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...is to enhance their efficacy, safety, and/or specificity. Antibodies are frequently used both benchside... and functional optimization to increase the specificity and stability. Optimizing antibodies for better...better pharmacokinetics and reduced immunogenicity allows for more efficient and targeted delivery of treatments...protein towards a specific goal, like improved specificity. There are different ways to achieve this goal...were aiming to increase an antibody’s binding specificity, you can perform binding assays against the target...target antigen to identify mutants with enhanced specificity. Assay conditions, such as pH or temperature,...color":"#0052a9","css":"#0052a9","hex":"#0052a9","opacity":100,"rgb":"rgb(0, 82, 169)","rgba":"rgba(0, 82...

... of an “electricity aggregation program” for all local households and businesses. Electricity aggregation...September all will be powered by 100% renewable electricity! A (not so) shocking transition  In early July...program offers options of between 14% - 100% electricity supplied from renewable sources and we have chosen... As a result, we will be drawing 100% of our electricity from renewable energy projects right here in ...save energy. The transition to 100% renewable electricity will allow us to maintain these particularly ...more eco-friendly The switch to 100% renewable electricity is certainly not the only sustainability effort...

...of the page that help you cite this publication in your own work: How to cite this plasmid: The Recipient...template citation for you to use in your Materials and Methods and References sections when citing the use...Acknowledgement (RSA) asks requesting scientists to cite the depositing lab whenever their plasmids are used...Addgene catalog number to easily find template citations for Addgene plasmids you have used in your research...including genbank files and protocols here. Articles Citing this Plasmid: This is a relatively new feature ...Resources on the Addgene Blog Read about Our New Citations Feature Check out Our Walkthrough of the Deposit...

...protocolLess specificityIncreased chance of cross-reactivity Sandwich High specificityHigh sensitivity... Scientists value ELISAs for their accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity (a good ELISA can detect picogram...). Fluorescent tags may also be used, but for simplicity we will discuss the more common enzyme-based ... primary antibodies of the same isotype.     Specificity and timing are the major disadvantages of the...capture and detection steps, which increases the specificity of the assay. The assay is also flexible, as ...of background stainingLess sensitivityLess specificityLimited availability of conjugated antibodies ...of cross-reactivity Less sensitivityLess specificityLimited availability of conjugated antibodies ...

...retroviruses generally have moderate to high immunogenicity, meaning they induce an immune response in ... cargo into a cell. These viruses have a cargo capacity of ~ 8 kb, ample room for most experimental needs.... Lentiviruses have slightly larger packaging capacities than gamma-retrovirus, coming in around 9 kb....along with the endogenous DNA. AAV also has low immunogenicity, meaning it does not induce the same high immune...direct application of virus. However, the cargo capacity of AAV is ~4.7 kb, almost half that of lenti and...identified so far! Adenovirus generally has high immunogenicity, but some strains have been engineered to induce...too. May your titer always be high and your immunogenicity low! References and Resources References Robinson...

...Energy Transfer. Unlike the typical excitation and emission of an excited fluorophore, FRET involves a non-radiative...Donor fluorophore excitation by absorption of a photon 2. Energy transfer from the excited donor directly...transfer of energy (i.e. no emitted photons) from the excited donor fluorophore to the acceptor fluorophore. ...spectrum of the donor fluorophore overlaps with the excitation spectrum of the acceptor fluorophore. Otherwise... transferred from the donor will not be able to excite the acceptor. In addition to sufficient spectral...

...monomeric cyan-excitable red fluorescent protein (mCyRFP1). Derived from cyan-excitable organge fluorescent.... While certain cell types, such as principal excitatory cells and glia, have been successfully targeted...fluorescent protein (CyOFP1), some of the exciting properties of mCyRFP1 include a redshifted-emission spectrum...major advantage of mCyRFP1 is its ability to be coexcited along with EGFP while retaining an emission spectrum...CaMKII and RhoA during induction of structural plasticity in single dendritic spines. The set of CyRFP ... David Liu’s lab increase both the range and specificity of base editing. Kim et al. used natural and ...on-target editing efficiency. To further improve specificity, they purified HF-BE3 protein for delivery in...

...with broad CNS or PNS transduction, cell type specificity, or retrograde transport in neurons. (b) Genetic...by triangles] facilitate tissue or cell type specificity. An on/off genetic switch can be used for expression...susceptible to off-target transgene expression-induced toxicity in NHPs (Hordeaux et al, 2020; Hudry et al, 2023...designs and administration doses. Note: If capsid immunogenicity is a concern, using a purification method that...broad):  enhanced coverage for inhibitory versus excitatory neurons Mice, rats Yes (LY6A) Chan et al...AAV.CAP-B10 CNS: balanced coverage of inhibitory and excitatory neurons Mice, marmosets Unknown Brown et...capsids were deposited by the Gradinaru lab. For simplicity, in each section we’ll list the Gradinaru capsids...

...showed that Cas7-11 cut RNA with unprecedented specificity: when purified, it could be programmed to generate... targeting experiments. If Cas7-11 lacked this toxicity, it would represent a major step forward for CRISPR-based...up the potential of further development of low-toxicity RNA editing tools.   Fig. 1 Schematic of...the significantly reduced amount of off-target toxicity compared to other RNA editing methods — streamlining...viability – meaning there was no measurable cell toxicity – using Cas7-11. This included tests done in cell... cell lines known to be more sensitive to toxicity from RNA editing, such as mouse embryonic stem cells...CRISPR has yet to fully taken advantage of, but exciting new tools like these represent a major step forward...

