...single genetically-defined subset of cells. By labeling fewer cells in a population, it’s easier to visualize...non-overlapping cells. While transgenic animals are commonly used to specifically manipulate a cell type of interest...expressed. In cells where the stop cassette remains, the effector is not expressed and the cells are not labeled...sparse labeling of the cell population that expresses SPARC and the fraction of cells that will be labeled... interest in an organism, all cells of that type are affected. Previous tools to overcome this restraint... of the gene construct. A predictable number of cells will express the effector or retain the stop cassette...tool that allows for the labeling of a subset of cells with the same genetic makeup, overcomes all of these...

...it first infects one cell (the “starter cell”). It then replicates within that cell, and nascent RABV cross...connections to the starter cell, RABV was modified to only infect user-defined starter cell types, as well as ...dictate infection of target cells through their interactions with target cell surface receptors (Callaway...Callaway 2008). Based on this, cell type specificity of the starter cell can be achieved by using EnvA-pseudotyped...studied biological processes, like how our stem cells are housed in specific locations and give rise to...Tracers Due to their ability to efficiently enter cells and deliver a variety of cargoes, genetically engineered...replicate, and for a virus to cross a synapse from one cell to another, it must replicate. Modified Rabies Virus...

...varying across cell types. Variance can be caused by cell cycle rates; rapidly diving cells will have higher... of your cells. Enrich S-phase cells HR operates predominantly in S and G2 phase of the cell cycle, when...HDR events, ensure cells are actively cycling through the cell cycle stages. If cells are overly confluent...way to make a knock-in cell line is to utilize the built-in repair pathway cells already have for repairing...than quiescent cells. It is important to know that HR is often mutated in cancer cells, specifically in...keeping an eye on those cells! To take this one step further, you can inhibit cell cycle regulatory proteins...negative outcomes on viability if cells are arrested too long. Prolonged cell cycle arrest can lead to apoptosis...

...transgenic cell lines? One of the major uses of the piggyBac™ system is to create stable transgenic cell lines...efficiency is likely to be cell line-dependent, and should be tested in the cell line of interest. Importantly...If the cell’s chromatin structure undergoes significant rearrangement (such as when a stem cell initiates...manipulations in animal models or cells lines, including stem cells, without leaving behind any accessory...applications, including making transgenic cell lines and genetically-modified cell lines. Furthermore, the use of... in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Choosing the Correct Path.,” J. stem cell Regen. Biol., vol. 1, no. ...cytotoxic for proliferating cells and provides a simple tool for conditional cell ablation.,” Proc. Natl. ...

...on or in these cells: antibodies can bind to proteins on the cell surface, or the cell membrane can be...fusing B cells that have been extracted from animals injected with protein antigen to myeloma cells. The ... measurement of protein expression in cell lysates, whole cells, or tissue samples. Many experiments that...heterogeneous mixture - for example, cell lysate or media from cultured cells. ELISA can be used to quantitatively...same cell simultaneously as well as compare between samples. Learn more about flow cytometry. Cell and ... (immunohistochemistry) or cells (immunocytochemistry). This could be cells or tissue slices mounted to...an animal, to directly label circulating cells or other cells that are accessible from the bloodstream...

... produced. Cells - Antibodies can also be produced in cell cultures using hybridomas, cell cultures created...created by fusing B cells with myeloma cells (immortalized B cells). The genetic reorganization that creates...identify and sort cells from a mixed population. Overview of application Collect cells from cell culture or ...specificity occurs in the B cell itself prior to antibody production; therefore, each B cell only produces one ... specific hybridoma cells into plasmids. Plasmids are then transfected into cells and induced to express...determines the isotype of the antibody. B cells, the immune cell responsible for producing antibodies, can...mature B cell can clone itself to enable higher production of a single antibody, but each B cell can only...

...like microbes in a drop of pond water or the cells in your cell culture dish. Microscopes come in a huge ...transmission electron microscopes that allow us to see cellular components with science-fiction levels of detail...

...including Trends in Cell Biology, Cell, Molecular Cell, Developmental Cell, and Cell Stem Cell.  She was the...inception and launch of other Cell Press journals, including Cell Metabolism, Cell Reports and Joule. In September...Deborah Sweet from Cell Press. Deborah Sweet is the Vice President of Editorial at Cell Press.  She trained...the founding Editor-in-Chief of Cell Stem Cell, a role she held for 10 years, and played a major role in...by Deborah Sweet, Vice President of Editorial at Cell Press. Almost everyone who works in a lab struggles...communication of science very seriously. That’s why at Cell Press we developed STAR Methods to improve the structure...trained originally in cell biology, completing her PhD at the MRC LMB in Cambridge UK and then a postdoc...

