...fall under two general categories: rho-dependent and rho-independent. Rho factor is a helicase which assists...polymerase in the termination of the transcript. Rho-dependent terminators are not usually employed in...Nearly all common bacterial expression plasmids use Rho-independent terminators, which include naturally ...engineered high-efficiency terminators such as T0. Rho-independent termination is also known as intrinsic...conserved secondary structure and sequence conserved Rho-independent termination annotation for 90 bacterial...structure to induce transcript cleavage, similar to the Rho-independent termination found in prokaryotes. This...Polymerase I uses a process similar to the prokaryotic Rho-dependent mechanism, whereas Polymerase II termination...

...movement, and more, often driven by Rho family signaling pathways. Rho guanine-nucleotide exchange factors...GEFs ITSN1, TIAM1, or p63RhoGEF (which activate the Rho GTPases Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA, respectively) using...  Figure 2: Opto-RhoGEFs to control Rho GTPase activity. A) Schematic of Opto-RhoGEF design and activity...depending on the specific Rho GTPase/GEF pair (Ridley, 2016). Taking control of a RhoGEF is a great way to stimulate... J. (2023). Opto-RhoGEFs, an optimized optogenetic toolbox to reversibly control Rho GTPase activity on...factors (GEFs) activate their partner Rho GTPase, leading to behaviors like lamellipodia or filopodia formation...membrane-recruitment optogenetic tools for manipulating Rho GTPases based on BcLOV4. These single-component systems...

... shines on excitatory channelrhodopsin-expressing neurons, the channelrhodopsins respond by opening and...deliver channelrhodopsins to the brain. This delivery route concentrates lots of channelrhodopsins in one...since current channelrhodopsins tools have low conductance, but also confines channelrhodopsin activation...conductance compared to current channelrhodopsins. Their new channelrhodopsins, called ChRgers, make the brain...engineering channelrhodopsins There are three main challenges to engineering channelrhodopsins to have improved...to predict if a channelrhodopsin sequence would result in a functional channelrhodopsin, as well as predict... predict which channelrhodopsins from a library of ~120,000 predicted channelrhodopsin sequences would...

...PubMed PMID: 30166441. MerMAIDs - marine channelrhodopsins for the optogenetic toolbox Article contributed...contributed by Susanna Bachle Anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (ChR) are ion channels that can be used to...

... L. Direct multiplex imaging and optogenetics of Rho GTPases enabled by near-infrared FRET. Nat Chem Biol...blue-light controlled optogenetics, such as channelrhodopsins and tools based on light-oxygen-voltage (LOV...

...Microbial rhodopsins are encoded by opsin genes, and include bacteriorhodopsins, halorhodopsins, and channelrhodopsins... 50 years ago with the discovery of microbial rhodopsins, light-sensitive proteins that absorb photons...light (Zhang et al., 2011). What do microbial rhodopsins and neurons have in common? Neuronal stimulations...when hit with the correct wavelength, microbial rhodopsins enable ions to flow across the axon’s membrane... 2012). For example, blue light activates channelrhodopsins that, in turn, trigger neural excitation, ..., whereas yellow light activates halorhodopsins to silence neuronal activity (Figure 1) (Wiegert et al...genetically modified viruses encoding microbial rhodopsins into specific cerebral regions. The resulting...

..., the JEDI-2P is an excellent choice. Rhodopsin GEVIs Rhodopsin is composed of an opsin (a GPCR) linked...are two flavors of rhodopsin GEVIs. The first is a two-in-one system where rhodopsin functions as both ...second type of these GEVIs: a FP-fused rhodopsin. FP-fusion to rhodopsin resulted in electrochromic FRET capable..., with rhodopsin quenching the added fluor for this two-part fluorescent system, and rhodopsin still functioning... 2 main groups: voltage sensitive domains and Rhodopsin containing GEVIs. Chemigenetic sensors are better...exceeds that of the VSD GEVIs. However, since rhodopsin proteins were initially evolved for ion transport... functioning as the voltage sensor. FP-rhodopsin GEVIs have been engineered to have kinetics comparable...

... of light-gated potassium channelrhodopsins, named Kalium channelrhodopsins (KCRs), from a fungus-like...-2P Novel class of light-gated potassium channelrhodopsins Myc-tag antibody anti-c-Myc [9E10] now available...   Novel class of light-gated potassium channelrhodopsins by: Mike Lacy New work from the labs of Mingshan... attempts to engineer potassium-selective channelrhodopsins. HcKCR1 has a maximum absorption of 540 nm...plasmids here!   Govorunova EG, et al. Kalium channelrhodopsins are natural light-gated potassium channels...

