...bandstands: cognitive load.  Cognitive load The Wikipedia definition of cognitive load states: “cognitive load...resources. There are three types of cognitive load: intrinsic cognitive load is the effort associated with...with a specific topic; extraneous cognitive load refers to the way information or tasks are presented to... to a learner; and germane cognitive load refers to the work put into creating a permanent store of knowledge... (a schema).”  In scicomm, I like to think of cognitive load as the amount of mental thought and effort...s quite easy (and common!) to be blind to the cognitive load you’re placing on your audience when you'...enthusiastic of learners.  What contributes to cognitive load?  Everything! Here are some common areas ...

...exemplary TTOs. Our new Golden Stopwatch Award recognizes those TTOs with outstanding material transfer...

...lobes and helps recognize the guide RNA. Unlike the cleavage domains, the recognition domains—including...strand CTD (or PI) Recognize PAM REC REC I, II, and III Recognize guide RNA Bridge helix....   DNA sequence recognition Once primed by RNA loading, the PAM-recognition residues in the CTD can...lobes, called NUC (for nuclease) and REC (for recognition). The NUC lobe contains the DNA scissors: the...to the NUC lobe. Because its primary role is recognizing the PAM on DNA, the CTD is also sometimes called... book (Figure 2). The portion of the CTD that recognizes the PAM is so flexible in this state that it ...structure (Figure 2) at all. When this crucial recognition region is disordered, Cas9 binds DNA very weakly...

...antibody does not recognize the entirety of the target protein: instead, it recognizes a small portion ...of more robustly recognizing the target protein because the antibodies will recognize multiple epitopes...antibody, which recognizes your protein of interest, and a secondary antibody, which recognizes the primary...light chain determine what antigen the antibody recognizes and binds to.   Figure 1: Labeled diagram...may contain many epitopes that antibodies can recognize. Imagine you’re doing a word search puzzle. You...the word you’re searching for. Antibodies may recognize a linearized sequence of amino acids, or only ...with the antigen that you want the antibody to recognize. This triggers an immune response within the animal...

...heterogeneous mixture of many antibodies that recognize the same protein. In the immune system, antibodies...individual B cell produces antibodies that all recognize the same region, or epitope, of the target protein...system make different isotypes of antibodies that recognize many different epitopes of the target protein.... can be performed to isolate antibodies only recognizing your protein of interest: affinity-purified antibodies...containing the target protein, and any antibody recognizing the target protein remains bound to the column...using pre-adsorbed secondary antibodies (which recognize other antibodies) in experiments that require ...population that is enriched for antibodies that recognize your target protein without causing high background...

...produced. Because of this, all of the antibodies recognize a single epitope on the target molecule. Although...this blog post we’ll focus on antibodies that recognize proteins. Figure 1: Steps in the generation...to make sure that you choose an antibody that recognizes an epitope far from the ligand binding site (... (Mould et al., 2016). If your antibody recognizes a part of your protein that may be masked while the... a false negative signal - the antibody can’t recognize the protein even though it is present in your ...proteins. This is because monoclonal antibodies recognize a single epitope, so it’s less likely that this...are a heterogenous mixture of antibodies that recognize many different epitopes on the same protein - ...

...enzymes in that they cleave outside of their recognition sequence, creating four base flanking overhangs...overhangs. Since these overhangs are not part of the recognition sequence, they can be customized to direct assembly... DNA fragments. When designed correctly, the recognition sites do not appear in the final construct, allowing...because this construct does not retain the enzyme recognition sites. As a result, the ligation process is close...desired order of fragments, and the loss of enzyme recognition sites after ligation favors formation of the ...ability of Type IIS enzymes to cut outside their recognition site and permits DNA fragments with compatible...assembled. Scientists can engineer unique enzyme recognition sites that flank their DNA fragment in an inverse...

...large serine recombinase that recognizes its own attB and attP recognition sites on the register and catalyzes...re-orienting their recognition sites, or by excising one or multiple of their recognition sites from the ... same recognition site array on the register, and all three-input GRSMs use the same recognition site ...the registers. All parts used in this paper (recognition sites, terminators, promoters, and genes) were...to idiosyncrasies that arise when all parts (recognition sites, promoters, genes, terminators, etc) are...

...C-terminal antibodies only recognized the human c-Myc protein and did not recognize the mouse or chicken homologs...which turned out to be critical for antibody recognition. As such, the peptide could only be added to ...other species, suggesting that these antibodies recognize an epitope within that region. You’ll notice that...Pelham, 1987). They narrowed down the epitope recognized by Myc1-9E10 down to 10 amino acids (EQKLISEEDL...tag, they found that the Myc epitope could be recognized by its antibody without additional chemical modification...antibody 9E10 displays highly variable epitope recognition dependent on neighboring sequence context. Sci...

...hides the epitope that the antibodies used to recognize the protein, your antibody will no longer be effective... issue with monoclonal antibodies, which only recognize one epitope. (It can sometimes be an issue with... for flow cytometry, for example, can only be recognized by antibodies that bind to the epitopes that ...some assays, you may only need to validate for recognizing the protein following your sample prep steps;... for others, you may need to validate that it recognizes the protein of interest in specific configurations...conditions to understand exactly what your antibody recognizes.  Understanding how the available epitopes in...