...packaging cell line. γ-Retroviruses can transduce target cells, but the transduced target cell does not...using helper-free packaging cell lines This method utilizes a packaging cell line that stably expresses... packaging cell line. For example, Phoenix, a second generation γ-retrovirus packaging cell line developed...and rat cells), or an amphotropic envelope, Phoenix-AMPHO (for the infection of mammalian cells.) Using...transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells because once in the host cell cytoplasm, the viral components are...for efficient gene delivery to mammalian cells using 293T cell-based systems. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2001...γ-retroviruses (gamma-retroviruses) in cancer and stem cell research has prompted the development of multiple...

...resistant cancer cells exist prior to drug treatment. They infected a non-small cell lung cancer cell line containing...same parent cells that represent the preexisting resistant subpopulation 2. Resistant cells among the separate... target cell population at low multiplicity of infection (MOI) such that each individual cell receives...researchers to individually label millions of mammalian cells through lentiviral infection and to monitor their...quantify the take rate of mouse xenografts after cell implantation. Their goal was to figure out how to...ClonTracer library to determine whether or not cancer cell populations resistant to drug treatments arise during...They hypothesized that, if they labeled the parent cell population using the library, propagated it, separated...

...heterogeneous population of mutant cells, with each cell or set of cells containing a mutation in a different...separately.  Mutant cells are enriched using either drug selection or fluorescence-based cell sorting and screened...mutant cells can be used in drug screens to identify genes that confer drug-resistance. Mutant cells are ...generate lentivirus (B). Cas9-expressing cells or wild-type cells are treated with lentivirus containing...plus Cas9 to generate the mutant cells, respectively (C). Mutant cells are screened (D) and "hits" are ...lead to skewed results. Selecting a cell type - Theoretically, any cell type can be used in a CRISPR screen...requires a massive amount of cells as starting material. Therefore, cell types that are of low abundance...

...). These cell-permeable Janelia Fluor (JF) dyes have excellent properties inside living cells, especially... fluorescent proteins. In-cell labeling strategies The majority of in-cell labeling strategies have two...and oligonucleotide labels for fixed-cell imaging, not for live-cell applications. Thus, these fluorophores..."Imaging live-cell dynamics and structure at the single-molecule level." Molecular cell 58.4 (2015): 644...sparked a renaissance in biological imaging. Suddenly, cell biologists were no longer beholden to chemists and.... Add a dash of DNA with an electrical jolt and cells become perfectly capable of synthesizing fluorophore...question: In this age of GFP and its ilk, why should cell biologists talk to chemists? One reason is something...

...restoring mCherry expression. Cells can then be sorted using Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and the...easily determined by comparing cells expressing only eGFP expression to cells expressing eGFP and mCherry...expressed in cells. mCherry is constitutively expressed to identify successfully transfected cells. C-to-T ...eGFP and mCherry positive cells by the number of only mCherry positive cells (Martin et al., 2019). ...TREE) to purify single base edited cells without the need for single cell isolation and downstream sequencing...fluorescence and cell sorting using FACS which could limit their use across different cell types and systems...sgRNA targeting the GFPACG to the cells. As expected, only the cells that contained the cytidine base ...

...enzyme-mediated proximity cell labeling strategy to detect cell-cell interactions in vivo (Ge et al., 2019...about RapID! EXCELL: Proximity labeling for the detection of cell-cell interactions EXCELL is an enzyme-mediated...et al. "Enzyme-Mediated Intercellular Proximity Labeling for Detecting Cell–Cell Interactions." Journal...a bait protein fused to BirA* in cells and then incubate those cells with exogenous biotin. After a few...-protein interactions, and even more recently cell-cell interactions. If you’re looking to identify interactions...proximal and interacting proteins in mammalian cells." J Cell Biol 196.6 (2012): 801-810. PubMed PMID: 22412018...peptide (LPETG). In EXCELL, the mgSrtA variant can be displayed on the surface of a cell of interest, where...

