...pathogenic Ebola virus belongs to the group of nonsegmented negative sense RNA viruses, along with other...other viruses that cause disease in humans such as measles, mumps, and rabies. Research on Ebola virus has... sense RNA viruses (reviewed in 2, 3). Other important components of the Zaire ebola virus minigenome ...respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) from cDNA: BRSV NS2 is not essential for virus replication in tissue...transcription and replication strategies of Marburg virus and Ebola virus by using artificial replication systems....replication competent virus-like particles and beyond: reverse genetics systems for filoviruses and other negative...part, due to the necessity for working with this virus under the highest biosafety level conditions, BSL...

...types of viruses used as biological tools.   Viruses as biological tools In nature, viruses infect cells...exactly which type of virus to use. Types of viruses There are four main types of viruses used in mammalian...research: 𝛄-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV). While each virus allows ...experiment. Retro and lenti viruses Retroviruses are a family of viruses that stably integrate their ...features that make these familiar viruses such a pain is exactly why viruses are such wonderful scientific... means viruses can be engineered to be cell type specific. Once inside the host cell, the virus unleashes...isn’t enough to ensure the virus can replicate and spread. Instead, viruses replicate by hijacking the...

...which the virus is released, a more concentrated virus solution can be obtained. 4. Enhancing virus-cell contact... Addgene Blog Learn All about Adenovirus Associated Virus New to Virus? Check out Our Primer for Beginners...transfected and produced infectious virus, they may get infected with this virus, and therefore, will be selectable...necessarily indicate the production of virus. Alternatively, if the virus encodes a fluorescent protein, the...Regardless of the type of virus you’re working with, there’s a lot that goes into virus design, production, ... freeze-thaw cycles on hepatitis B virus DNA and hepatitis C virus RNA quantification as measured with...Viral Vector Guide Pages Find Virus Protocols Order Virus ...

...talking about viruses, here’s a quick tip on terminology. “Virus” refers to a single type of virus, not the... as viruses) are named after the viruses they’re derived from: AAVs, lentivirus, gamma retrovirus, and...biology tools, a very useful trait. Virus structure While all viruses have a genome inside a protein shell...envelope. Viruses without an envelope are referred to as naked or non-enveloped, while viruses with an ... called enveloped viruses (Figure 1). Like bacteria, only a tiny fraction of viruses are pathogenic (Balloux...2017). Figure 1: A non-enveloped virus (left) and an enveloped virus (right). Created using biorender....Taylor, M. W. (2014). What Is a Virus? In M. W. Taylor (Ed.), Viruses and Man: A History of Interactions...

... derived from viruses that can infect people, cells, and animals. Some of these viruses are completely...While the virus can still enter (and thus infect) cells, this safety feature prevents the virus from replicating... concern with virus safety is the disease-risk of what is being integrated by the virus. If an oncogene...infected by a lab-grown virus, it's important to understand the risks of the specific virus you’re working with...treatment and/or monitoring. Virus-specific concerns   In nature, some viruses are more dangerous than others...true for types of viruses generated in the lab. The four most common types of viruses grown in the lab ...integrating viruses – they physically deposit their cargo into the host’s DNA. These viruses also have ...

...commonly used lab viruses: gamma-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus. Gamma-retrovirus...used for either type of retrovirus. Adeno-associated virus Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, single-stranded... Choosing a virus Now that we’ve reviewed the common viruses used in biological research, you might ...An Overview of the Application of Viruses to Biotechnology. Viruses. 2021 Oct 14;13(10):2073. DOI: 10.3390...about a specific virus? We have you covered with guides on lentivirus, retrovirus, adenovirus, and AAV. If...But these viruses are roomy: some adenoviruses pack up to ~35 kb of space for cargo! Adenovirus is an effective...Gamma-retrovirus Retroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to synthesize complementary...

...to grow. The virus Insect cell systems are used to produce baculovirus, a family of viruses that specifically...custom viruses are too high for your budget. In those cases, you’ll need to produce your viruses in-house...type of cells that will be used to make the virus. Viruses can be produced in many different cell types...these viruses. The cells are also easy to cultivate, fast-growing, and widely available. The viruses Lentiviruses...producing virus within 24 to 48 hours. Harvesting timepoints will depend on your specific virus, so this...24 hours. Processing the virus-containing supernatant will depend on the virus type. AAV is typically purified... of virus, called P1 (or sometimes P0), infecting new Sf9 cells, and getting an amplified P2 virus. This...