...DNA sequences and companion endonucleases that recognizes and cleave the same DNA sequence if not methylated...strains such as DH5alpha contain 3 methylases that recognize and methylate different stretches of DNA: Dam...be blocked due to methylation if the enzyme's recognition site (TCTAGA) is preceded by GA or followed by...As shown in the figure below, a Dam methylase recognition site (underlined in red) overlaps with the XbaI...enzymes such as DpnI require methylation at their recognition sites in order to efficiently cleave DNA. DpnI...enzymes commonly used in the lab do not have recognition sites that could overlap with a methylation site...

... ZFNs, but instead of recognizing nucleotide triplets, the components recognize individual nucleotides...These proteins are characterized by large DNA recognition sites, which makes them highly specific.  Jurassic...recombination with a repair template.  Each zinc finger recognizes a nucleotide triplet and when several ZFNs are...CRISPR  CRISPR The strategy of using a protein to recognize DNA sequences is not ideal. For the early generation...generation gene editors, new amino acid recognition sites had to be designed each time we wanted to target...

...metastasis. Evading Recognition Tumor cells over-express CD47 to escape recognition by circulating macrophages...nomenclature. 1. Eliminate - Latent tumors are recognized by effector cells of the immune system - cytotoxic...Suppressing function, creating tolerance, and evading recognition are a few methods by which tumors sidestep immune... class I proteins on their surfaces to avoid recognition by CD8+ T cells. Existing therapies and effects...times. These engineered T cells are capable of recognizing targets like CD19 on tumor cells and exhibit ...

...bacteriophage: the Cre recombinase and a loxP recognition site. The P1 bacteriophage uses these components...and inter-molecular recombination at the loxP recognition sites. A key advantage of the system is that ...cross)-over in P1) sites are 34-base-pair long recognition sequences consisting of two 13-bp long palindromic...13bp repeat sequences on a single loxP site are recognized and bound by a Cre protein, forming a dimer. ..., with flippase (Flp) and the short flippase recognition target (FRT) site being analogous to Cre and ...

...also recognizes the same target protein. The capture antibody and the detection antibody recognize different...detect proteins for which multiple antibodies that recognize different epitopes are available; this type of...pre-incubated with a known amount of an antibody that recognizes it, while the bottom of the wells are coated ...to characterize properties of an antibody that recognizes that protein, while coating the wells with an...

...directed evolution to create xCas9, an enzyme recognizing a broad range of PAMs like NG, GAA, and GAT, ...sequences adjacent to a protospacer. If ω-dCas9 could recognize a library PAM, it would induce transcription of...pool. According to this logic, ω-dCas9 variants recognizing multiple PAMs should have a fitness advantage...advantage over proteins with single PAM recognition. Created with BioRender.com. After 24 days of ...resistance. xCas9 3.7 showed the broadest PAM range, recognizing NG, NNG, GAT, and CAA PAMs, while xCas9 3.6 displayed...

...Table 2: Protease recognition sites commonly used with tags Protease Recognition site Notes TEV...requiring the addition of an independent cleavage recognition site. In fact, SUMO cannot be used in eukaryotes...FLAG tags can be cleaved by enterokinase, which recognizes DDDDK^X, cleaving after the lysine. The efficiency...but scientists would need to incorporate their recognition sites into their protein tag in order to use ...

... mesothelioma patients have an extremely poor prognosis. Together, the cause, long latency period, and...the best ways to improve the traditionally dire prognosis for mesothelioma patients is to catch the disease...mesothelioma much earlier, thus improving the patient’s prognosis significantly, but also to monitor those who may...pembrolizumab (Keytruda) causes T-cells to more easily recognize and cause the destruction of cancer cells. Pembrolizumab...historically been full of bad news and dreadful prognoses. Survival rates for mesothelioma are creeping ...

...required for translation (Figure 1): A tRNA that recognizes a specific ‘open’ codon and utilizes this triplet...includes 4 copies of a tRNA that specifically recognizes amber stop codons (TGA) to encode phosphoserine...strain, C321.ΔA. Because the phosphorserine OTS recognizes the TAG amber stop codon, using the OTS in an...is an ‘open’ codon, which can be specifically recognized by the Sep-tRNA. 3. An expression plasmid encoding...mutagenesis. In the C321.ΔA strain, this TGA will be recognized by Sep-tRNA and translated with a specific phosphoserine...

... specifically, cognate peptide epitopes fused to the protein of interest are recognized and thus fluorescently...Cas9 protein is composed of an n-terminal DNA recognition domain and a mostly c-terminal nuclease domain...dCas9 is fused to a scaffold containing epitopes recognized by scFV antibodies fused to VP64 transcriptional...phage integrases which act irreversibly on their cognate attB/attP sites with no cross-talk. These pairs... plasmid or in various combinations, while the cognate att sites are supplied as individual reporter constructs...chromosome shattering. This method is based on the recognition of genomic loci by three orthogonal nuclease-...gene editing in human cells without cross-talk in cognate sgRNA binding. By fusing these dCas9s with one ...