...This gives each guide a score ranging between 0 and 1. The cutting frequency determination (CFD score) is...converted to a weight (which ranges between 0 and 1) so that they can be used in the rank equation above...converted to a weight (which ranges between 0 and 1) (shown in the graph below) so that it can be used...HDR. Optimal mutation in-depth One the most sophisticated features of CrispyCrunch is how it mutates guide...

...microscopic resolution for studying colloidal gold (1).  The method was based on using a thin plane (sheet...Siedentopf, and R,. Zsigmondy.  (1902) Ann. Phys.  315, 1 – 39.
 A. H. Voie, D. H. Burns, F. A. Spelman. (1993...microscopy/en_de/products/imaging-systems/lightsheet-z-1.html ...of LSFM microscopes (3,4). After this initial application, Stelzer’s group described the single-plane or...brightness with increasing depth caused by light scattering and absorption.  Finally, the photomultipliers...

...the predecessor GEVIs (called ASAP 1 and 2), they found an indicator that is optimized for 2-photon imaging...several other constructs in plasmid form. Fig. 1: Summary of the approach and outcomes of the screen...what you'll find in this post: Improved voltage indicator: JEDI-2P Novel class of light-gated potassium...-Myc [9E10] now available! Improved voltage indicator: JEDI-2P  by: Brian O'Neill  The François St-Pierre...have successfully developed an improved voltage indicator (GEVI) called JEDI-2P. Using a custom, high-throughput...screen for improved genetically-encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) based on the ASAP sensors. The resultant...Sustained deep-tissue voltage recording using a fast indicator evolved for two-photon microscopy. Cell, 18, 3408...

.... In literary terms, conflict can be defined as (1) the struggle between two opposing forces or (2) the...journey even when they know the ending.    Fig. 1: We all know that the superheroes win in the end. ...formal scientific communications, they are fantastic fodder for science communication. The trick is to ... is far from the only way to communication science. Science communicators also use the hero’s journey,...this small glimpse into the world of science communication and can use what you've learned to share your...Finding Conflict in Science  In all science communication, what you are doing is telling a (nonfiction...details often aren’t included in scientific communications, but they’re firmly part of the story to the...

... Figure 1: SPARC and SPARC2 use the GAL4-UAS system along with precisely truncated attP sites to... several common genetic tools in Drosophila (Fig. 1):  GAL4-UAS, a transcription factor binding site....of PhiC31. In the SPARC system, attP sites are located on either side of a stop cassette, upstream of ...amount of labeling, you can alter the attP site. Truncating the attP site upstream of the stop cassette results...population is directly correlated to the length of the truncated attP site. The three SPARC variants, based on ...intermediate (d), and sparse (e) labeling of the calcium indicator, GCaMP6f, in the Drosophila optic lobe. Image ...Image from Isaacman-Beck et al., 2019. Applications for SPARC SPARC technology is versatile and can be ...

...into E. coli is a fairly inefficient process– just 1 out of 10,000 cells on average! Without some means...down especially fast and plates should be used witin 1 month for optimal efficiency. Beware of satellite ... perspective – a plasmid-containing cell must replicate the plasmid in addition to its own chromosomal...fully synthetic compounds. Antibiotics can be categorized based on whether they directly kill bacteria ...bacteriostatic); however, the distinction between the two categories may be a bit of a gray area as some bacteriostatic...Blocks 50S ribosomal subunit; inhibits aminoacyl translocation Bacteriostatic 50-100 ug/mL in EtOH Polymyxin...Binds 50S ribosomal subunit; inhibits peptidyl translocation Bacteriostatic 5-25 ug/mL in EtOH *In prokaryotes...

...and take a look at each of its parts. Figure 1: Parts of an AAV transfer plasmid. Parts shown in ..., ubiquitous expression, while the human synapsin 1 promoter is neuronal specific (Haery et al., 2019)...contains the proteins needed for the virus to replicate,  and the transfer plasmid which contains the ... by the AAV. On a plasmid map, its sequence is located between the ITRs. It can be anything you like as...expression of your transgene to a specific species or location. Promoters can also drive different levels of ...sequences that can flank the transgene and are located between the ITRs. Transfer plasmids often have ... the expression of your transgene. The WPRE is located at the end of the AAV genome, just upstream of ...