...engineered cells in therapy. The lungs are difficult, but other tissues like the retina have cell-based therapies...Chapter 9: Using stem cells as in-vitro models of disease. How Darrell is using stem cells from patients to...sharing reagents, cell lines, data, and knowledge without exclusivity. Chapter 11: The Stem Cell Bank (CReM ...the lungs, and, among other projects, using stem cells to develop in vitro models for lung disease. Darrell...what drives him as a praticing physician and stem cell researcher. Darrell's ultimate goal - to develop...means to treat disease through tissue repair, stem cells, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. How the multidisciplinary...projects - differentiating surfactant producing cells that can be used to better understand the biology...

...vectors designed to express nucleases in different cell types. Zinc finger arrays can be transferred in-...vectors designed to express nucleases in different cell types. Zinc finger arrays created using ZFC reagents...nuclease domains: pST1374 (for expression in mammalian cells or zebrafish) pDW1775 (for expression in plants)... Miller et al., Nat Biotech 2007 ) in mammalian cells or zebrafish (can be used as a substitute for pMLM335... Miller et al., Nat Biotech 2007 ) in mammalian cells or zebrafish (can be used as a substitute for pMLM336... Miller et al., Nat Biotech 2007 ) in mammalian cells or zebrafish). pMLM802 (for expression of a ZFN ... Miller et al., Nat Biotech 2007 ) in mammalian cells or zebrafish). pMG10 (a '“2-in-1” ZFN cassette for...

...transfected cells, we count the number of tag-positive cells (tag ICC) as a percentage of total cells in the...Deliver csRNP into cells: Prepare cells for transfection, add csRNP and ssODN to the cell suspension, transfect...csRNP plus ssODN, is then transfected into stem cells. Cells are allowed to recover for 2-5 days and then...efficiently these components are delivered into cells; for each cell type, the transfection/delivery step needs...Proteins - the workhorses of the cell – never work alone in the cellular milieu. It is, therefore, critical...DNA) to perform diverse biochemical tasks in the cell. One of the most popular approaches to study protein...with its associated protein complexes - from the cell-lysate using antibodies against the target protein...

...unstable, meaning that the cells must continually produce antitoxin to avoid cell death. In the case of plasmids...addiction systems” require dividing cells to retain plasmids - if a cell does not inherit plasmid due to ...will be degraded leaving the cell to be killed by the more stable toxin. Cells only survive if they retain...10% of cells while plasmids containing the plasmid addiction system were retained in 75% of cells. They...designated this fragment as the ccdB region (for “coupled cell division”). The encoded toxin-antitoxin system consists...cleaved complex. This results in DNA breakage and cell death. Conversely, CcdA binds to and blocks the ... replaced by the gene of interest. As a result, cells that retain the ccdB gene die off and a higher percentage...

...untreated cells—but can we be certain? Do we know whether the plasmid delivered into the cells successfully...amount of DNA transfected into the cells and the ability of the cells to express the protein.   In analysis...Gene X in backbone Y) was transfected into human cells. From this result one could simply conclude that...didn’t work, as the expression level of Gene X in cells treated with Plasmid A is similar to the expression...or transfection process) may have on the target cells. One transfection control is an empty vector control... itself has any cytotoxic effects on the target cells. Another type of transfection control is an internal...plasmid or transfected into a separate well of your cells. Regardless, the amount of reporter protein activity...

...lines expressing GFP in specific cell types to do more than just label cells. If GFP could be co-opted to ...reporter output was observed in their 293 cell culture system. In cells cotransfected with GFP and the GBPs,...expression was induced in ~76% of GFP+ cells, and 100% of DsRed+ cells also expressed GFP. Using AAV constructs...fluorescent proteins as scaffolds for cell-specific gene manipulation.” Cell 154(4) (2013): 928-939. PubMed ...wanted to express a variety of proteins in single cell types in the mouse, but knew it would take years...could then selectively manipulate only GFP-labeled cells. Once Tang and Cepko found a description of GFP-...heavy chain, and they are small and stable inside cells. Nanobodies binding GFP were designed in 2009. Subsequent...

...the producer cells and purification protocols often describe a process that begins with cell lysis to release... steps to separate cell culture supernatant containing exo-AVVs from producer cells, and then to enrich...effectively target less accessible cells, such as brain tumor stromal cells in a mouse model of glioblastoma...particles is able to infect more cells (as demonstrated in different cellular environments such as retina ...Exosomal vesicles secreted from producer cells also contain cellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins, nucleic...Standard AAV vectors are generated with a producer cell line like the widely used 293T. During vector production... to be spontaneously released from the producer cells into the supernatant during the production phase...

