...different organisms. There are several codons that encode the same amino acid. Each organism, however,...the genetic code is universal, many different organisms actually prefer certain codons over others for... biologist who wants to express genes from one organism in another? Let’s take a look at codon usage and...optimize codons for expression in a particular organism. Why is codon usage important? Translation and...for codon-usage of 257,468 genes across 8,792 organisms (Nakamura et al., 2000).  What is codon optimization...expression by changing synonymous codons based on an organism's codon bias. The idea is that scientists can make...mutations throughout a gene of interest based on an organisms codon usage bias to increase translational efficiency...

... development. These are required for a growing organism to make the complicated transition from a clump...dynamic processes are largely absent in adult organisms, where tissues structures are more stable and ...movement from the bone marrow and other lymphoid organs to specific tissues where they can scan for any...is large scale cellular movement throughout an organism. Studying cell mobility within these complex...tools to directly follow immune cells in lymphoid organs. The development of cell sorters together with ...antibodies made it possible to track cells from one organ to another. Thus several labs were able to decipher...microscopy images of chemically coloured lymphoid organs did in the past. How do researchers track fluorescently...

...their physiological endocrine ligands. Nuclear receptors and their ligands NRs represent the largest family...depending upon a context defined by ligand, cell type, and promoter, organizing the expression of functional ...McKenna and Bert W. O’Malley. Survival of all organisms depends on efficient energy maintenance - through...nervous system signaling to peripheral effector organs, which then return information such as nutritional...processes are regulated at the cellular, tissue and organ level by nuclear receptors (NRs), their coregulators... of such signals between central and peripheral organs because of their established roles as molecular...stems in part from their ability to function as ligand-dependent sensors for a diverse set of fat-soluble...

...Chalfie expressed GFP in exogenous organisms (E. coli, and later C. elegans) for the first time. After Chalfie...proteins could be responsible and began studying these marine organisms to find the culprits. He even obtained...These molecules occur naturally in bioluminescent organisms, but their real power lies in the clever ways ...Although humans have known about bioluminescent organisms and their characteristic radiance for some time...to isolate two proteins from the jellyfish’s photoorgans; the first, which he called aequorin, gives off...localization. And as it turns out, he was right! He began to study the A. victoria gene responsible for encoding...scientists really started to take notice of GFP, and began to realize its potential as a research tool. Soon...

...was moved exactly as is from one organism to a distantly related organism, the gene may not express well...or intentional release of engineered organisms. “Is [the organism] engineered? Where did it come from?...this lies in the codon usage biases of different organisms. Different species have different preferences ...that it more closely resembles that of the host organism, it may express protein more efficiently. To classify...not much variation in GC content between many organisms and DNA synthesis companies often work within ...trend of sourcing genes from distantly related organisms. In 2006, less than 1% of the genes deposited ...the less likely it is transferred into another organism in the lab. Predicting lab-of-origin of engineered...

...nonprofit or U.S. governmental research organizations, and organizations that require the H-1B employee to ...entity, or nonprofit research organizations or governmental research organizations. Since there is no numerical...Additionally, since most universities and non-profit organizations do not have the April 1 H-1B queue process or... or quota like industry, these organizations can be a good choice for individuals needing sponsorship.... in your field. Membership in a professional organization – this is not referring to one that you can ...program self-driving cars, tissue engineering for organ replacement).  In addition to presenting your expert...These candidates should also join professional organizations and attend the annual conferences – i.e. Society...

...different organizations and individuals, to identify ways of collaborating, and to organize events that...professional development (PD) workshops for teachers; organizing Congressional briefings in Washington DC; convening...Hollywood; and working directly with community organizations, libraries, youth groups, and faith institutions...studies (STS). I also worked with a number of organizations in public engagement efforts, including giving...middle and high school students. One of these organizations was pgEd. After obtaining my PhD and working...often “all hands on deck” to take care of the organizational logistics. Setting yourself on the path to ...audiences. Many universities or cities have organizations (often volunteer-based) that put on public lectures...

...path.   Yeast as a model organism Yeast are single cell, eukaryotic organisms formally classified as fungi...know that yeast is a powerful eukaryotic model organism – its genome is easy to manipulate, it’s affordable...cerevisiae (budding). Yeast make for an excellent model organism for a few reasons: Affordable to culture and...studies Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound organelles essential for sequestering certain enzymes and... methanol metabolism occurs in methylotrophic organisms. K. phaffii is an excellent model for peroxisome...et al., Komagataella phaffi as Emerging Model Organisms in Fundamental Research. Front. Microbiol. 11-...Resources on the Addgene Blog Five Popular Model Organisms Plasmids 101: Yeast Vectors Tips for Screening...

... Some organisms manage this by utilising recalcitrant or unusual substrates that other organisms can’t...occurs when genetic material is passed between organisms by mechanisms other than reproduction (vertical...environment. Indeed, plasmid transfer between organisms is one of the most common methods of horizontal... a variety of functions that allow their host organisms to thrive in competitive environments. The genes...to invade environments found on and in living organisms. For example, there are plasmids that allow Salmonella...plasmids can be dangerous to the health of the host organism in a natural setting, they also provide researchers...means to deliver DNA and other molecules to host organisms. For instance, vectors derived from the Agrobacterium...

...broad): somatic and visceral sensory ganglia, type II spiral ganglion neurons Mice, rats No (mechanism...administration, distributing widely throughout the organism to target large or diffuse biological structures...specific application and animal model.  Other model organisms Tropism and efficacy can vary depending on species...target cell type or tissue of interest, and model organism under study. *Many engineered AAVs for mice use...Addgene Capsid Published Tropism Model Organism Mouse Strain-Specific Tropism?  Reference... and shows decreased transduction in off-target organs (Goertsen, Flytzanis, et al., 2022). AAV-PHP.N ...has been shown to transduce 80% of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, as well as neurons located in the...

