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...capability of transforming the genetic code of living organisms and its societal implications even before the ...pneumoniae bacteria could be transformed from one organism to the other. This is now famed as the Griffith...about other genome editing methods Resources on Addgene.org Visit our CRISPR guide Find CRISPR plasmids ...breaks or donor DNA. Nature 576:149–157 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4 Avery OT, MacLeod CM,... of Experimental Medicine 79:137–158 . https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.79.2.137 Carroll D (2011) Genome Engineering...Zinc-Finger Nucleases. Genetics 188:773–782 . https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.111.131433 Doudna JA, Charpentier...with CRISPR-Cas9. Science 346:1258096 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258096 Gaudelli NM, Komor AC, ...

...https://www.addgene.org/collections/mammalianrnai/","href_with_scheme":"https://www.addgene.org/collections...2004). MicroRNAs. Cell, 116(2), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00045-5 De Rie, D., Abugessaisa... Nature Biotechnology, 35(9), 872–878. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3947 Fire, A., Xu, S., Montgomery, ...Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 391(6669), 806–811. https://doi.org/10.1038/35888  Iwakawa, H., & Tomari, Y. (2021)...complex. Molecular Cell, 82(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.026 Kilikevicius, A., ...Nucleic Acids Research, 50(2), 617–634. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1256 Lee, Y., Kim, M., Han, J.,.... The EMBO Journal, 23(20), 4051–4060. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600385 McIntyre, G. J., & Fanning...

...6936. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.73.8.6930-6936.1999. PMID: 10400791. Kafri, T., Morgan, D., Krahl, T...viral promoters. Mol Ther, 7(4), 526–534. https:/doi.org/10.1016/S1525-0016(03)00023-6. PMID: 12727116. ...Emerg Microbes Infect, 8(1), 1679–1687. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2019.1690953. PMID: 31749409. ...Module in Biomedical Sciences. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.02523-X. Hofmann, C....Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95(19), 11377. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.95.19.11377. PMID: 9736744. Kremer...Complex. PLoS Pathog, 11(6), e1004821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004821. PMID: 26042599. Pereira... Pathol Suppl (R Coll Pathol)., 6, 39. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s3-6.1.39. PMID: 4376152. Rowe, W. ...

...of a conoid. PLoS Biology 19:e3001020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001020  Chen F, Tillberg ...Expansion microscopy. Science 347:543–548. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260088 Damstra HG, Mohar B, Eddison...Expansion Microscopy (TREx). Elife 11:e73775. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.73775  Dani A, Huang B, Bergan J,...Synapses in the Brain. Neuron 68:843–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.021  Gambarotto D, Zwettler...microscopy (U-ExM). Nat Methods 16:71–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0238-1  Klimas A, Gallagher ...expansion microscopy. Nat Biotechnol 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01546-1  Mikhaylova M, Cloin...anti-tubulin nanobodies. Nat Commun 6:7933. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8933  M’Saad O, Bewersdorf J (2020...

...partnerships with like-minded individuals and organizations, like the Allen Institute, to achieve greater...together. The Allen Institute is a research organization that is committed to understanding some of the...false,"url":{"content_id":null,"href":"https://www.addgene.org/depositor-collections/allen-institute-aav-enhancers...-enhancers/","href_with_scheme":"https://www.addgene.org/depositor-collections/allen-institute-aav-enhancers...reliable tools to help carry out that research. Organizations like the Allen Institute are committed to just...genetic access to cortical cell types. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.002 Hunker, A. C., Wirthlin...striatal cell types and circuits. Neuron https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2025.04.035 Graybuck, L. T., Daigle...

...in mice. J Clin Invest 118:1955–1964 . https://doi.org/10.1172/jci34316 Bak RO, Porteus MH (2017) CRISPR-Mediated...Donor Vectors. Cell Reports 20:750–756 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.064  Carvalho LS, Turunen...Retinal Targeting. Front Neurosci 11: . https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00503  Chamberlain K, Riyad .... Human Gene Therapy Methods 27:1–12 . https://doi.org/10.1089/hgtb.2015.140 Frischmeyer PA (2002) An ...Termination Codons. Science 295:2258–2261 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067338 Ghosh A, Yue Y, Lai Y, ...Manner. Molecular Therapy 16:124–130 . https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mt.6300322 Halbert CL, Allen JM, Miller...larger gene. Nat Biotechnol 20:697–701 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0702-697 Hirsch ML, Agbandje-McKenna...