...improved cell-free system to examine biosynthetic pathways A new tool for enriching ABE-targeted cells The ...interest, and cell extract.    Graphical Abstract: Schematic representation of cell-free system,...successfully reconstituted in this cell-free system. In summary, this cell free system allows for a relatively...multiplexed and can be used in human pluripotent stem cells, a cell type that has been difficult to modify in the... Corner New ready-to-use viral preps   Improved cell-free transcription/translation system to examine...biosynthetic pathways  By Gabrielle Clouse Recently, cell-free transcription/translation systems (also referred....0c00581   New tool for enrichment of ABE-targeted cells By Ellie Adams Single base modifications through...

...purposes, like creating stable cell lines, delivering CRISPR/Cas9 to cells for genome editing, and introducing...viral entry into the host cell.  Transfecting these three plasmids into cells enables the production of...lost through cycles of cell division, though the rate of loss greatly depends on cell turnover. Why use ...be different for each transduced cell, there’s no telling which cells may harbor these unwanted interruptions...expression in non-dividing cells IDLVs can also be useful for transducing non-dividing cells, as they avoid the... chromosome of the cell. This integrated viral genome is then part of the cellular DNA… forever!  This... transduced cells and quantifying the integrated viral DNA along with a reference cellular gene. When ...

... pH Imaging intracellular pH in live cells (pHRed) Imaging Intracellular pH in Live Cells with a Genetically...SponGee: A Genetic Tool for Subcellular and Cell-Specific cGMP Manipulation. Cell Rep. 2019 Jun 25;27(13):... Tantama ATP QUEEN ATP sensors for live-cell imaging Live cell imaging of metabolic heterogeneity by quantitative...for Imaging Insulin Secretion in Single beta Cells. Cell Chem Biol. 2017 Apr 20;24(4):525-531.e4. Dmytro...accessibility. Cell. 2022 Sep 1;185(18):3390-3407.e18. David Clapham Return to Top Cell Physiology Target...ATP (extracellular) ecAT3.10 extracellular ATP sensor (cell surface targeted) Imaging extracellular ATP...Sensors in Arrayed Islands of Cells for multimodal recordings of cellular physiology. Nat Commun. 2020 ...

...primary human cells  Cell therapy approaches can use base editors to correct mutations in stem cells and return...primary human cell editing, the researchers tested ABE8 in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. ABE8 efficiently... In addition to stem cells the authors targeted 6 genes in primary human T cells using 8 selected ABE8s...to edit primary human T cells efficiently makes it a promising tool for T cell therapy development.  Reducing...be introduced into cells as a plasmid or as mRNA constructs. In primary human cells mRNA delivery of ABEs...ability for more robust editing in human cell lines and primary cells makes them a great addition to the base...these base changes, especially in primary human cells. Now, scientists at Beam Therapeutics have found...

...cancerous cells Luckily, there are several safety mechanisms in place to protect us from rogue cells when ...process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is one such mechanism. When a cell or its genetic material... directly inhibit the ability of a cell to undergo programmed cell death while simultaneously stimulating...eliminate every cancerous cell. Even so, to pose the greatest threat, cancerous cells still need to successfully...universally-dividing behavior of cancer cells, attacking the cellular machinery necessary for division. This...proteins that, when expressed, normally encourage cell survival, growth and proliferation, while tumor ... suppressors perform the opposite task, keeping cells from dividing out of control. One may compare the...

...with live host cells Now you can proceed with incubating this membrane with your cells of interest and...membranes well with PBST to remove unbound cells. To detect bound cells, simply lay each membrane on an agar... cloned into E. coli cells, isolated colonies will be lifted onto nitrocellulose membranes and exposed... proteins directly onto the nitrocellulose for subsequent probing for cell-binding activity.  First, cut...E. coli or Salmonella, or any cells that bind strongly to nitrocellulose, over-incubation of plates can...directly onto nitrocellulose and carry out the steps from blocking the membrane to probing with cells in order...structure(s) a given phage will recognize on a host cell. To make matters even more interesting, much of...