...more tools for plasmid mapping and design (Figure 1). Benchling: While you might think of Benchling as...Davis from the University of Utah.   Figure 1: A plasmid map created in SnapGene of Blue Flame plasmid...tackling these particular tasks, but they tend to be scattered about the internet. To help you keep your virtual...: Find sequences for plasmids assembled from publications and commercially available sources, as well ... as expression patterns, post-translational modifications and polymorphisms Codon optimization tool: To...making it ready to copy and paste into other applications Primer design tools Many of the above-listed... well as primer design for different cloning applications. Primer3 and Primer3Plus: For general primer...

... similar antibodies in llamas and alpacas (Figure 1). At the time, researchers were already on a quest...nanobodies (Arbabi-Ghahroudi, 2017)!      Figure 1: Comparison of a heavy-chain only antibody and single-domain...composed of camels, llamas, and alpacas (and their undomesticated counterparts) - not exactly species that jump...to sdAbs becoming valuable tools for diverse applications. For example, RANbodies can be used as an alternative... excitement around using sdAbs in diagnostic applications. For example, fluorescently and radioactively...heavy-chain only antibodies. (A) Overview of genetic modifications made to generate the nanomouse. (VHH = variable...inspired this versatile family of tools, the applications they have already enabled, and the discoveries...

...from distantly related organisms. In 2006, less than 1% of the genes deposited at Addgene were synthetic....synthetic biology is expanding rapidly.  References 1. Kunjapur, Aditya M., Philipp Pfingstag, and Neil ...published their results in a paper in Nature Communications announcing a new bioinformatics tool that can...at its sequence. MIT collaboration for gene classification This inquiry started when Neil Thompson, a ...have generated robust tools that have practical applications in monitoring the accidental or intentional ...from farther away in the tree of life." Nature communications 9.1 (2018): 4425. PubMed PMID: 30356044. PubMed...the lab-of-origin of engineered DNA." Nature communications 9.1 (2018): 3135. PubMed PMID: 30087331. PubMed...

...removing 1-20 nucleotides from the cleavage site specified by the gDNA. Depending on your application, this...About NgAgo User's First Impressions Here References 1. Gao, Feng, Xiao Z. Shen, Feng Jiang, Yongqiang Wu...template is supplied. Find Plasmids from the NgAgo Publication at Addgene Cas9 and NgAgo head to head NgAgo ...differences in cleavage efficiency. If this finding is replicated in larger studies, it will represent a key advantage...PubMed PMID: 27136078. Find plasmids from this publication at Addgene. 2. Swarts, Daan C., et al.  “DNA-... PMCID: PMC4697943. Find plasmids from this publication at Addgene. 3. Swarts, Daan C., et al. “Argonaute...

...organoid model (Sun, et al. 2021).  Figure 1: Example schematic from the Organoid EasyTag system...without altering that of the internal control (Fig 1). Because this method relies on the fluorescence ratio...be used to generate organoid cultures with a modification of interest. While the authors optimized the...mechanisms related to morphogenesis, cell fate specification, and human disease.     Sun, et al. bioRxiv...protoplasts, the enzymatic biosensor retains its catalytic activity.  As SLs are also known to trigger seed...parasitization of cereal crops. As a result, agricultural applications of these novel biosensors could have a major...

...B. Gurumurthy, and Masato Ohtsuka. Nat Protoc. 13(1) (2018):195-215. PubMed PMID: 29266098 Creating knock-in..., with protocols using dsDNA templates achieving ~1-10% efficiency. Easi-CRISPR uses a long ssDNA template...the gRNA design process and rules for various applications is necessary going forward. The standardization... I think I may have finally grasped just how complicated DNA repair pathways are. I fully admit to being...Alt-NHEJ), has been harnessed for CRISPR knock-in applications. CRISPR 101: Targeting RNA with Cas13a (C2c2...for CRISPR Genome Editing Other resources and publications CRISPOR gRNA design tool Researchers at the ...

...target DNA quickly and accurately.  Figure 1: Steps in PCR reaction   This process of denaturation...extension is repeated 25-35 times to exponentially replicate the target DNA of interest. This entire reaction...have been developed for different scientific applications. These PCR methods all use the same basic PCR...the final cycles which would slow or stop PCR amplification. Other times, the PCR reaction may not be 100%...quantified by qPCR. qPCR is used in a variety of applications including gene expression profiling, studying...concentration, unlike qPCR where results can vary across replicates. ddPCR can be used to quantify DNA sequences ...droplet contains the material required for PCR amplification. Following the PCR reactions each droplet is...

