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We narrowed to 682 results for: RON

Showing: 121 - 140 of 682 results

  1. Multicolor Animals: Using Fluorescent Proteins to Understand Single Cell Behavior

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    Blog Post
    ...2011) labels Drosophila neurons at the neuroblast stage, meaning that neurons of the same lineage will...cell types, and research applications. Labeling neurons with Brainbow The Lichtman group developed the ...iteration of this technology in 2007. Used to label neurons in the cerebellum of mice, the team appropriately...2007). Brainbow uses a Cre/lox system to label neurons. Genes encoding the fluorescent proteins are organized...the truncated YFP. In Thy1-Brainbow mice, some neurons expressed as many as 16 copies of the injected ...entire length of the cell, even axons of up to 100 microns in length. Some challenges of the Brainbow system...cells, the expression level of these XFP is not strong enough for all applications. To resolve this, similar...

  2. 22 Hot Plasmid Technologies from 2014

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    Blog Post
    ...’s lab has enabled progress on both fronts – as a genetic electron microscopy (EM) tag providing superior...presynaptic region of one neuron and postsynaptic region of a different neuron, come into proximity in ...Druckmann et al., Neuron. 2014. Feb 5;81(3):629-40.  Next-Gen Brainbow toolkit for neuronal imaging Joshua...Howarth. Shining a light on channelrhodopsins – Chronos & Chrimson Through de novo sequencing of 127 algal...These tools include a pair of channelrhodopsins, Chronos and Chrimson, which have enabled the group to perform...perform independent two-color optical excitation of neurons. The paper describes five previously unknown ...and Scherffelia dubia (SdChR). ShChR, nicknamed Chronos, is blue and green light-excitable and has faster...

  3. Hot Plasmids: Spring 2025

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    Blog Post
    ...distinct interneuron subtypes. Neuron, 113(10), 1525–1547.e15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2025.05.002...different interneuron populations. The enhancers span all four major classes of GABAergic interneurons — those... TurboCas Enhancer-AAV viral preps targeting interneurons Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity...(L2/3). B) Fluorescence from axonal boutons of neurons expressing iGluSnFR3, iGluSnFR4f, and iGluSnFR4s...Here's what makes these new backbones special: Strong expression: A CMV promoter drives robust gene expression... a test drive! We validated viral packaging and strong expression after inserting EGFP and provide step-by-step...recombinant antibodies targeting Glypicans By Ashley Waldron Glypicans are important modulators of cell signaling...

  4. Plasmids 101: The Promoter Region – Let's Go!

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    Blog Post
    ...Additional considerations CMV General expression mRNA Strong mammalian expression promoter from the human cytomegalovirus...some cell types. EF1a General expression mRNA Strong mammalian expression from human elongation factor...promoter hybrids. CAG General expression mRNA Strong hybrid mammalian promoter Constitutive  Contains...activate promoter. Ac5 General expression mRNA Strong insect promoter from Drosophila Actin 5c gene Constitutive...Drosophila. Polyhedrin General expression mRNA  Strong insect promoter from baculovirus Constitutive  ...calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II promoter Specific Used for neuronal/CNS expression. Modulated by calcium and calmodulin...mammalian EF1a promoter. GDS General expression mRNA  Strong yeast expression promoter from glyceraldehyde 3...

  5. Cancer and the Immune System: Deciphering the Relationship

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    Blog Post
    ...effector cells in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells in this environment produce growth factor signals...inflammatory cytokines - interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon gamma (IFNγ) - and eliminate cancer cells. 2....responses that eliminate early stage cancer cells, chronic inflammatory responses can augment tumor growth...development are observed in autoimmune disorders. Chronic inflammation due to autoimmune disorders is also...Strategic immune evasion mechanisms - The tumor microenvironment Through interactions with the immune system...and thrive within what is known as the tumor microenvironment - a vital atmosphere created by the cancer...recruit regulatory T cells (T-regs) into their microenvironment by producing C-C motif chemokine 22 (CCL22...

  6. Getting Started with Behavioral Neuroscience: Standardizing Experiments and Using Viral Vectors

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...AAV1 and AAV9 serotypes have strong neuronal tropism, AAV5 targets both neurons and astrocytes, and AAV4 ...activation of neurons in a specific brain region. One option is to overexpress a gene that alters neuronal function...introduced in neurons and depending on the choice of channel protein, they can trigger neuronal excitation...certain tests and is not always recommended.  Environmental influences like bright light or noise should...(vendor or in-house mouse breeding colony) Environment Olfaction, temperature, humidity, noise level...factors. Another option uses optogentics to control neuronal activity, commonly via light-activated ion channels...broad cell tropism and has a high percentage of neuronal targeting after stereotaxic injection. Find more...

