...things) gene delivery, generating pluripotent stem cells, and developing gene therapies for monogenic diseases...excellent tools for genetic engineering. There are several different viral vectors to choose from, for example...which includes the gamma-retrovirus and lentivirus genera, have the unique ability to integrate permanently...separating viral genes and transgene expression across several plasmids. The most commonly used viral vector systems...of the lentiviral elements and the 2nd and 3rd Generation Lentiviral Systems can be found in our Lentiviral...gamma-retroviral packaging plasmids are not interchangeable. General envelope plasmids, such as VSV-G, may be used across...interest into this tetracycline inducible, 3rd generation lentiviral vector backbone from the Shih lab....

...structural determinants of protein-DNA interactions and how these interactions regulation gene expression. Recent...structural determinants of protein-DNA interactions and how these interactions regulation gene expression.     ...are being awarded free plasmids form Addgene to accelerate their research. Read on to learn how these researchers.... These studies are expected to identify new therapeutic targets/solutions and enable scientists to discover...mutations. References: Baldwin, Enoch, et al. "Generation of ligand binding sites in T4 lysozyme by deficiency-creating...in brain development since 2000 and have shown several mechanisms by which they affect brain and muscle...muscle development. The Gronostajski lab has generated mice wherein it's possible to delete the functional...

...demonstrated that the caffeine concentrations in several beverages could be estimated by measuring growth of ...permits it to bind to the CIB1 (cryptochrome-interacting basic-helix-loop-helix) protein. After fusing...proteins of interest, a researcher can cause them to interact by stimulation with blue light.  Similarly, light...work including the soCoChR-GFP plasmid as well as several derivatives encoding alternative promoters and/...as starting material for the bioproduction of therapeutic methylxanthine drugs like theophylline. To facilitate... required enzymes, including a glutathione S-transferase homolog from a Janthinobacterium sp. Moreover...minimal media supplemented with various caffeinated beverages, but not with caffeine-free drinks. Finally, they...

...Tethering dCas9 to the histone acetyltransferase p300 or the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A allows researchers...2013). Enzymatic domains tethered to dCas9 often interact with DNA independently of dCas9 targeting (Galonska... independent of their enzymatic activity. They interact with transcriptional machinery to modify local...modifying other sites in the genome and directly interacting with transcription machinery.   Well, I’...demethylation?  Dividing cells depend on DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to copy methylation marks from parental...   Let me leave you with a few practical considerations: Design your gRNA to overlap the CpG of interest...that unmethylated CpG so that nothing else can interact with it. Remember, the goal of this experiment...

...needed for optogenetics. There are several important considerations with fabrication of the fiber optics...pulse generator such as the A.M.P.I Master-9 Pulse Stimulator, which can control output of several lasers...equipment, most of which is relatively cheap). Several protocols have been written outlining the different...stimulation. The scatter effect is also an important consideration when preparing the implant itself, which brings...least 85% of the initial laser output. The same considerations apply to the polishing and preparation of the... channel, Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), exists in several states: closed/light receptive, open, closed/light...manipulation of the laser power source itself. Pulse generation (TTL pulse) is a standard electronics protocol...

...your serotypes, titer, and promoter. Note that several steps in testing are effected by multiple AAV variables... as proxies.  Finally, the size and receptor interactions of a serotype can affect spread from the injection...and are useful if you're going to be working in several different systems or want to transduce a large ...Various AAV Serotypes and Their Applications in Gene Therapy: An Overview. Cells, 12(5), 1–41. https://doi.org... Gene Delivery to the Hypothalamus. Human Gene Therapy, 21(6), 673–682. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2009.169...Carroll, S. J. (2019). Astrocyte-selective AAV gene therapy through the endogenous GFAP promoter results in... in the rat spinal cord following injury. Gene Therapy, 26(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434...

...cloning. The general cloning strategy described in the associated publication can be used to generate any combination... a modular mini-Tn5 vector that can be used to generate random mutagenesis libraries or to insert heterologous...oxidized. The Timer tool has already been used by several groups to monitor protein and cell ageing, as the...action via sequestration. The strategy relies on several observations: Rapamycin is a membrane-permeable...vectors are used with Multisite Gateway cloning to generate the final construct. Up to eight entry vectors...demonstrated the use of the SpyLigase peptide-peptide interaction to link affibodies or antibodies against common... Despite these advances, the Ting lab’s first-generation APEX suffered from inconsistent activity levels...