... the production cell line (depending on the virus), virus can be collected for the transduction step. ...swap out your virus type to achieve different biological outcomes. For example, some viruses integrate into...to be injected with a virus, but enables tissue-specific targeting of that virus, which can’t be easily...specific viruses available to choose from. And remember, we have a selection of ready-made viruses as well...Addgene.org Generating Stable Cell Lines with Lentivirus Virus Handling and Storage Addgene Viral Services...the mechanisms vary. Why transduce? So why use a virus to deliver nucleic acids? Sounds sort of dangerous...dangerous at first suggestion! The good news is that viruses are very valuable biological tools, and with the...

...only done on enveloped viruses such as lentivirus, retrovirus, and rabies virus. How to pseudotype To ... allows these viruses to infect neurons. Besides altering the host tropism of your virus, there are many... the virus and is less affected.  Altering sensitivity to serum. Different pseudotyped viruses are differentially...production of vesicular stomatitis virus, HIV-2, and human foamy virus in cell lines expressing galactosyl...SARS-CoV-2 virus. Scientists have been using similar pseudotyping methods with other viruses in a BSL-2... because of rabies virus’s toxicity, it made more sense to pseudotype another virus with rabies glycoprotein...the cell body. Rabies virus and the EnvA-TVA system Another way to use rabies virus is to delete the glycoprotein...

...the viruses discussed above (gamma-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV...here! Need Virus? Check out Addgene's Viral Service! Types of viral vectors Of the many viruses out there... by virus and then by function. Lentivirus/gamma-retrovirus Lentiviruses are a class of retrovirus (so...will discuss the gamma-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV). The components...there are many shared components across viruses (AAV, lentivirus, etc.) and their functions are more intuitive... 1 - Viral vector components of retrovirus  Adeno-associated virus AAV’s elements are quite different... viral elements. Gene expression Adenovirus is a linear, dsDNA virus naturally. It has ITRs, just like...

...producing virus from select vectors in the repository yourself, you can now order ready-to-use virus directly...starting work with virus. You can find all of our viral vector blog posts here. If you have virus expertise you...as well as expanded virus protocols, information on how we produce and test virus, and quality control...genome-wide screen, we’ve got viruses to help you out. Of course, lentiviruses are used in experiments other...that are currently available) and adeno associated virus (AAV, primarily chemogenetics tools for now but ... to accelerate your research.   Why distribute virus? Plasmid distribution is booming, but, over the ... help them share and distribute other reagents. Virus distribution came up time and time again with many...

...essentially the same for viruses and viral vectors. Key to the wild-type virus’ reproductive cycle is the...of the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus: purification of the virus and isolation of the nucleic acid....(1974). Infectious rous sarcoma virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus DNAs. Journal of Virology, 14(5)...lab because it is, after all, among the more virulent viruses (it attacks the immune system directly). It...cells (i.e. transferring DNA), yet retroviruses are RNA-containing viruses  (Robinson et al., 1965)! You may...odder when you consider that out of the 6 x 106 virus-like particles that we come into contact with every... the fact that the virus must have its structural proteins expressed from a reverse-transcribed piece ...

...the Zika virus genome with Addgene to facilitate rapid sharing of these tools with the Zika virus research...American-lineage of the virus. For the first time, we have also demonstrated our technology on active virus, as well ...detect the virus in a clinically relevant setting. Molecular diagnostics for the Zika virus predominantly...background First identified in 1947 in Uganda, the Zika virus had received little attention and, for the most ...in January with the report of an outbreak of the virus in Brazil that was correlated with greater rates...albopictus) and, aided by international travel, the Zika virus is expected to expand into heavily populated regions...resistance and strain-specific diagnostics for the Ebola virus. Our original proof-of-concept work was exciting...