...demonstrated its use to probe cell mechanics, vesicle transport, and cell division, but given the long ... expressed in a monolayer of endothelial cells, showing cell protrusions and overlaps (arrows) after blue...2016). Rho GTPase signalling in cell migration. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 36, 103–112. https://doi.org...Optogenetics gives you the power to control cells or organisms with the flip of a switch. You may be ...optogenetic tools to control the cytoskeleton and cell membrane dynamics. First, a quick refresher.  The...important components of the cytoskeleton. They provide cells with physical structure, separate chromosomes during...strategies are available to disrupt microtubules in cells, they have various disadvantages and limitations...

...at bioRxiv. AAV2 interacts with the packaging cell's cell membrane When packaging adeno-associated viral...of the packaging cells (Vandenberghe, 2010). Rather than being released into the cell culture supernatant... particles associate with the cell membrane and are taken into the cell via endocytosis. In our study,...AAV2 viral particles by our packaging cells by treating the cells with the endocytosis inhibitor sucrose...target cells is blocked following sucrose treatment. Moreover, several reports have shown that cells treated... yields approximately 1.8-fold without affecting cell viability. This effect appears to be serotype specific...difference between untreated and sucrose treated cells. Although we were unable to deduce the mechanism...

... mammalian cells 48880 3xFNLDD/pMXs-I2 iChIP plasmid, expresses 3xFNLDD in mammalian cells 48972 3xFNLDD...mammalian cells 49536 3xFNLDD/pMXs-puro iChIP plasmid, expresses 3xFNLDD in mammalian cells 51240 3xFLAG-dCas9...Thy28-MYH9 axis in B cell-specific expression of the Pax5 gene in chicken B cells. Fujita T, Kitaura F...enChIP plasmid, expresses 3xFLAG-dCas9 in mammalian cells for enChIP analysis to purify specific genomic regions...3xFLAG-dCas9/pMXs-puro Expresses 3xFLAG-dCas9 in mammalian cells for enChIP analysis to purify specific genomic regions...3xFLAG-dCas9/pMXs-IG Expresses 3xFLAG-dCas9 in mammalian cells for enChIP analysis to purify specific genomic regions...3xFLAG-dCas9/pMXs-I2 Expresses 3xFLAG-dCas9 in mammalian cells for enChIP analysis to purify specific genomic regions...

...recombined cells. Recombination is a rare event, so you must select as opposed to screen for cells where recombination...Correctly recombined cells will not contain the negative selection marker, but cells with random recombination...modified version of the targeted sequence to the cell which will recombine the template with the endogenous... used to inactivate specific genes in mammalian cells. Despite the popularity of CRISPR-based knockout...targeting construct. For recombination to occur in a cell, a minimum of 2 kb of sequence homology is required...antibiotic resistance gene. To avoid selecting for cells in which the construct has randomly integrated into...outside one of the homology arms. When we select cells later, we will first perform a positive selection...

...efficient gene deletion in B cells, T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, with no deleterious effects...to HEK293FT and HeLa cell lines. When the miRNA activity profile for a given cell type is already known...or ZFN to edit immune cells poses challenges such as the inhibition of immune cell differentiation. Furthermore...immune cell activity. However, a CRISPR-based tool for in vivo functional analysis of immune cells has been...construct in bone marrow stem cells from Cas9-expressing mice, and used the cells to reconstitute the immune..., these reporters can help define the different cells present in a mixed population, or identify differentiation...turning the single-input reporters into multi-input cell classifiers in one assembly step. Find the miRNA...

...dividing cells only, so is not suitable for infection of quiescent cells or infrequently cycling cells but ...non-dividing cells, making it conducive to targeting all cell types. Altogether, AAV has many excellent features...DNA copies of their genome upon infecting a host cell. This viral DNA (also called proviral DNA) is then...and permanently integrate a genetic cargo into a cell. These viruses have a cargo capacity of ~ 8 kb, ...needs, and can transduce (infect) a wide range of cell types with a high efficiency. However, gamma-retrovirus...but is fine for experiments with immortalized cell line cultures. Lentivirus Lentivirus is a type of retrovirus...lentivirus can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. Lenti particles enter the nucleus through nuclear...

... preparations are added to cells in culture. Three to five days later, cell cultures are inspected for... a new vial of early passage cells. Approximately 2 weeks post-thaw, cell culture supernatant is tested...involves transducing cells with serial dilutions of the lentiviral vector, harvesting cells several days later...see maps section for images). Figure 2: AAV Pro cells were transduced with either pAAV-Ef1a-mCherry-IRES-Cre... (55634-AAVrg) alone at 1.7E6 viral genomes (vg)/cell, pAAV-CAG-FLEX-rc [Jaws-KGC-GFP-ER2] (Addgene 84445...Production Lentiviral preparations are produced in 293T cells using the 2nd generation psPAX2 and pMD2.G packaging...packaging system developed by the Trono lab . Cell culture medium (OptiPro SFM) containing lentivirus is ...

