...blogger Londa Schiebinger, PhD, Hinds Professor of History of Science, Stanford University. Sex and gender...important point, however, is that cost at this early stage of research is minimal compared to that of human...trials. And, as Janine Clayton points out, late-stage clinical studies that draw from a body of research... work to be done! Researchers need to learn sophisticated methods of sex and gender analysis. Universities...

...cells. Each of these systems has their advantages and disadvantages. Briefly, bacterial and yeast cells ...applications for validation include western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. It’s important...applications. An antibody that performs well in immunohistochemistry may not perform well in a western blot. ...

...are five more model organisms that have left a historical impact on the scientific community. (And, check...  The E. coli genome has an extensive research history and characterization. Many proteins and processes...organisms in the world. With its extensive scientific history, highly characterized genome, and widespread utilization...organisms is its thoroughly developed and defined history in research (Krämer, 2015). As a result, a vast...molecular tools, such as gene manipulation and mutagenesis techniques, are available to the scientific community...

...that save both time and money. Yet, knowledge of historical techniques comes in handy whether you are perusing...technological innovations. Let’s take a look at three historical techniques: southern blotting, restriction mapping...of high-quality DNA, real-time PCR has several advantages including easier automation, higher throughput...throughout the world. Let us know your favorite "Historical Lab Technique" in the comments section below!...Benjamin Chain. "The sequence of sequencers: The history of sequencing DNA." Genomics (2015). PubMed PMID...

...selection in E. coli? Additional considerations HIS3 L-hisitidine no S. cerevisiae  no yes   URA3 pyrimidine...yet they still share many of the same technical advantages that come with working with prokaryotes. This...promote replication.  Selection markers for yeast Historically, scientists have utilized auxotrophic selection...

...Thompson, and Thomas D. Gilmore. "Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases in B-and T-cell development...scientist’s tool kit. I wrote a review article on histone modifers in B and T cells with my adviser when ...retreat to the woods for months at a time, so take advantage of whatever time you have. If you’re like me, ...

...String assembly gRNA cloning (STAgR) String assembly gRNA cloning (STAgR), developed by Stefan Stricker...Feng Zhang lab identified a Cas12b from Bacillus hisashii, BhCas12b that is functional at 37 °C but preferentially...high numbers of gRNAs in one overnight reaction. STAgR is highly customizable as vector backbones, and ...chosen. Read the paper in PLoS One Find the STAgR cloning plasmids Mobile-CRISPRi allows CRISPRi...bacteria from various environments. It has the advantage of stable genomic integration and is easily transferred...recombinases used to excise markers. It has the advantage that CRISPR efficiency can be controlled by manipulating...

...expression via epigenetics with the addition of histone modifiers. “We want to allow people to prove the... Möglich and Peter Hegemann described several advantages of the new system: "First, the light-responsive...476 (22 August 2013).   , with the addition of histone modifiers, ...

...Therapy. Existing methods for AAV quality control Historically, AAV vector QC has been sparse including only... used SMRT sequencing, TA-based ligation and tagmentation-based methods for AAV genome sequencing (Tai...self-complementary AAVs and the TA-based ligation and tagmentation preparation approaches described previously ...single-stranded and both TA-based ligation and tagmentation require a double-stranded template.  Using viral...the mix to serve as effective substrates for tagmentation-based library preparation procedures. This finding...packaging plasmids. We decided to use this to our advantage by designing a Python script that looks for pre-defined...

...therapeutic purposes. Both types have their advantages and disadvantages. Here is a table listing some of them... system which combined the advantages of both while limiting disadvantages led to the creation of induced...cells found in the zygote through to the morula stage are totipotent [2-4]. Pluripotency: When a cell ...PMCID: PMC2752493. 4. Bongso, A. and M. Richards, History and perspective of stem cell research. Best Pract... Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Problems and Advantages when Applying them in Regenerative Medicine. ...

