...preferentially in which organisms - organisms have codon usage bias. You can find many codon tables showing which...find out!   Why do organisms have different codon usage biases? The reasons for varied codon preferences...levels under different conditions. With varied codon usage, an organism can change which proteins are highly...enzymes (Dittmar et al., 2005). How does codon usage bias affect my experiments? While codon preferences...fragments respectively. Solving the problem of codon usage bias - codon optimization and the expression of ...expression is enhanced by harmonizing the codon usage frequencies of the target gene with those of the... This review provides a great overview of codon usage bias 8. Tuller, Tamir, et al. "Translation efficiency...

...synthetic biology, biosecurity, and the entire 2018 saga of “what’s happening in genetics this time?” She...

...maintained for ~20 passages before being discarded and replaced with a new vial of early passage cells. Approximately...

...Lentiviral BsmBI yes, cut S. pyogenes tagRFP Ebert pSAG1::CAS9-U6::sgUPRT 54467 Other/Toxoplasma gondii none...61593 Mammalian/AAV BsaI yes, cut S. aureus Zhang pSaGuide 64710 Mammalian BbsI none S. aureus Musunuru BPK2301...

... Addgene blog Read more codon usage bias in Plasmids 101: Codon usage bias Read more about plasmids in...others for certain amino acids. This is termed codon usage bias. In fact, some species are known to avoid certain...organism in another? Let’s take a look at codon usage and when you might want to optimize codons for expression...expression in a particular organism. Why is codon usage important? Translation and protein synthesis relies...adaptation index (CAI) that is based on the codon usage frequency in a reference of highly expressed genes...1987). In 2000 the Ikemura lab created the Codon Usage Tabulated from GenBank database (CUTG), that provides...provides an electronic dataset for codon-usage of 257,468 genes across 8,792 organisms (Nakamura et al....

...containing the passage number, cell line, and date, which you complete each time you passage the cells (as...in culture for an extended period of time (>10 passages or >3 months). Other times cell lines are unavailable...recordkeeping, you need to have a way of tracking how many passages the cells have undergone and when to throw them...away and thaw a new batch. The exact number of passages can vary between cells lines, as this can be dependent...but it is broadly recommended that the lower the passage number the better for experiments. This is to ensure... and thawed to produce a new batch once you’ve passaged your current batch too many times or you suspect...purchased, keeping all experiments carried out on low passage cells and this means you can regularly discard ...

...conflict can lead to people disagreeing with each other just for the sake of disagreeing. It can be extremely...that email should have been a Slack message? Or that Slack message should have actually been a meeting...have considered myself neutral in any of their disagreements. In fact, conflict resolution isn’t just about...teams can’t see eye to eye on something and a disagreement festers, it can lead to hurt feelings, low morale...teams who normally get along well with each other disagree about a specific decision, direction, or goal.... around missed tasks, stalled projects, and disagreements over prioritization. The source of those conflicts...people, especially people with whom you strongly disagree, is a critical component of conflict resolution...

...folks at Transposagen. This post was contributed by Amar Singh and Mathew Goodwin from Transposagen What ...Mathew Goodwin from Transposagen! Dr. Amar Singh is a Senior Scientist at Transposagen. He has a long-standing...excision-only piggyBac™ transposase. Image courtesy of Transposagen.   How does piggyBac™ enhance gene editing...by excision-only piggyBac™. Image courtesy of Transposagen.   How does the piggyBac™ gene editing ...years of research experience with stem cells to Transposagen's cell engineering team.     Mathew Goodwin is... is a Technical Sales Specialist at Transposagen. As a gene editing enthusiast, he has spent over 6 years... transposagen...

...to track samples Keep track of passage numbers Keep an eye on the passage number. Cells change their growth...and it takes them time to recover after they are passaged. This could change their growth rates and morphology...instead of ‘borrowing’ cells that have already been passaged many times and could be contaminated.Learn how...growth rate and morphology at high passage numbers (>30-40 times), depending on the cell line so old cells...! Conversely, cells younger than the 3rd – 4th passage are too young and should not be used for important...experiments right after they’ve been thawed. Additional passages will allow your cells to achieve a consistent ...name, date, the cell line you’re using and its passage number. Especially in a lab where multiple people...

...mammalian systems, it is standard to do only one passage (transfection). This differs from typical insect...insect production methods add an additional viral passage. This involves taking your first round of virus...Pro-tip! Centrifuge the viral supernatant in between passages to eliminate dead cells and cellular debris. While...collected sequentially. This is because of the second passage and because you wait until the majority of cells...there, you can either move into the next viral passage, titer the virus, or go straight into your viral...

...research tools are shared openly. Plasmids from Emory-Sage-SGC and IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD centers will be deposited...

...chosen to hide it). While most people use LinkedIn messaging, not everyone likes to. A direct email can be ... appreciate random requests without a personal message and they may report you as spam or “I Don’t Know...the connection, as these notes are saved in the messaging stream. Unfortunately, LinkedIn has spam profiles...You can change the option for sending LinkedIn messages to Click Send instead of Press Enter to Send. ...

...175571 and 175572 express dCas9-VPR for activation. Usage Guide sequences can be designed using Benchling ...

...SERPINI1 Dementia Joan Massague 58260 pBabe-Neuroserpin oloop SERPINI1 Dementia Joan Massague 58261 pBabe-FLAG-Neuroserpin...Dementia Joan Massague 58262 pBabe-Puro-FLAG-Neuroserpin oloop SERPINI1 Flag Dementia Joan Massague 59416 pBMN-YFP-Parkin...

...differ from Addgene antibodies in “Production & Usage” and “Delivery” conditions, so we recommend reviewing...

...working with this plasmid collection. Single cell passaging of human iPS cells (Link opens in a new window...

...applicable transfer plasmid. We will help you gain legal usage of the transfer plasmid from the providing scientist...

...the option to “Leave us a message.” When you click on the "Leave us a message" button shown to the right...all. But while the auto-reply telling you your message was received is a nice touch, it doesn’t help much...

...that you can use to get your message across. It helps keep your messaging and your expectations of your...consistency, purpose, structure, and intent to the messaging - while also creating space for people outside...

...or natural? The answer to this lies in the codon usage biases of different organisms. Different species...not express well because of these different codon usage biases. But if a gene’s sequence was “optimized”... about synthetic biology Learn more about codon usage biases Resources on Addgene.org Check out Addgene's...