... review articles (2–4). You can also take a look at my recent paper to see the Gal4/UAS system in action...118, 401–15 (1993). PubMed PMID: 8223268. 2. J. B. Duffy, GAL4 System in Drosophila : A Fly Geneticist’...-type specificity! The Gal4/UAS system At a more detailed level, the Gal4/UAS system is a transcription...the UAS sequence are only expressed when Gal4 is expressed. Gal4 expression can be regulated by any chosen...Controlling multiple genes with Gal4/UAS system One can also use Gal4 to drive expression of multiple ...Applications of the Gal4/UAS system There are a number of fancy ways to use the Gal4/UAS system, and you...down. To do this, Drosophila geneticists use the Gal4/UAS system. This incredibly useful, yet simple system...

...fhuA2 lacZ::T7 gene1 [lon] ompT gal sulA11 R(mcr-73::miniTn10--TetS)2 [dcm] R(zgb-210::Tn10--TetS) General...containing T7 RNAP (DE3) F- ompT lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm (DE3) General protein expression BL21 (DE3...origin of replication F- ompT lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm (DE3) pLysS (CamR) Expression of toxic proteins...origin of replication F- ompT lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm (DE3) pLysE (CamR) Expression of toxic proteins...transcript half-life F- ompT lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm rne131 (DE3) General expression; not recommended...required for expression F- ompT lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm araB::T7RNAP-tetA General protein expression...repetative sequences.  F- ompT lon hsdSB (rB- mB-) gal dcm (DE3) Δ(srl-recA)306::Tn10 (TetR) Expression...

...featuring a guest blog post from Gal Haimovich of greenfluorescentblog. Gal will share his list of 10 things...experiments. In the meantime, if you haven't checked out Gal's blog, you should! He's got great articles and insight...from GFP and the mutation definitions found in Table 2 may not apply. Table 1: The specific mutations comprising..., V163A EBFP F64L, S65T, Y66H, Y145F   Table 2: Functional role of specific mutations in GFP derivatives...

...researcher, when the substrate X-gal is broken down by 𝛽-galactosidase, it turns into an insoluble blue...disrupting 𝛽-galactosidase activity. These cells, presumably the cell you want, cannot break down X-gal and are...transformation on ampicillin plates containing X-gal allows you to identify cells that took up the vector...about colony PCR in this blog post.   Figure 2: The steps of colony PCR.   Sanger sequencing Sanger...on the lacZ gene. lacZ encodes the enzyme 𝛽-galactosidase which can hydrolyse lactose. Fortunately, for... is deleted, it creates a non-functional 𝛽-galactosidase. Complementing this mutation by expressing this...example on a plasmid, creates a functional 𝛽-galactosidase. Blue-white screens rely on vectors where the...

...  Plasmids for cGAL and split cGAL systems The Sternberg lab in 2016 created cGAL, a GAL-4 based bipartite...MicroPublication 1 (2018): 2–3. Wang, Han, et al. "cGAL, a temperature-robust GAL4–UAS system for Caenorhabditis...this system a promoter controls the expression of a GAL-4 driver that can bind to activation sequences upstream...2018, the lab expanded on this tool by splitting cGAL4 in two and binding each half to a gp41-1-N-intein...split system, only cells that have both halves of cGAL can drive expression of your gene of interest.  ...Central PMCID: PMC5693259.  Wang, Han, et al. "Split cGAL, an intersectional strategy using a split intein...

...Table 2: Lab strains of E. coli Strain Natural resistance Primary Use Genotype ccdB Survival 2 T1R ...resistance gal Mutation in galactose metabolism pathway Cells cannot grow on galactose only gyrA, .... F' mcrA Δ(mcrBC-hsdRMS-mrr) recA1 endA1 gyrA96 gal-thi-1 supE44 λ-relA1 Δ(lac-proAB)/F' proAB+lacIqZΔM15...resistance to tetracycline Additionally, Table 2 provides a quick reference for some of the popular...Φ80lacZΔM15 ΔlacX74 recA1 araΔ139 Δ(ara-leu)7697 galU galK rpsL (StrR) endA1 nupG fhuA::IS2 DB3.1 Streptomycin...screening, leucine auxotroph. F- endA1 recA1 galE15 galK16 nupG rpsL ΔlacX74 Φ80lacZΔM15 araD139 Δ(ara,...plasmid after preparation. rpsL thr leu thi lacY galK galT ara tonA tsx dam dcm glnV44 Δ(lac-proAB) e14- ...