... a variety of functions that allow their host organisms to thrive in competitive environments. The genes...the competition, and Penicillium isn’t the only organism that knows it. Some bacteria possess plasmid-borne...encode genes that allow the host to infect other organisms. If you’ve ever wondered why E. coli is safe to...means to deliver DNA and other molecules to host organisms. For instance, vectors derived from the Agrobacterium...like by living where no one else wants to. Some organisms manage this with plasmids that allow them to eat... eat unusual substrates that other organisms can’t use. Other plasmids offer resistance to toxic substances... which protect the host from attacks by other organisms. To conserve energy, these specialized degradative...

...editing. Nucleic Acids Research 47:e23–e23. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1286 Hilton IB, D’Ippolito AM, Vockley...enhancers. Nature Biotechnology 33:510–517 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3199 Find plasmids from this publication...genome. Nature Biotechnology 35:561–568 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3853 Find plasmids from this publication...fusion protein. Nature Communications 8: . https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16026 Find plasmids from this publication...Mammalian Genome. Cell 167:233–247.e17 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.056 Find plasmids from ...proteins. Nature Biotechnology 31:1137–1142 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2726 Find plasmids from this publication... methylation. Biology Open 5:866–874 . https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.019067 Find plasmids from this publication...

... post was originally written in 2014 by Kendall Morgan and updated in 2022 by Lucie Wilson. Lucie is an...used to generate mutations in a wide range of organisms, but its potential to efficiently correct disease...functional correction of the gene in clonally expanded organoids. “CRISPR in adult stem cells has huge potential...potential, because the genomes of adult stem cells in organoid cultures are stable,” said Gerald Schwank, first..., however, because the disease affects multiple organ systems. Nevertheless, the findings are proof-of-principle...therapy.” Journal of cellular physiology.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.30064 2. Barman et al. 2020. “A glance...CRISPR-Cas9 technology.” Current genetics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-019-01040-3 3. Khatibi et al. 2021...

...zebrafish left-right organizer development. PLoS Genetics, 19(5), e1010765. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen...7), 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-023-01214-0. Preprint on bioRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.26.509516...Optogenetics gives you the power to control cells or organisms with the flip of a switch. You may be familiar...chromosomes during mitosis, support transport of organelles and vesicles, and more. Although several strategies...family proteins support vesicle trafficking and organelle dynamics, but with dozens of family members and...forming the cilia that help establish left-right organization of the embryo (Aljiboury et al., 2023). It’s...Vectors 101: Optogenetics Additional resources on Addgene.org Optogenetics Guide Optogenetics Plasmids References...

...and Developmental Immunology 2012:1–15 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/980250  Bates A, Power CA (2019) David... Antibody Fragments. Antibodies 8:28 . https://doi.org/10.3390/antib8020028  Bird R, Hardman K, Jacobson...antigen-binding proteins. Science 242:423–426 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3140379  Bradbury ARM, Sidhu S,...technologies. Nat Biotechnol 29:245–254 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1791  Deal CE, Balazs AB (2015) Vectored...Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 10:190–197 . https://doi.org/10.1097/coh.0000000000000145  Gąciarz A, Ruddock...intrinsically stable scFv. PLoS ONE 12:e0189964 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189964  Huston JS, Levinson...National Academy of Sciences 85:5879–5883 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.16.5879  Leavy O (2016) The birth...

... . https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142905.hg1508s88 Leidy-Davis T, Cheng K, Goodwin LO, Morgan JL, Juan WC...CRISPR/Cas Systems. Science 339:819–823 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143 Doench JG, Hartenian E,...inactivation. Nat Biotechnol 32:1262–1267 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3026 Gurumurthy CB, Takahashi G, Wada...Zygote Injection Approaches. Sci Rep 8: . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33408-9 Mizuno N, Mizutani E...Adeno-Associated Viral Vector. iScience 9:286–297 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2018.10.030 Qin W, Kutny PM, Maser...Current Protocols in Mouse Biology 6:39–66 . https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470942390.mo150178 Qin W, Dion SL, ...Electroporation of Nuclease. Genetics 200:423–430 . https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.115.176594 Yang H, Wang H, Shivalila...