  7. Viral Vectors 101: Chemogenetics

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    Blog Post
    ...example, lowers the threshold for neuronal signaling and causes neuronal burst firing. Other DREADDs, such...DREADDs for Neuroscientists. Neuron 89:683–694 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.040 Saloman, J. ...method for manipulating cell activity, especially neuronal firing. What is chemogenetics? Chemogenetics ...decreased heart rate (Redfern et al., 1999) or altered neuron excitability (Zhu et al., 2014). The system allows...Studies looking at immediate effects of specific neuron firing are better equipped using fast-acting optogenetic...tissues, cell types, or even subcellular regions of a neuron need to be targeted. Targeting is also important...common target for chemogenetic manipulation are neurons where chemogenetic receptors can be used to alter...

  8. New and Upcoming Viral Vectors - Spring 2019

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    Blog Post
    ... of densely labeled neurons because background fluorescence from inactive neurons is reduced. 105322... of densely-labeled neurons because background fluorescence from inactive neurons is reduced.  Additional...calcium sensors and can be used for imaging of small neuronal processes like dendrites and axons. Find the 7b...Archon1 voltage reporter allows a way to monitor neuronal electrical activity through imaging. Since it’...mDlx enhancer restricts expression to GABAergic interneurons. These vectors can also be used as the control...Plasmid Serotype Name 119036  AAV1  pAAV-hsyn-flex-Voltron-ST Chemogenetics Plasmid Serotype Name ...flex PSAM4 GlyR IRES EGFP Chimeric channels for neuronal manipulation 119742  AAV5  AAV SYN PSAM4 GlyR...

  9. New and Upcoming Viral Vectors - September 2019

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    Blog Post
    ... of densely-labeled neurons because background fluorescence from inactive neurons is reduced. This variant...50457-AAV5): The Synapsin promoter directs broad, neuronal expression. AAV pCAG-FLEX-EGFP-WPRE (51502-AAV5...element directs expression in forebrain GABAergic interneurons. pOTTC1032 - pAAV EF1a Nuc-flox(mCherry)-EGFP...AAV5 and 112677-AAVrg): The EF1a promoter directs strong, ubiquitous expression. This is a Cre-dependent...(jGCaMP7) continue to be useful for monitoring neuronal activity in the form of calcium dynamics. (For...fluorescence and can be used for imaging small neuronal processes (dendrites and axons). jGCaMP7c exhibits...method for understanding how this molecule impacts neuronal circuits. We recently packaged a constitutive ...

  10. A Primer on Optogenetics: Introduction and Opsin Delivery

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    Blog Post
    ...VTA GABA neurons disrupts reward consumption. Neuron. 2012;73(6):1184-94. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.016..., for example, the firing of a specific type of neuron in a specific brain region can result in a particular...wherein mouse initiated optogenetic activation of a neuronal circuit either does or does not result in a reward...consider whether you wish to stimulate or inhibit neuronal firing, the cell-type specificity, the kinetics...suggests that Arch may more effectively silence neurons than HR. Delivering your opsin  The standard opsin...manipulations to help restrict expression to a specific neuronal subtype. However, the length of promoter that ...construct is limited to only a few kb so attaining neuronal specificity through promoter-directed expression...

  11. Viral Vectors 101: AAV Variables That Matter

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    Blog Post
    ...great in a GABA neuron, for instance, may not transduce the adjacent norepinephrine neuron at all. There... for Defense Behaviors. Neuron, 93(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.045 More resources...or inducible.  Ubiquitous promoters  These often-strong promoters offer the most flexibility for expression...Promoters such as chicken-beta-actin or CAG can drive strong early gene expression, but can become methylated...expression can still occur (Fig. 3) - for example, some neurons can transiently express TH - so you’ll need to ...expression in both oligodendrocytes (Olig2) and neurons (NeuN). Image from Griffin et al., 2019, Figure...Second, high efficiency transduction coupled with a strong promoter, may result in overexpression of your ...

  12. Viral Vectors 101: Calcium Sensors

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    Blog Post
    ...to monitor? Neurons, for example, have unusually fast calcium dynamics, whereas non-neuronal systems tend...populations of neurons in vivo to study circuit activity. CaMPARI is available for neuron-specific expression...and target a defined population of cells (e.g., a neuron subtype) and specific subcellular compartments ... rapid measurements, like action potentials in neurons. jGCaMP7 and jGCaMP8 are also available with improved...improved version named CaMPARI2 is available for neuron-specific expression in both zebrafish and mammalian...studies. There are different versions optimized for neuron-specific, astrocyte-specific (GCaMP6 only) or mammalian... to measure changes in calcium specific to the neuronal cell body or the axon (GCaMP6 only). The genetic...

  13. Avoiding the Dark Side of Fluorescent Protein Fusions with mOX FPs

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    Blog Post
    ...whether and how well your FP will function in the environment where it will localize [4]. Most investigators...in or were engineered for use in cytoplasmic environments. However, approximately 40% of human (and most... localize to chemically distinct subcellular environments, including the organelles that compose the secretory...to interfere with the function of resident ER chaperones and may impact cellular function or possibly ...consequences of misfolded dark FP fusions including erroneous quantitation of fusion protein levels. It remains...these compartments using CRISPR systems should strongly consider using moxFPs over standard FPs for the...optimizing fluorescent proteins for subcellular environment. Currently, she is a SPIRE postdoctoral fellow...