...This post was contributed by Gal Haimovich of greenfluorescentblog. Be honest. Do you really know how...greenfluorescentblog. Thank You to Our Guest Blogger! Gal Haimovich, PhD, is a research fellow in the lab of...system (by measuring the fluorescence intensity); and 2) to visualize the localization of the FP (fused to...

... a blue colony phenotype upon growth on LB/Cam/X-gal/IPTG agar plates, indicating successful reconstruction...Golden Gate Assembly is commonly used to assemble 2–10 DNA fragments in a single “one-pot” reaction to...the transformants onto the selection plate. Figure 2 shows representative transformation plates obtained...fidelity studies conducted by Potapov et al. at NEB (1, 2). While T4 DNA Ligase, the mainstay of most biotechnological... (percent correct) Calculated colony totals Per 2 μl assembly reaction Per full assembly reaction** ...calculated yields from entire outgrowth built from 2 µl of the assembly reaction, and from the entire assembly...fidelity and bias profiling." bioRxiv (2018): 322297. 2. Potapov, Vladimir, et al. "A single-molecule sequencing...

... et al. transduced rat neurons in vivo with beta-gal and other reporters, and they showed that expression...create the 2nd-generation lentiviral system (Figure 2). The HIV genes that do remain are very important ...1996 Apr 12;272(5259):263-7. PubMed PMID: 8602510. 2. A third-generation lentivirus vector with a conditional...CH, Humeau LM, Rebello T. J Gene Med. 2013 Feb;15(2):78-82. PubMed PMID: 23322669. 6. Genetic treatment... Banasik MB, McCray PB Jr. Gene Ther. 2010 Feb;17(2):150-7. PubMed PMID: 19847206. Additional Resources...cells by a lentiviral vector. Naldini L, Blömer U, Gallay P, Ory D, Mulligan R, Gage FH, Verma IM, Trono ... Cartier N, Aubourg P, Fischer A, Cornetta K, Galacteros F, Beuzard Y, Gluckman E, Bushman F, Hacein-Bey-Abina...

...amilCP, tsPurple, and gfasPurple) (Figure 2). Figure 2: Chromoprotein expression from bacteria on...techniques such as  blue-white screening require X-gal, an expensive exogenously-added substrate, chromoproteins...

...safely. Recently, many SARS-CoV-2 researchers began pseudotyping the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein into a lower ...SARS-CoV-2 virus. Scientists have been using similar pseudotyping methods with other viruses in a BSL-2 lab... et a., 2018).   Figure 2: To pseudotype with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, scientists encode..., HIV-2, and human foamy virus in cell lines expressing galactosyl(alpha1-3)galactosyl (alphaGal) sugars...production uses three plasmids: (1) The transfer plasmid, (2) the envelope plasmid, and (3) the packaging plasmid...for Pseudotyping Lentiviral Particles with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein for Neutralization Assays. Viruses 12...Are Inactivated by Human Serum. Molecular Therapy 2:218–222 . https://doi.org/10.1006/mthe.2000.0116 Gutierrez-Guerrero...

...-YS, Lessells RJ, de Oliveira T, Sigal A (2021) Escape of SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 from neutralization by convalescent...Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB (2021) Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants ...months, we’ve seen the emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants coincide with increased vaccination efforts...They were able to tweak this assay to study SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. “We created a series of spike expressing...relative ability to neutralize.”   Figure 2: Sera used in the study came from individuals who ...This sera was used in the high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay. Neutralization was...viruses are quite genetically distinct from SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Yet, the B.1.351 variant, which ...

...Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 from Philippa Steinberg for the IGI.   What SARS-CoV-2 plasmids from Ginkgo ...Bioworks to synthesize and share over 1,850 SARS-CoV-2 plasmids to help academic and industrial labs accelerate...request? Currently, plasmids containing all SARS-CoV-2 protein coding genes in E. coli and S. cerevisiae ...bacterial expression systems, Ginkgo synthesized SARS-CoV-2 expression plasmids in a high copy backbone with a...high level expression and purification of SARS-CoV-2 proteins for downstream experiments and offer flexibility...optimized, full length and truncated versions of SARS-CoV-2 S (spike protein) cloned into a CMV driven expression...first deposited set of plasmids containing SARS-CoV-2 protein coding genes in E. coli and S. cerevisiae ...

...are many docking sites available for integration. 2. How soon would you like your flies ready for use?...beautiful immunofluorescent images like in this paper (2). Metabolic assays such as Seahorse can be employed...PMID: 16547094. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1526508. 2. H. Jiang,  et al. Cytokine/Jak/Stat signaling mediates...experimental model organism. I then described the Gal4/UAS system used by geneticists to study gene function...favorite gene (YFG).  Sometimes, you want to use the Gal4/UAS system, but the available reagents do not match... or by filtering by fly as species of gene. Find Gal4 and UAS plasmids at Addgene Choosing a vector to...