...), 756–761. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4265.  Additional resources on addgene.org Find Optogenetics Plasmids...and optogenetic tools exist, humans (like many organisms) are opaque, which makes most biomedical applications...There is a variety of research on whether and how organisms respond to magnetic fields (Karki et al., 2021...sometimes seen controversy, and the interactions of organic molecules like proteins with magnetic fields generally...magnetic responses of cryptochrome proteins or organic fluorophores (Karki et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2011... Biophysical Journal, 116(3), 454–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.003.  Frank Hayward, R., ...brightness of fluorescent proteins. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11406498. andrewgyork.github.io/...

...1826–1852. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00710A Sahasrabudhe, A., Rupprecht, L. E., Orguc, S., Khudiyev, T...Biotechnology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01833-5 Resources on Addgene.org Optogenetics guide ...tool to advance our knowledge of brain-visceral organ signaling. The problem  Previously, there were... for monitoring how both the brain and visceral organs interact during various behaviors. Either tissue...common neuroscience tools into the brains of model organisms, including the Anikeeva lab’s work on a similar...mini-Bluetooth system named NeuroStack was used (Orguc et al., 2020). Using a programmable microcontroller...applications are to expand the tool to different brain-organ axes. Alternatively, the system could be used to...

...with CRISPR–Cas13. Nature 550:280–284 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24049 Find plasmids from this paper...genome-editing platform. Genome Biol 19: . https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1591-1 Cox DBT, Gootenberg JS... CRISPR-Cas13. Science 358:1019–1027 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0180 Find plasmids from this...human cells. Nat Biotechnol 34:863–868 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3609 Find plasmids from this publication... Campylobacter jejuni. Nat Commun 8: . https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14500 Find plasmids from this publication...PAM specificities. Nature 523:481–485 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14592 Find plasmids from this publication...human cells. Nat Biotechnol 34:869–874 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3620 Find plasmids from this publication...

...Neutralization Assays. Viruses 12:513 . https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050513 Cronin J, Zhang X-Y, Reiser J... through Pseudotyping. CGT 5:387–398 . https://doi.org/10.2174/1566523054546224 DePolo NJ, Reed JD, Sheridan...Human Serum. Molecular Therapy 2:218–222 . https://doi.org/10.1006/mthe.2000.0116 Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Cosset...Research and Gene Therapy. Viruses 12:1016 . https://doi.org/10.3390/v12091016 Joglekar AV, Sandoval S (2017...Human Gene Therapy Methods 28:291–301 . https://doi.org/10.1089/hgtb.2017.084 Li Q, Liu Q, Huang W, Li ...enveloped viruses. Rev Med Virol 28:e1963 . https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1963 Mazarakis ND (2001) Rabies virus...Human Molecular Genetics 10:2109–2121 . https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.19.2109 Sandrin V, Boson B, Salmon...

...genome editing of internal organs and tumors. Sci Adv 6:eabb1777 . https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb1777 ... CRISPR–Cas9. Nat Methods 15:924–927 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0178-9  Hemphill J, Borchardt...Editing. J Am Chem Soc 137:5642–5645 . https://doi.org/10.1021/ja512664v  Jain PK, Ramanan V, Schepers...Protectors. Angew Chem Int Ed 55:12440–12444 . https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201606123  Kim JH, Rege M, Valeri ...expression control. Nat Methods 16:633–639 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0436-5 Mathony J, Hoffmann MD...CRISPR‐Cas9. Angew Chem Int Ed 58:6285–6289 . https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201900788 Nihongaki Y, Furuhata Y,...differentiation. Nat Methods 14:963–966 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4430 Nihongaki Y, Kawano F, Nakajima...

...institutions.  What is the UBMTA, you ask? Well, organizations used to negotiate individual MTAs every time...standardized terms makes it a lot easier for organizations to make policy decisions on research use agreements...2023, we facilitated 784,795 MTAs with 8,798 organizations in 111 countries. From 2019 to 2023, we averaged...Addgene parlance, the depositor and requestor) organizations. Over the last twenty years, we’ve developed...When you deposit a plasmid with Addgene, your organization’s tech transfer office is sent a deposit agreement...distributed. In signing this agreement, your organization agrees to let Addgene receive, store, and distribute...individual MTAs for each request, the depositing organization signs one form that can be used for every MTA...