...novel SpCas9 variants with altered PAM binding specificity: SpCas9 variant Mutations (relative to ...with an NGA PAM. This variant may increase the specificity of genome modifications at DNA targets adjacent...expanded PAM recognition as well as increased specificity and lower off-target activity (Hu et al., 2018...Kim J-S (2016) Genome-wide analysis reveals specificities of Cpf1 endonucleases in human cells. Nat Biotechnol...Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificities. Nature 523:481–485 . https://doi.org/10.1038...McCaw ZR, Aryee MJ, Joung JK (2016) Genome-wide specificities of CRISPR-Cas Cpf1 nucleases in human cells....variants with broad PAM compatibility and high DNA specificity. Nature 556:57–63 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26155...

...have high activity and specificity with low cross-reactivity, as well as low toxicity. FLP/FRT recombinases... ligand binding domain-fusion can prevent this toxicity, but with the caveat of partial rather than complete.... Finally, Rubin’s group assayed the potential toxicity of these recombinases by crossing flies homozygous...carried both Cre and GAL4, further emphasizing the toxicity of this enzyme in Drosophila. If you're still ....161269798. PubMed. Reduction of Cre recombinase toxicity in proliferating Drosophila cells by estrogen-...

... to no toxicity in the knockout line, it is likely a specific drug with low off-target toxicity. This ...candidates are isolated, they can be validated for specificity to their target, or their direct target can be...developed, it’s good practice to measure the specificity of that target and validate the hit compound....toxic to both lines, it probably has either high toxicity or high off target effects, both of which make...keeps advancing, so will drug discovery – it’s an exciting time to be in the biomedical research field! ...

...interest. Although they have a small packaging capacity, AAV vectors were suitable for our needs for the...vivo animal model should consider the possible elicited immune response from viral infection. Animal safety... also have similar transport characteristics (velocities of movement, distance traveled, etc.) (4). This...identified with AAV2 (5), AAV6 (6) and AAV5 at excitatory connections (3). These facts beg the question...potential of AAVs is their ability to be used with new exciting technologies (such as CRISPR/Cas9) as they allow...Joshua C., and Richard J. Samulski. "Packaging capacity of adeno-associated virus serotypes: impact of...recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors: packaging capacity and the role of rep proteins in vector purity....

...Editing Specificity” by Tycko et al. 2016 and “Defining and improving the genome-wide specificities of CRISPR–Cas9...have been widely adopted due to their relative simplicity and low cost. The problem with these assays is...cleavage reveals RNA-programmed Cas9 nuclease specificity." Nature biotechnology 31.9 (2013): 839-843. ...genome-wide analysis of zinc-finger nuclease specificity." Nature biotechnology 29.9 (2011): 816-823. ...Joung. "Defining and improving the genome-wide specificities of CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases." Nature Reviews Genetics17.5...Methods for Optimizing CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Specificity." Molecular Cell 63.3 (2016): 355-370. PubMed...

....   Excitation with NIR light also produces less non-specific ROS because NIR light doesn’t excite natural...2I-dL5**).   A FAP-TAP complex will light up if excited with light of specific wavelength and also produce...  The iodine-modifications also shift MG-2I’s excitation wavelength to 666 nm, which is within the near-infrared... non-specific ROS when exposed to YFP and RFP excitation wavelengths, which suggests that it could be ...increase cell ablation efficiency, but dL5** phototoxocity is induced when expressed on the cell surface...

... their excitation wavelength. OCaMP is well-suited for these lasers, with two-photon excitation at 1030...3: One- and two-photon excitation and emission spectra of OCaMP. 1P excitation peak is 545 nm, 1P emission...available in your microscope setup. Figure 1: Excitation (dotted) and emission (solid) spectra for various...emission peak is 565 nm, and 2P excitation peak is 1050 nm. Reproduced from Aggarwal et al. 2025 under a...

...contrast, fluorescence occurs when a molecule is excited by a high-energy photon and re-emits a lower-energy...proteins. On the other hand, they don’t require an excitation light source (usually a laser in fluorescence... Background Lower Higher Photobleaching/phototoxicity Not susceptible Susceptible Subcellular imaging...Transfer (FRET) is the transfer of energy from an excited donor fluorophore to an acceptor fluorophore, which...to a nearby fluorophore, which emits light. No excitation illumination needed — just the luminescent substrate...live-cell imaging by avoiding autofluorescence and phototoxicity and even allowing multiple proteins to be visualized...

...photobleaching and phototoxicity that standard FPs might induce though their continuous excitation. By generating...chromophore which contribute to the 2 peaks of wtGFP’s excitation spectrum- a major 397 nm peak and minor 475 nm...anionic form, causing increased fluorescence when excited with 488nm blue light. The T203H mutation in PA-GFP...Contrast (Fold Change in Fluorescence) Brightness Excitation/ Emission (nm) PA-GFP Monomer UV-Violet Dark...Contrast (Fold Change in Fluorescence) Brightness Excitation/ Emission (nm) Dronpa Monomer UV-Violet Dark...own quirks (level of zoom, intensity, possible excitation lasers) it is also important to optimize your...

...AAV components      Cargo capacity Empty rAAV has a cargo capacity of ~ 4.7 kb, meaning that your...or not infect) different cell types with some specificity. There are a lot of AAV serotypes, many of which...or 2A to co-express them from one promoter. Specificity The ability of AAV to drive gene expression in...or tissues is one of its biggest advantages. Specificity can be achieved using specialized promoters, ..., and/or serotype can also be used to ensure specificity; this is particularly helpful when wanting to...

...the host genome, removing the risk of oncogenicity or genotoxicity seen with other vectors (Lukashev et...large transgene packaging capacity. For instance, with a packaging capacity of about 6 kb, the 1st generation...AdVs have already a packaging capacity larger than AAV vectors. This capacity is large enough to carry the...