  14. New Neuroscience Tool: The iGluSnFR3 Glutamate Sensor

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...soluble protein CAG: Generic strong promoter. Formulated as AAV-DJ for neuronal expression. CAG-FLEX: CAG... the ability to monitor glutamate release from neurons and other brain cells in vivo. Glutamate plays ...synaptic communication and can trigger other forms of neuronal signaling and regulation. To create iGluSnFR, ...responsiveness, they showed that iGluSnFR could detect neuronal activity in C. elegans, zebrafish, and mice. ...higher expression levels in bacteria and produces stronger fluorescent signals upon sensing glutamate in ...membrane-targeting flavors – PDGFR, GPI, and SGZ, to improve neuronal membrane trafficking and localization. Improved...iGluSnFR3 have higher expression levels and produce stronger fluorescent signals upon sensing glutamate using...

  15. A Practical Guide to Optimizing AAV DIO and FLEx Vector Expression

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    Blog Post
    ...cell types (astrocytes, microglia, neurons, etc.) and even neuronal phenotype in a mixed population (Burger...have experienced that some vectors are much more prone to recombination and can exhibit recombination levels...your cells.  Some promoters, such as CAG are very strong and may require less viral particles or relatively...tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter for catecholamine neurons or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocytes...vectors for off-target expression.  Some classes of neurons transiently express TH during development or have...there is promoter activity. Additionally, some neurons express low levels of GFAP, which can lead to off-target...off-target expression of the packaged transgene in neurons and glia.   Check the recombination rate The first...

  16. Top Requested AAV of 2017: pmSyn1-EBFP-CRE

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    Blog Post
    ...pouring in! While our lentiviral service is going strong, the AAV service has shown incredible growth this...be used to drive Cre expression specifically in neurons. AAV Delivered Cre - A useful tool for neuroscientists...way. For example, say you would like to label neurons with mCherry and you already have a transgenic ...entirely new mouse line with mCherry controlled by a neuron specific promoter or you could breed your Cre-dependent...line with a separate line that expresses Cre in neurons, but both of these options would be very time consuming...and therefore mCherry will only be expressed in neurons. Indeed, this AAV provides you with a means to ...expression of any Cre-dependent gene of interest in neurons. This ability to be paired with any Cre-controlled...

  17. Bringing Sustainable Practices to the Lab: Innovations

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    Blog Post
    ...their environmental impact on a scale of 1-10: the lower the score, the lower the environmental impact...receive the product? How can we consider the environmental impact of those processes? Who even regulates...years since the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, which started making regulations... can choose products that are better for the environment without sacrificing performance or quality. To...destined for a landfill. However, Triumvirate Environmental developed Red2Green, a program that uses this...lumber for things like truck bumpers, plastic adirondack chairs, and synthetic turf. I was truly amazed... a practice which we now realize is a major environmental disaster. We should continue to examine our ...

  18. Scientists Map the SARS-CoV-2-Human Interaction Network

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    Blog Post
    ...Manon Eckhardt and Melanie Brewer from the QBI Coronavirus Research Group at UCSF. It’s been only a few ...-- all while maintaining social distance.  From front to back: David Gordon, Jeff Guo, Fengbo Zhou, Paddy...scientists from more than 20 labs to form the QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG) to do just this.  In under... York. We want YOU to join the fight against coronavirus We are just at the beginning of understanding...stick together (6 feet apart), to fight the new Coronavirus. To help get you started, here are a few key ...clone selection. Expression is driven by a fairly strong EF1alpha promoter. We have verified expression ...lab's Addgene page to get notified!) Attacking coronavirus, one FedEx package at a time Since the publication...

  19. Fluorescent Protein Travel Awards - FLiPs and Fluorescent Protein Biosensors

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    Blog Post
    ... make enzymes controllable by tethering them to Dronpa, a fluorescent protein known to oligomerize when...To do so, she generated fusion proteins in which Dronpa domains flanked either side of an enzyme’s active...ultraviolet light exposure caused oligomerization of the Dronpa domains thereby occluding the enzyme active site...the enzyme. Later exposure to cyan light stopped Dronpa oligomerization and turned the enzymes back on....optimized these first generation FLiPs by mutating Dronpa to lower its aggregation tendency, increase its.... She additionally showed that these enhanced “pdDronpa” domains could be placed in amino acid loops on...iterations of FLiPs only used N- and C-terminal dronpa fusions. With these various designs, Xin has been...

  20. GPCRs: How Do They Work and How Do We Study Them?

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    Blog Post
    ...proteins, work in different neurons and neuroglia, and have different effects on neuron activity (firing or inhibition...in a specific neuronal subtype in the brain that can either activate or inhibit neurons. You can find ...DREADDs for Neuroscientists. Neuron 89:683–694 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.040 Takeda S, Kadowaki...chemogenetic studies to probe the relationship between neurons and specific behaviors. Chemogenetics uses genetically... small molecules to either activate or inhibit neuronal firing. As GPCRs are the largest class of signal...concise table of DREADDS and their activity in neurons on Addgene’s chemogenetics guide.     References...
Showing: 121 - 140 of 682 results