...yeast and cell free expression systems. Overall the general strategy for protein expression consists ...or purify proteins to study their structure, interactions and functions. Proteins can also be purified...purified for use in molecular biology research (eg. polymerases and other enzymes might be purified and used ...derived from cells or using live cells. There are several types of expression systems used for protein production...Deciding which expression system to use depends on several factors: The protein you are trying to express...most popular hosts for protein expression with several strains that are specialized for protein expression...be purified from the cellular debris. There are several popular DNA vectors that can be used to produce...

... plasmids for generating your own libraries are also available in the Sybody Generation Toolbox plasmid... two different coronaviruses into a llama over several days and isolated special camelid antibodies that...proteins that may unfold due to camelid high body temperature (37.2 - 39.2°C). The Seeger lab found a way around... around this by using plasmids to generate sybodies, synthetic nanobodies against the spike protein (Walter...blog post.  A rapid selection platform for generating sybodies against membrane proteins Developing...membrane protein of interest using the Sybody Generation Toolbox and commercially available reagents in...libraries (Zimmermann et al., 2018). Find the Sybody Generation Toolbox! Starting with libraries and a biotinylated...

...GFP/EGFP) for a transcriptional reporter or as a general cytoplasmic label of cells, there's no problem....to not produce artifacts in your experiments. Considerable effort has gone into making FPs monomeric, yet...ignorant of FP dimerization. Equally problematic, several reportedly monomeric FPs are not actually monomeric...more likely molecules of a particular type will interact. A protein with a nanomolar Kd will exist primarily... of the FP. The FP is confined to a plane and generally only rotates in 360°, increasing the probability...2]. 2. Fusion to an obligate dimer or oligomer Several cell proteins normally self-associate into homodimers... and increasing the signal from the second FP. Several early FRET biosensors were made with CFP and YFP...

...Newman-Keuls method – More powerful. Moderate false negatives, moderate false positives. Duncan’s multiple...is being experimentally manipulated. Below are several core factors of statistics relevant for many downstream...Parametric tests  Statistical tests fall into two general categories: parametric and non-parametric. In this...variable. A two-way ANOVA could test the effect of temperature and humidity on an outcome such as total crop... one-way ANOVA can test either the effect of temperature or humidity on crop production.   MANOVA The ...example, a one-way MANOVA could test the effect of temperature on total crop production and the production window...A two-way MANOVA could measure the effect of temperature and humidity on total crop production and the...

...We often think of DNA as inert. It generally stays put, which makes it easy to locate in a genome. But...mobile DNA, called a transposon, that’s a bit hyperactive and likes to jump around from one location in... at rates similar to retroviral vectors. The hyperactive version of the SB transposase, SB100X, is ~100...100-fold more efficient compared to first generation SB transposase (Mátés et al., 2009). hySB100x improves...human cells similar to retroviral vectors. The hyperactive PB transposase (hyPB) is ~10-fold more active...transposon insertion sites are detected with next generation sequencing, and analyzed to identify which insertions...Transgenic animals Transgenic animals are often generated by directly injecting DNA into the pronuclei of...

...translation by generating a frameshift mutation. The majority of cellular repair events will generate these types... a less frequent DNA repair mechanism in general. On average, it accounts for less than 10% of DNA repair...family member which generates sticky ends upon cutting. Cas12a may promote HDR by generating ssDNA overhangs...Taking the road less traveled and generating a knock-in cell line instead of a knock-out? We’ve got you...editing Targeted genome editing events fall into two general classes: knock-in and knock-out. The goal of a ...exogenous DNA can be used as well. Below are some considerations for designing donor DNA for successful HDR ...viability of your cells. Enrich S-phase cells HR operates predominantly in S and G2 phase of the cell cycle...