... recommendations for putting viruses to work. Viral applications Viruses work by infecting a host cell...application, our Viruses as Biological Tools blog can help you learn about the different types of viruses and pick...delivery of the actual virus to which immunity is desired. Instead, components of the virus are now delivered...What viruses can do for you Whether you are interested in basic science or clinical therapy—viruses could...there is more than one type of virus to choose from (lentivirus, retrovirus, AAV, etc.). When you’ve decided...Viruses are the SUVs of molecular biology – they can deliver materials to specific destinations, haul...out, etc. It’s how we understand what genes do! Viruses have several options to allow you to do exactly...

...you should always titer your virus - that is, determine the amount of virus you actually have in your prep...producing virus or require precise titers. Additional considerations for titering lentivirus Volume and... prep. Taking time to properly titer your virus will not only ensure that your infection is designed in... involve infecting a target cell line with your virus and assaying for expression of a gene carried on...viral RNA can overestimate the amount of infectious virus in a prep as the measurement will include defective...reverse transcriptase will produce low levels of virus and can be used to track carryover. Functional titer...is considered a more accurate method to quantify virus as it only measures infectious viral particles. ...

... oncogenic virus, or that the accessory factors in HIV positive cells could make the virus replication...consistency it’s a good idea to purify and titer your virus. Virus purification can be a tricky process. You have...incubate your cells with virus at different multiplicity of infection (MOI=ratio of virus to cells). Again, ...Redesign of retrovirus packaging cell lines to avoid recombination leading to helper virus production....used were derived from the Moloney Murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) and consisted of two plasmids: the packaging...integrated into the new viral particles and the virus particles produced could not replicate. However,...Mother Nature found a way to re-create a functional virus. Indeed, by testing several vectors and packaging...

...forms of these viruses typically used in research aren’t able to replicate, and for a virus to cross a synapse...deletion-mutant rabies virus. Retrograde neuronal tracing with a deletion-mutant rabies virus. Pubmed PMID 17179932...neuroscience. In this post, I’ll describe how rabies virus (RABV) can be used in the brain to visualize how...of cargoes, genetically engineered neurotropic viruses emerged as powerful tools for visualizing neural...connectivity (Nassi et al. 2015). The recombinant viruses typically used in neuroscience research (e.g., ... to another, it must replicate. Modified Rabies Virus: Converting a transsynaptic neuronal tracer into...and retrograde transmission occur, spreading the virus through higher and higher order neural connections...

... MoMLV (Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus) or MSCV (Murine Stem Cell Virus) sequences. Packaging genes (viral...range of cells a virus can infect. Note: While both lentiviruses and γ-retroviruses use the same gene...differences between engineered γ-retroviruses and lentiviruses. First, these viruses were derived from different...target cell does not produce additional virus. Are γ-retroviruses self-inactivating (SIN)? They can be....prompted the development of multiple virus packaging methods. Across these methods, the following components...envelope plasmids, such as VSV-G (Vesicular Stomatitis Virus glycoprotein), however, may be used across both ... envelope plasmids can direct the production of virus with various tropisms.  Packaging using helper-free...

...requested lentivirus and AAV of 2016. The top viruses of 2016 were (drumroll please)... Top Lentivirus: lentiCas9...and began delivering ready-to-use lentivirus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) to scientists around the world...expanded our viral inventory to 25 lentiviruses and 25 AAVs. These viruses have been distributed in over 200...Addgene, productivity is infectious. Curious which viruses researchers have found the most useful so far? ...cell line of choice after transduction with this virus. While various Cas9 mutants have been engineered...and a gRNA from the same plasmid. LentiCas9-blast virus can be used to generate Cas9-expressing cell lines...current AAV inventory consists almost entirely of viruses expressing DREADDs from Bryan Roth’s lab at the...

... market). Although host-virus interactions likely seem important for any virus, we will see that they ...by either SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus type 41 (AdV-41), or Adenovirus-Associated Virus type 2 (AAV2) – or some...saying that host-virus interactions are an important part of the biology of adenoviruses (AdVs). AdVs are...-stranded DNA viruses, with a linear genome between 26–45 kb in length. Human adenovirus type 5 (hAdV-...otherwise clear the virus from the cell population (Kafri et al., 1998). In fact, adenovirus gets its name ...viral hepatitis it is caused by the Hepatitis A Virus, for which a vaccine is available. However, here...Adenoviridae family, which is a very diverse family of viruses with broad host range and tissue tropism (Borkenhagen...