...and yeast cells are cost-effective and faster-growing than mammalian cells, but mammalian cells can perform...your cells with your plasmid(s), and then wait 7-14 days (in mammalian cells) to collect the cell culture...production system, cell lines typically used include Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) cells and Chinese Hamster...recombinant antibodies with some molecular biology and cell culture experience. Let’s go over the basics of ... place in bacterial, yeast, plant, or mammalian cells. Each of these systems has their advantages and ...post-translational modifications that bacterial and most yeast cells cannot. Your choice of production system may depend...Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. (L'Abbé et al., 2018).  Recombinant antibodies can be produced through a single...

...transduction of cells, resulting in cell population mutated by the viral pooled library. These cells can then...transduce your cells.  Titering After generating your lentivirus, you’ll want to infect your cells with the ...of a cell being infected by only one viral particle, but it also increases the chances that a cell doesn...adequately represented in the cell population, you’ll need to infect many more cells than the number of plasmids...appropriate packaging and envelope plasmids into HEK cells allows production of lentivirus. Purification of...small aliquot is not enough to transfect producer cells, so your first step will be to amplify the library...approach for producing lentivirus in Lenti-X 293T cells using a polyethyenimine transfection protocol. I...

... and track clones of cells over time. Examples of useful tools for studying cells that share clonal origin...Shendure Lab Simultaneous single-cell profiling of lineages and cell types in the vertebrate brain - Alex...Mumm Lab. NTR 2.0/MTZ-based cell ablation system that allows sustained cell loss and ablation of ...Sauka-Spengler Lab Lineage Tracing Cell lineage tracing in multicellular systems typically relies on genetic...below: UFlip CRISPR targeted integration vectors for cell-type specific conditional gene inactivation - Jeffrey...Pantazis Lab Multibow: digital spectral barcodes for cell tracing - Sean Megason Lab Zebrabow - Albert Pan... previously resistant cell types. CreLite - George Eisenhoffer Lab. An optogenetically controlled...

...hard-to-transfect mammalian cells. In addition, "viral pseudotyping" can be used to target specific cells or tissues. ...genetic material into a cell, and even deliver this genetic material to specific cells in an organism. Figure...Genome Packaging Capacity Virus Size (nm) Cells Infected Target Cell Genome Integration Immune Response Lentivirus...because of their ability to transduce non-dividing cells. These viruses enable long-term stable gene expression...ability to preferentially infect and kill cancer cells. Adenoviruses have high transduction efficiency ... though this infectivity is limited to dividing cells. Retroviruses integrate permanently into the host...for the delivery of this genetic information to cells. Adapting plasmid DNA for use with virus-mediated...

...Cas9 in Intestinal Stem Cell Organoids of Cystic Fibrosis Patients." Cell Stem Cell. 13, 653-658 (2013). ...patient’s own cells that have been modified ex vivo, previously edited healthy donor cells can be delivered...Genetic Disease in Mouse Via Use of CRISPR/Cas9." Cell Stem Cell. 13, 659-662 (2013). Gerald Schwank et al. ...on editing animal models of disease and cultured cells. For example, in 2013, Jinsong Li and colleagues...applied CRISPR to disease correction in adult stem cells isolated from two patients with cystic fibrosis ...delivery directly to the patient. Patient-derived cells can alternatively be harvested, edited ex vivo, ...therapies involve editing healthy donor-derived cells and delivering them to the patient.   Current...

...copy number in the cell is high, but allows replication when copy number in the cell falls too low (Novcik...system to partition themselves to each daughter cell during cell division. They don’t simply rely on chance...eukaryotic cells). The partition NTPase is recruited and “walks” each plasmid to a separate daughter cell. When... daughter cell, instead of partitioning each type of plasmid into a separate daughter cells (Figure 2)...from the cell with the same probability, or asymmetrical, where one plasmid lost from the cell at a higher...different plasmids to be maintained in one bacterial cell. In this Plasmids 101 post, we’ll cover why this...incompatibility occurs when multiple plasmids within one cell have the same replicon and/or partitioning system...