...Proteins (Vol. 2173, pp. 21–51). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0755-8_2 Lehtinen, K., Nokia... in Cellular Neuroscience, 15, 778900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.778900 Mattis, J., Tye, K. M...opsins. Nature Methods, 9(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1808 References Abreu, N., & Levitz...Proteins (Vol. 2173, pp. 21–51). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0755-8_2 Boyden, E. S., Zhang... Nature Neuroscience, 8(9), 1263–1268. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1525 Gunaydin, L. A., Yizhar, O., Berndt.... Nature Neuroscience, 13(3), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2495 Marshel, J. H., Kim, Y. S., Machado...perception. Science, 365(6453), eaaw5202. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw5202 Mattis, J., Tye, K. M.,...

...297 . https://doi.org/10.2307/1542146 Lazarus, J. E., Warr, A. R., Kuehl, C. J., Giorgio, R. T., Davis...sea anemone (Chan et al., 2006). Why do these organisms have chromoproteins? One reason may be that chromoproteins...symbiotic algae, during heat stress. For other organisms, like the sea anemone, scientists think that chromoproteins... for making plasmid constructs Resources on Addgene.org Find fluorescent proteins for your research ...xamachana. Marine Biology 94:423–430 . https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00428249 Chan MCY, Karasawa S, Mizuno...Biological Chemistry 281:37813–37819 . https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m606921200 Dove SG, Takabayashi M, ...and Environmental Microbiology, 85(16). https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00990-19 Liljeruhm, J., Funk, S. K....

...Gene Therapy Methods, 23(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1089/hgtb.2011.034 Benyamini, B., Esbin, M. ...Vectors [Preprint]. Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.20.533580 Goodwin, M. S., Croft...Molecular Neurodegeneration, 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-020-00361-z Grimm, D., Kern, A.,... AAV-2. Gene Therapy, 6(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3300946 Howard, D. B., & Harvey, ...Gene Therapy Methods, 28(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1089/hgtb.2016.180 Korte, J., Mienert, J., Hennigs...Gene Therapy, 32(13–14), Article 13–14. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2020.120 Lock, M., Alvira, M. R., Chen...Gene Therapy Methods, 25(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1089/hgtb.2013.131 Lock, M., McGorray, S., Auricchio...

...Integrated in Parallel. Cell, 154(4), 914–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELL.2013.07.018 Anzalone, A. V., Randolph...donor DNA. Nature, 576(7785), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4 Chen, P. J., & Liu, D...Nature Reviews Genetics, 24(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-022-00541-1 Kim, H. K., Kim, Y.,...performance. Science Advances, 5(11), eaax9249. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9249 Koeppel, J., Weller, J.,...determinants. Nature Biotechnology 2023, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01678-y Li, X., Chen, W., Martin...epigenetic manipulation of prime editing. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.020 Mathis, N., Allam, A.... Nature Biotechnology, 41, 1151–1159. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01613-7 Mathis, N., Allam, A...

...Vectors 101: Viral Applications Resources on addgene.org Addgene's Lentiviral Guide Most popular lentiviral...Microbiological Reviews, 56(3), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1128/MR.56.3.375-394.1992. PubMed PMID: 1406488...and Perspectives. Viruses, 13(7), 1288. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071288. PMID: 34372494. Prussin, A. ...Science & Technology Letters, 2(4), 84. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.ESTLETT.5B00050. PubMed PMID: 26225354...United States of America, 54(1), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.54.1.137. PubMed PMID: 4285422. Pubmed.... The EMBO Journal, 16(16), 5113–5122. https://doi.org/10.1093/EMBOJ/16.16.5113. PubMed PMID: 9305652....Journal of Virology, 14(5), 1132–1141. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.14.5.1132-1141.1974. PubMed PMID: 4372391...

...and stably maintain the genes they carry among organisms belonging to many different phylogenetic groups...bacteria and express proteins within different host organisms. pBBR1-based plasmids and plasmids in incompatibility...Biological Chemistry, 273(14), 8447–8453. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.14.8447  Jain, A., & Srivastava...FEMS Microbiology Letters, 348(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6968.12241  Keen, N. T., Tamaki, S...Gram-negative bacteria. Gene, 70(1), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(88)90117-5  Lale, R., Brautaset...Biology (Clifton, N.J.), 765, 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-197-0_19  Meyer, R. (2009).... IncQ plasmids. Plasmid, 62(2), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plasmid.2009.05.001  Meyer, R., Figurski...

...methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nat Genet 23:185–188 . https://doi.org/10.1038/13810 Amir RE, Zoghbi HY (2000) Rett syndrome...correlations. Am J Med Genet 97:147–152 . https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-8628(200022)97:2<147::aid-ajmg6>3.0... Related Disorders. Cell 152:984–996 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.038 Guy J, Gan J, Selfridge...Rett Syndrome. Science 315:1143–1147 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1138389 Le TTH, Tran NT, Dao TML...Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Genet 10: . https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00625 McGraw CM, Samaco RC, ... Requires MeCP2. Science 333:186–186 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206593 Powers S, Miranda C, Dennys-Rivers...S51.002). Neurology 92 (15 Supplement) . http://n.neurology.org/content/92/15_Supplement/S51.002.abstract Sinnamon...

...was moved exactly as is from one organism to a distantly related organism, the gene may not express well...or intentional release of engineered organisms. “Is [the organism] engineered? Where did it come from?...this lies in the codon usage biases of different organisms. Different species have different preferences ...that it more closely resembles that of the host organism, it may express protein more efficiently. To classify...not much variation in GC content between many organisms and DNA synthesis companies often work within ...trend of sourcing genes from distantly related organisms. In 2006, less than 1% of the genes deposited ...the less likely it is transferred into another organism in the lab. Predicting lab-of-origin of engineered...

...fluorescent dyes have enabled the visualization of both organic tissues and cell cultures, opening biological interiors...cellular components. Some dyes target specific organelles like mitochondria, and different dyes can result...receptors. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 21842. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78827-9  Breen, C. J., Raverdeau...ligand-binding assay. Scientific Reports, 6, 25769. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25769  Grimm, J. B., & Lavis, L. D....labels. Nature Methods, 19(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-021-01338-6  Grimm, J. B., Muthusamy...imaging. Nature Methods, 14(10), 987–994. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4403  Hayashi-Takanaka, Y., Stasevich...for live cell imaging. PLoS ONE, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106271  Heinrichs, A. (2009...

... development. These are required for a growing organism to make the complicated transition from a clump...dynamic processes are largely absent in adult organisms, where tissues structures are more stable and ...movement from the bone marrow and other lymphoid organs to specific tissues where they can scan for any...is large scale cellular movement throughout an organism. Studying cell mobility within these complex...tools to directly follow immune cells in lymphoid organs. The development of cell sorters together with ...antibodies made it possible to track cells from one organ to another. Thus several labs were able to decipher...microscopy images of chemically coloured lymphoid organs did in the past. How do researchers track fluorescently...

... (New York, N.Y.), 339(6121), 819–823. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143  Gaudelli, N. M., Komor... cleavage. Nature, 551(7681), 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24644  Gaudelli, N. M., Lam, D. K... Nature Biotechnology, 38(7), 892–900. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0491-6  Komor, A. C., Kim, Y... cleavage. Nature, 533(7603), 420–424. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17946  Lander, E. S. (2016). The ...Heroes of CRISPR. Cell, 164(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.041  Musunuru, K., Grandinette...Journal of Medicine, 392(22), 2235–2243. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2504747  Rees, H. A., Wilson, C.,...editors. Science Advances, 5(5), eaax5717. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5717  Richter, M. F., Zhao, K...

...indispensable tools for manipulating cells and organisms. They can be used for a variety of research purposes...applications. Gene Therapy, 17(2), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1038/gt.2009.135. PubMed PMID: 19847206 Desfarges...Viruses: Essential Agents of Life, 147–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4899-6_7. PubMed Central PMCID... Nature Biotechnology, 31(9), 822–826. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2623. PubMed PMID: 23792628 PubMed ...Clinical Investigation, 118(9), 3143–3150. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI35798. PubMed PMID: 18688286 PubMed .... Journal of Virology, 70(2), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.2.721-728.1996. PubMed PMID: 8551608...local hotspots. Cell, 110(4), 521–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00864-4. PubMed PMID: 12202041...