...immediate early gene expression. Genes Dev. 1988 Jun;2(6):718-29. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.6.718. PMID: 2843425...Targeted Gene Expression in Drosophila.” Genetics 186(2) (2010): 735-55. PubMed PMID: 20697123. PubMed Central... in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.” FEMS Yeast Res. 12(2) (2012): 197-214. PubMed PMID: 22129153. Additional... system). The GAL80 repressor can bind to GAL4, partially inhibiting the binding of GAL4 to UAS. One can...domain (DBD) to GAL4 or VP16 activation domain results in chimeric GAL80-repressible and GAL80-insensitive...expression is low but is activated by GAL4 binding to UAS. If you place the GAL4 gene downstream of a tissue- ... can therefore place GAL4 and GAL80 under different promoters and create sophisticated patterns of UAS-driven...

...difficult-to-manipulate primary cells, achieving knockdown within 1-2 hr of reagent delivery. TRIM-Away is suitable for ...factor 1 controls expression of transcription factor 2, which directly controls expression of a reporter ...modulating the induction of transcription factors 1 and 2. See Aranda-Díaz et al. for more information. The ...interest. These transcription factors consist of the GAL4 or ZIF268 DNA binding domains fused to either the...fluorescent reporters and other proteins controlled by GAL4 and ZIF268. To demonstrate independent control of... Aranda-Díaz et al transformed yeast with both a GAL4/estradiol controlled transcription factor and a ...

...super-resolution or single-molecule techniques.   Figure 2: Two-color super-resolution imaging of ER and mitochondria...stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy. Scale bar, 2 μm. Inset shows comparison with standard confocal ...enables applications like multi-color imaging (Figure 2). If you’re working with purified proteins in vitro...Labeling in Living Cells. Chemistry & Biology, 15(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.01.007...conjugates: A flexible chemical tag. Nature Methods, 2(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth749 Strebinger...lead to covalent binding of the TMP-tag ligand (Gallagher et al., 2009). HaloTag: Scientists at Promega ...https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.01.003 Gallagher, S. S., Sable, J. E., Sheetz, M. P., & Cornish...

...research experiences to undergraduate students (1, 2), but educators face significant challenges in designing... by western blotting in other experiments (Figure 2).   Complementation reveals conservation of function...Biology Education: A Call to Action, Washington, DC. 2. President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology...genes from the pYES2.1 plasmid is controlled by the GAL1 promoter. The cloning procedure adds both V5 and... to grow in the absence of methionine. Since the GAL1 promoter controls MET/Met gene expression, complementation...complementation should only occur when galactose replaces glucose as the carbon source. Student results have...

...per cell increases 4-5 fold (for pUC plasmids) or ~2 fold (for p15a, R6K, and ColE2 plasmids) as cell division...biotechnology 36.4 (2018): 352. PubMed PMID: 29553576. 2. Kittleson, Joshua T., Sherine Cheung, and JChristopher...gene expression stable regardless of copy number (Segall-Shapiro et al., 2018). Designing stabilized promoters...constant. In the case of the stabilized promoters from Segall-Shapiro et al., they chose a TALE protein as the...replication, the stabilized promoters created by Segall-Shapiro et al. showed nearly no position-dependent... division slows (Kittleson et al., 2011). Segall-Shapiro et al. showed that the stabilized promoters were...number during the transition to stationary phase, Segall-Shapiro et al. placed a trans-acting RepA protein...

...(you generally don’t want more tag than protein), 2-3 tags is increasingly common. Tandem affinity purification...TEV cleavage site (more on that in a moment), and 2 ProtA IgG-binding domains. TAP has since come to encompass...found in this paper (available at Addgene).   Table 2: Protease recognition sites commonly used with tags...Epitope Mass (kDa) Function Notes CBP KRRWKKNFIAVSAANRFKKISSSGAL 4 Affinity and Purification Binding and...eukaryotes TAP GRRIPGLINP WKRRWKKNFI AVSAANRFKK ISSSGALDYD IPTTASENLY FQGEFGLAQH DEAVDNKFNK EQQNAFYEIL HLPNLNEEQR...PILDEIADEY QGKLTVAKLN IDQNPGTAPK YGIRGIPTLL LFKNGEVAAT KVGALSKGQL KEFLDANLAG SGSGHMHHHH HHSSGLVPRG  12 Solubililty...