...respectively), both cleave in a staggered pattern similar to FnCpf1. Potential advantages of Cpf1 over Cas9 Type...HNH endonuclease domain. Cpf1 cleaves DNA in a staggered pattern and requires only one RNA rather than ...nt upstream of the PAM site, Cpf1 cleaves in a staggered fashion, creating a 5 nucleotide 5’ overhang 18... another option to the CRISPR toolbox. Cpf1’s staggered cleavage pattern opens up the possibility of directional... off-target editing rates, determined using sophisticated genome-wide analysis. At many of its computationally...

...levels. Chromoproteins in nature Compared to the history of fluorescent proteins in molecular biology research...research, chromoproteins have a shorter history. In 1987, scientists described an unusual blue-colored...be used for mimicry. Image: Bernard Spragg. Advantages of using chromoproteins for molecular biology...

...circumvented by the Yang Lab with the development of a Suntag-p65-HSF1 (SPH) transgenic mouse (Zhou et al., 2018...This mouse expresses a modified version of the “Suntag” Cas9 activator that recruits up to twenty copies...used their optimized vectors to highlight a key advantage of CRISPRa over traditional cDNA overexpression... gene isoform individually. To highlight this advantage, they selected the immediate-early gene Bdnf, ... visualizing neuronal differentiation by immunohistochemistry, it is not amenable to FACS.  Thus, the ...sequence. ES cells that stably express the dCas9-Suntag activator were transduced with a pooled sgRNA library...

...turned into Stage 3 or Stage 4 cancer. These later stages of a cancer diagnosis indicate, for Stage 3, that...cancer is large in size and may have spread while Stage 4 indicates that the cancer has spread from where...brought a lot of promise to a field that has historically been full of bad news and dreadful prognoses...

...cousins of well-known Cas9. Cpf1 cleaves DNA in a staggered pattern and requires only one RNA rather than ...2015). PubMed PMID: 26422227.   Potential advantages of Cpf1 Type II CRISPR systems based on Cas9 ...nt upstream of the PAM site, Cpf1 cleaves in a staggered fashion, creating a 5 nucleotide 5’ overhang 18... 18-23 bases away from the PAM. Cpf1’s staggered cleavage pattern opens up the possibility of directional... off-target editing rates, determined using sophisticated genome-wide analysis. At many of its computationally...

...NGAG and NGCG and SaCas9 with an NNGRRN PAM by mutagenizing the PAM-interacting domain. However, these alternative...mutants with PAM flexibility. In this system, the mutagenesis plasmid (MP6) permits quick, large-scale mutation...recognizing multiple PAMs should have a fitness advantage over proteins with single PAM recognition. ...cell population measured with NGS) are shown as percentages, with fold changes compared to SpCas9 in parentheses...Plasmids for Mammalian Systems Learn about CRISPR History ...

...on the Addgene blog Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies Read ...pathogen. Different isotypes also appear at different stages of an immune response. There are three main pathogen...antibody-based applications including flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, ELISAs, and Western...

...Efficient and Stable Genome integration Insertional mutagenesis, transgene reactivation, residual expression ...Efficient and Stable Genome integration Insertional mutagenesis, residual expression piggyBac Excisible Medium...reprogramming efficiencies reported in González et al. A percentage is not listed because many variables (cell type...generating methods due to the risk of insertional mutagenesis. Random integration also creates heterogeneous...Finally, retroviruses are prone to insertional mutagenesis and random integration creates variation between...because they are less likely to cause insertional mutagenesis, adenoviral vectors are considered a safer way...These methods eliminate the risk of insertional mutagenesis, the presence of a genetic scar, and incomplete...

...Numerous applications have been developed to take advantage of the high fidelity of Taq and other thermostable...and even include profiling single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (5,12,13). For example, in the Ligase...for characterization of resistance-mediating polymorphisms in African samples of Plasmodium falciparum....

...time and money gets put into them in those later stages. Target identification Not all diseases are fully...are selected.      CRISPR aids in multiple stages of the drug discovery pipeline.   CRISPR ...CRISPR Guide CRISPR Plasmids and Resources CRISPR History and Development for Genome Engineering    ...