...from organization to organization, so you’ll need to be familiar with your specific organization/department...-2 labs. When working with lentivirus, many organizations require or recommend disposable gowns over your...cabinet, even if it is not required by their organization. It’s always okay to add another level of protection..., 10% bleach, or 1% iodine are useful. Some organizations or cities may require a higher percentage of...cut. Following all sharps procedures for your organization will significantly reduce the risk of an accident...also need to familiarize yourself with your organization’s reporting mechanisms before you start an experiment...

...across organisms. When using the MK system, many of the parts can be used in a variety of organisms, saving... these applications, no matter what your model organism is. MoClo background MoClo is a clever way to...MoClo kit recommendations for different modal organisms and applications.    Plant applications We...kits: Plant Parts Kit II and Plant Parts Kit III (Gantner et al., 2018; Chamness et al., 2023). The Plant...libraries and tools available for certain model organisms and backgrounds, MoClo can be invaluable for more... complex editing and screening experiments in organisms that don’t yet have these tools built out. While...many MoClo kits are designed with specific model organisms in mind, others are designed for flexibility. ...

...professional works for or with an organization to evaluate the organization’s grant readiness, identify grant...stories about a time when their passion for an organization or a program and a funding opportunity coincided...submitting it, to evaluating the capacity of an organization to receive and manage funds.  Grant professionals...targeted to the grants profession? The number of organizations, both public and private, that qualify for grants...oriented nonprofits. Like Deb, I worked for an organization in a position that required some involvement...employer, I took on my first consulting job, and I began to realize I too had a niche. As a result, I started...your ideal client or job will save you and the organization(s) you serve time and resources. 3. Get a mentor...

...common means to achieve ligand control is to fuse a mutant estrogen receptor (ER) ligand binding domain (LDB...interest (Atasoy et al. 2008; Cardin et al. 2009). Ligand regulated recombinase - keeping Cre out until needed...specific time point? To allow temporal control, ligand regulated Cre and FLPe recombinase have been developed...retained in the cytoplasm until estrogen receptor ligand Tamoxifen is added. Tamoxifen then binds to the...versions can be used in these experiments. This elegant combination of Cre, FLP, and inducible systems ... 6. Logie, Colin, and A Francis Stewart. 1995. “Ligand-Regulated Site-Specific Recombination.” Proc. Natl...Site-Specific Recombination in Mammalian Cells Using a Ligand-Dependent Chimeric Cre Recombinase.” Proc Natl ...

...Why have zebrafish become such a popular model organism? Zebrafish (Figure 1) were initially recognized...reasons that zebrafish have been embraced as a model organism, I’ll outline a few of the available genetic resources...reason for the success of zebrafish as a model organism is its amenability to genetic manipulation. Tools...Europe, and China. In addition, the Zebrafish Model Organism Database ZFIN actively curates information on ...Generating zebrafish transgenics Creating transgenic organisms by introducing foreign DNA into the genome is ...fertilized zebrafish zygote transforms into an organism with a clearly established body plan including...pinhead—contribute to the “sculpting” of tissues and organs during embryo development. Single cell sequencing-based...

... with the Harvard GSAS Science Policy Group to organize a Minisymposium on Reproducibility. The minisymposium... additional resources and information about organizations promoting reproducibility in this booklet (which...within a published manuscript. Luckily, many organizations have been working to provide tools that make...expand to other protein technologies later. Organizations such as BenchSci and FPbase are working hard... they’ve used for data analysis while other organizations like Dryad make it easier for researchers to...are blogs - both hosted by individuals and by organizations like Addgene (a good example is our series of...editing technology NgAgo). In addition, there are organizations like ReFigure which aims to consolidate published...

...has taken place in other organisms. In many bacteria, unlike other organisms, CRISPR-induced double stranded...diseases have connections to either specific organisms or organism/gene interactions with the host. This scenario...can consider the microbiome as a collection of organisms, their genes, and metabolic processes, occupying...to diseases where the presence of just a single organism, such as Clostridium difficile, could be targeted... This approach successfully targeted specific organisms when using bacteriophages or mobile plasmids in...Pseudomonas species Expanding this tool to other organisms, the Ji lab brought genome and base editing to...genome engineering remains challenging for most organisms in the genus. Work from the Sun lab demonstrates...

... bioluminescence found in a diverse number of organisms, ranging from bacteria to aquatic animals to insects...

...In 2017, Lenny Teytelman, CEO of protocols.io, organized a panel to discuss reproducibility issues in research... there were other academics and like-minded organizations with similar ideas who were also thinking about... an eLife ambassador, had previous experience organizing open access events and grassroots efforts. After...in developing reproducibility workshops and organizational skills. Meanwhile, Addgene was also thinking... in the year and in the fall of 2018, I helped organize a workshop for community scientists at the Global... would want to know before, during, and after organizing such a workshop. Finally, the group put a lot...IS-MPMI. If you’re interested in having a workshop organized at your upcoming conference or you’d like to join...

...Girardia sp., Dugesia dorotocephala, Phagocata morgani, and Phagocata gracillis. There are 11 different...developmental biologists have to extract RNA from their organism of interest, use the RNA to create a complementary... in  the labeling specific cell types or entire organs in planarians. For example, the gene Piwi labels...discovered and characterized in an unrelated worm (C. elegans) [2]. Delivering dsRNA matching a specific mRNA...strain that is designated as DE3. For Phagocata morgani and Phagocata gracillis, the process is a little...E. coli. Thus, to get the dsRNA into Phagocata morgani and Phagocata gracillis, one has to purify the ...interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 391 (1998), pp. 806-811. PubMed PMID: ...