...Pseudomonas spp., Rhizobium spp., Rhodopseudomonas spp., Rhodospirillum spp., Shewanella spp., Thiobacillus...leguminosarum, R. meliloti, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, R. capsulatus, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, Salmonella...Rhizobium meliloti, R. leguminosarum by. viciae, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae...

...light-activated tool for controlling neuronal activity, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a blue light-activated cation channel...Light-gated ion channels Light activated ion channels (rhodopsins) either excite or inhibit neuronal activity upon...endogenous light-sensitive receptors, like mammalian rhodopsin, and the intracellular domain of an endogenous...   Figure 3: Chimeric OptoXR incorporating rhodopsin undergoes a conformational change when exposed...Ollig, D., Hegemann, P., & Bamberg, E. (2003). Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective...

... with Mark Howarth. Shining a light on channelrhodopsins – Chronos & Chrimson Through de novo sequencing...Boyden’s lab has identified a variety of new channelrhodopsins for use as optogenetics tools. These tools...tools include a pair of channelrhodopsins, Chronos and Chrimson, which have enabled the group to perform ...The paper describes five previously unknown channelrhodopsins from different species: Stigleoclonium helveticum...and has faster kinetics than those of other channelrhodopsins. CnChR1, nicknamed Chrimson, is the first ...first reported yellow-peaked channelrhodopsin with a spectral peak at 590 nm, which is 45 nm more red-shifted...

...stimulation         In the video above, Channelrhodopsin 2 (Chr2) has been expressed in the motor cortex...For example, the light-gated cation channel, Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), exists in several states: closed...coordination by Gi/o protein-coupled vertebrate rhodopsin in cerebellar Purkinje cells. The Journal of biological...PMID: 22157972. 3. Britt JP, et al. Use of channelrhodopsin for activation of CNS neurons. Current protocols...

... classic small molecule fluorophores, such as rhodamines (Figure 2a), were discovered in the 19th century...structure have yielded commercial panels of advanced rhodamine fluorophores, such as the Alexa Fluor and ATTO... brightness and photostability of the classic rhodamines and their analogs without sacrificing their small...advanced imaging modalities. Follow him on twitter @rhodamine110.   References 1. Liu, Zhe, Luke D. Lavis, and...

...standard opsins (see table above) include Channelrhodopsin2 (Chr2), a blue-light sensitive non-specific...and subsequent firing of an action potential. Halorhodopsins (HR) are green/yellow-light sensitive chloride...inhibition of action potential generation. Archaerhodopsin (Arch) is activated at a similar spectrum as...PMC3337962. 8. Zhao S, et al. Cell type-specific channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice for optogenetic dissection...

...Chroma Spectra Viewer comparing a standard Cy3 or Rhodamine filter set (Chroma #49004) to the spectra of both...mCherry. In general, filter sets designed for Rhodamine / Cy3 will work better with shorter wavelength...filter set, designed for DAPI / Fluorescein / Rhodamine / Cy5 (e.g. Semrock's) and the similar 4-laser...

...Ace-mScarlet, a fusion of a voltage-sensitive inhibitory rhodopsin (Ace2N) with the red fluorescent protein (mScarlet...fusion between the voltage-sensitive inhibitory rhodopsin Ace2N and mScarlet. Ace2N quenches a proportion...green-fluorescent GEVIs and blue-light-sensitive channelrhodopsins. Find the Ace-mScarlet voltage indicator plasmids...

...metagenomically discovered marine anion-conducting channelrhodopsin used as a sensitive fluorescent voltage indicator...Hyperpolarizing chloride channel SwiChr++ - A channelrhodopsin converted into a chloride-conducting anion... step-function artificial anion conducting channelrhodopsin (aACR). It is activated by cyan light and ...

...Patrick Miller-Rhodes from the University of Rochester Medical Center. Patrick Miller-Rhodes is currently...This post was contributed by Patrick Miller-Rhodes, a Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Predoctoral Fellow at ...

... illustrated with my favorite microorganism (Rhodobacter sphaeroides!) at the ASM booth. As well as being...Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and a fellow Rhodobacter enthusiast, Tim also hosted me at his University...

..., Adam Cohen's lab presented Archaerhodopsin 3 (Arch) as a new rhodopsin based voltage indicator for use...plasma membrane. To obtain a more sensitive channelrhodopsin actuator for triggering action potentials ...lab further modified sdChr- a blue-shifted channelrhodpson from freshwater green alga identified by Ed...