coli strains complete the system But ccdB alone...contains the F plasmid (F’ strains) will also be resistant to CcdB, as the native ccdA will be present. Most... -
Visualizing Protein Turnover In Situ
TypeBlog PostPublishedJan. 16, 2018, 3:20 p.m....Protein turnover is the combined effect of protein synthesis and degradation. These processes control the abundance...possible to visualize the localization of protein synthesis. Alternatively, fluorescent protein tags can be...the system. Another method for studying protein synthesis in situ is the knock-in of fluorescent tags into...Nathans, Daniel. "Puromycin inhibition of protein synthesis: incorporation of puromycin into peptide chains... -
Plasmids 101: Cre-lox
TypeBlog PostPublishedJan. 13, 2015, 3:47 p.m.... of replication, protein tags, and antibiotic resistance markers (just to name a few). In this edition...site-specific recombination events. The system consists of two components derived from the P1 bacteriophage...sites are 34-base-pair long recognition sequences consisting of two 13-bp long palindromic repeats separated...targeting, targeted clones are selected for using a resistance marker; however, it is often desirable to remove... -
Meet an Addgenie: Insights into Grad School, Career Paths, and More
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 25, 2020, 1:15 p.m....gotten myself.” Perkins noted that there is a more emphasis today about non-academia and industry jobs. Since...her first job at Addgene as an Order Processing Assistant. After a few months, she left school when she ...mean you’ve failed. “I got a job as a research assistant in a lab at the university that I went to. Making.... She was working as a research and technical assistant, when her life changed––she had a daughter. Needing... -
Mouse Modeling, Part 2: Breeding and Crossing Mice
TypeBlog PostPublishedAug. 6, 2019, 12:55 p.m....Kleckner. "Recombination, pairing, and synapsis of homologs during meiosis." Cold Spring Harbor perspectives...Special breeding cases Whether your mouse colony consists of genetically engineered mice with a single mutation...chromosome. Homologous chromosomes recombine during meiosis, creating gametes that contain a mix of genetic... -
Popular Retroviral Vectors and Their Uses in Scientific Research
TypeBlog PostPublishedJuly 24, 2018, 12:51 p.m.... 1000000097) The Winslow lab barcoding library consists of 96 retroviral plasmids (based on the Murine...high-throughput sequencing to perform multiplexed analysis of cells pre-treated with a compound of interest...Jacks. It carries CRE recombinase and a puromycin resistance cassette. No time to produce virus? Get the ...mammalian cells. The MuLE system kit from the Frew lab consists of 91 building block Entry vectors and 5 lentiviral... -
Adenoviral Vector Production and Troubleshooting
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 14, 2018, 11:44 a.m....makes them ideal candidates for applications in oncolysis and vaccination!) In the 65 years since its discovery...virion is a non-enveloped particle of ~100 nm, consisting of a capsid surrounding an inner core which contains...adenovirus: the virion is ~ 100nm in size, and consists of an icosahedral capsid made of 3 types of proteins... for creating adenoviral vector constructs. It consists of 2 plasmids: a shuttle vector (in which the ... -
Pathways Over Time Plasmids Engage Students in Functional Genomics Research
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 22, 2018, 1:38 p.m....generating huge amounts of data that could provide the basis for student projects in introductory labs. Genome...evolution of the genes involved in methionine synthesis (5). The budding yeast, Saccharomyces. cerevisiae...deletion strains is available (6). Methionine synthesis in S. cerevisiae (Figure 1) occurs through a well-characterized...cerevisiae genome by gene deletion and parallel analysis. Science 285, 901-906. (1999). PubMed PMID: 10436161... -
No Llamas Required - Synthetic Nanobodies Against Membrane Proteins
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 18, 2020, 1:15 p.m....the mRNA molecule, forming a ribosome complex consisting of the translated protein (sybody), ribosome,...constructed, they are used to produce a phage library consisting of phages that display the candidate sybodies...tag-free proteins for further characterization and analysis. In a rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic,...Schepens B, Saelens X, McLellan JS (2020) Structural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by... -
Mobile-CRISPRi: Bringing CRISPRi to Diverse Bacteria
TypeBlog PostPublishedApril 4, 2019, 12:53 p.m....customization with strain-specific promoters, antibiotic resistance selection markers, gRNAs, and dCas9 proteins....Mobile-CRISPRi can be used to identify antibiotic resistance genes. Genes that are targets of antibiotics ...essential genes such as those involved in antibiotic resistance. Are you ready to move Mobile-CRISPRi into your...30675034. Peters, Jason M., et al. "Enabling genetic analysis of diverse bacteria with Mobile-CRISPRi." Nature... -
10 Basic tips for mammalian cell culture
TypeBlog PostPublishedJuly 12, 2018, 1:09 p.m....Patrizia, et al. "Ostreopsis cf. ovata induces cytoskeletal disorganization, apoptosis, and gene expression...Additional passages will allow your cells to achieve a consistent growth rate. For every minute spent organizing... 1. Yin, R., et al. "Gene expression profiling analysis of bisphenol A-induced perturbation in biological... -
Hot Plasmids: Winter 2025
TypeBlog PostPublishedMarch 11, 2025, 1:15 p.m....plants that inherited an edited gene to confer resistance to the herbicide chlorsulfuron (Homo line 2) ... to drive prime editing in both tomatoes and Arabidopsis, suggesting the improvements may be broadly applicable...enables heritable desired edits in tomato and Arabidopsis. Nature Plants, 10(10), 1502–1513. doi: https...the formation of Gα-GTP by BRET. The biosensor consists of a YFP-tagged G protein and a NanoLuc® (Nluc...