... the notation works? The + operator denotes intersection and the – operator denotes set difference. That... ChiRP-seq RNA Hi-C DNA (genome-to-genome interactions) DNase-seq DNA (regions that are accessible... the foundation of modern drug discovery and therapeutics. We’ll have more to say about clinical applications...Poisson statistics, each sub-population has, on average, one distinct enhancer disrupted. As our ESCs die...differentiate over time, we periodically use next-generation sequencing to measure the relative proportion...apply this knowledge to create targeted disease therapies with minimal side-effects on healthy cells and...Hypersensitive Sites and Intergenic CRISPRs Yours truly generated the DHS data set by starting with all of the DHS...

...including tips, advantages, and disadvantages of this overall rewarding role. Learn about Other Addgenies and...role in technical support? It takes some time (several years) to build up comprehensive lab experience...You will also help troubleshoot products, give general experimental guidance, and resolve complaints about...willingness to help others with their problems, a general positive attitude, and an open-minded personality...any incoming requests or problems - there is considerable diversity in the types of questions customers...will do well in a technical support role. What general characteristics do jobs in technical support have...covered by the lab based team as part of their general job duties. Bigger companies have dedicated technical...

... are typically DNA preps, but we do distribute several of our most popular CRISPR pooled libraries and... A) Amplification, validation, and lentiviral generation of a pooled library. An aliquot of the pooled...experiments. Pooled library lentiviral preps are generally aliquoted to reduce the number of freeze-thaw ...libraries we amplify in house, but these are not general amplification protocols. Rather, each protocol ...amplified, you'll need to verify your library by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The representation of your ...our protocol on Lentivirus Production provides a general approach for producing lentivirus in Lenti-X 293T...you can transduce your cells.  Titering After generating your lentivirus, you’ll want to infect your cells...

... 101 blog, we reviewed the salient features of several popular strains of E. coli for DNA propagation....DE3) F- ompT lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm (DE3) General protein expression BL21 (DE3) pLysS* Chloramphenicol...ompT lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm rne131 (DE3) General expression; not recommended for toxic proteins ...lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm araB::T7RNAP-tetA General protein expression  BLR (DE3) Tetracycline RecA-deficient...miniTn10--TetS)2 [dcm] R(zgb-210::Tn10--TetS) General protein expression  m15 pREP4*, ** Kanamycin ...induction system. The DE3 lysogen expresses T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) from the bacterial genome under control...overexpression? The strains described above should generate sufficient expression levels for most purposes...

... for monitoring how both the brain and visceral organs interact during various behaviors. Either tissue...very cool tool to advance our knowledge of brain-visceral organ signaling. The problem  Previously, there...emit light for optogenetic purposes, measure temperature, study electrophysiology, and deliver small molecules...molecules.   Fun fact: A 1 cm block of polymer can generate many meters of fibers!     Fig. 1 - ...for gut implantation. The fibers they ended up generating were 10-15 times more flexible than the brain... while brain tissue is relatively static). To operate both types of implanted fibers simultaneously, ...multiple channels and can also record tissue temperature proximal to the implanted fibers. As important...

...use a high fidelity polymerase to minimize mutations. The fidelity of the polymerase becomes more important...You should select an annealing temperature based on the melting temperature (Tm) of the portion of the primer... million bp depending on the polymerase used. No matter which polymerase you use, it is important that...restriction site to improve cutting efficiency. You can generally add any 6 bases, but you should ensure that the...with 18bp of homology to the ORF). We now need to generate the reverse-complement of this sequence so that...that we can successfully amplify the ORF. You can generate the reverse-complement using existing software...you can use a pretty wide range of annealing temperatures, but you may need to increase your primer length...

...localization, interaction, and expression. However, one caveat of FP-protein fusions (FP-chimeras) is that ...that they undergo normal protein turnover. FP-chimeras are continuously synthesized and degraded within the...488nm blue light. The T203H mutation in PA-GFP generates a chromophore population that is more neutral,...developed red fluorescent PA-FPs by performing several rounds of random mutagenesis screening for enhanced...formation of mEosFP’s chromophore requires a temperature below 30°C and this is not ideal for experiments...tissue than the UV light used by other PA-FPs. Several other irreversible PA-FP spectral variants have...choosing a PA-FP for your experiment, there are several parameters to consider, such as brightness, photostability...