...antisense RNAs inhibit plasmid replication.   Figure 1: The replication problem. Iterons are repeated...actually does, and neither plasmid is maintained (Figure 1).  The partitioning problem Plasmid incompatibility...Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Genes & Genetic Systems 77:1–9 . https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.77.1 Pubmed PMID: ...Origin of Replication? See our Plasmids 101: Origin of Replication blog).  The replication problem Plasmids...directly inhibit replication by binding to the origin of replication and blocking replication machinery (del... of microbial plasmids: classification and identification based on replication and transfer systems and...plasmid that contains the origin of replication and the replication control machinery (Need a refresher...

...with a single insertion because it will segregate 3:1 in the T2 generation. You also have no control over... transgenic plants in the process.     References 1. Emami, S., Yee, M. and Dinneny, J. R. (2013) ‘A robust...transformation’, Plant Methods. BioMed Central, 2(1), p. 19. doi: 10.1186/1746-4811-2-19. PubMed PMID:...Agrobacterium tDNA insertion likely precipitated domestication of sweet potatoes (Kyndt et al., 2015)! It sounds...

...By the end of 2023, our catalog had grown to 879 viral catalog items (Figure 1). The service caught on...over 100,000 viral vector preps!   Figure 1: A) Cumulative AAV preps available in the Addgene ...Neuromethods, 195, 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2918-5_5 Haery, L., Deverman, B. E., Matho, K...repository. GCaMP, a calcium indicator (biosensor, by Addgene’s categorization) was first developed in 2001....   Figure 2: Numbers of AAV tools, by category, available from Addgene as of 2023. A large... calcium and voltage sensors, are the broadest category of viral vector tools, which may help explain ...number of requests for vectors in the “controls” category, which includes things like viral vectors that...

...following three strategies might help!     Figure 1: Species on species staining can be a problem because...same host species as your secondary antibody since 1) your secondary should not recognize Fab fragments... “species on species”) immunochemistry (IHC) applications an issue? The culprits are endogenous IgGs in...Partridge TA (1998). A New Blocking Method for Application of Murine Monoclonal Antibody to Mouse Tissue...

...level of expression needed for most applications.   Figure 1: With blue light, the VVD domains of... that dimerizes upon exposure to blue light (Fig. 1). Another blue light-inducible dimerization domain...in @nchembio Title: Bye bye L-arabinose drive. Dedicated to Edo, Armin and @KhammashLab. I hope you all...

...determined LY6A, also known as stem cell antigen-1 (SCA-1), is the receptor used by PHP.B to reach the CNS...William L. Stanford. "Concise review: stem cell antigen‐1: expression, function, and enigma." Stem cells 25.6...Mbp region of the mouse chromosome. Of the genes located in this stretch of DNA, Ly6a seemed the most likely...

...acceptable. Aims should be mechanistic, doable by 1-3 people in 1-5 years, and contribute to resolving the overarching...possible, do at least two full length practices (~1 h) and get feedback. It’s also helpful to practice...anticipated outcome, and payoff for each aim. Learn to communicate your story with only the most salient details...

...guide RNA (sgRNA), provided it meets two conditions:  1) The sequence is unique compared to the rest of the...bystander bases” if you choose this system.  Fig. 1: Cytidine deamination takes place on the free strand...temperature-controlled genome editing. Nat. Commun. 2017 81 8, 1–9 (2017).Walton, R. T., Christie, K. A., Whittaker... than ever to make precise, targeted genome modifications. Cas9 has been modified to enable researchers...instead.  Choosing a Cas9 for site-specific modifications Site-specific deletions and knockouts Some experiments...mutation at a specific site e.g., deleting the catalytic residue of a protein or knocking out a very small...flexibility as to where your sgRNA needs to be located and there may not be a NGG PAM site anywhere to...

...oligodeoxynucleotides)) are commonly used for smaller modifications (~1-50 base pairs). Small edits require as little...Easi-CRISPR was shown to increasing editing efficiency from 1-10% with dsDNA to 25-50% with ssODNs in mouse models...ribonucleoproteins. Quadros RM, et al. Genome Biol. 18(1); (2017). PubMed.  Additional Resources on the Addgene...pathways of DSBs, with a focus on repair for genome modification purposes. How does homology directed repair...specific mutations into the damaged DNA if these modifications exist in the template DNA. There are several... genome engineering world and made targeted modifications feasible and even easy. This targeted-break ...that can be harnessed by researchers for many applications. Your favorite Cas enzyme, a guide RNA to your...

...sgRNA1), 2; darker than control, 1; very dark). Brighter fluorescence indicates a more successful gRNA design...She loves to communicate the latest and greatest in scientific content.      References 1. Cho, Seung ...In vitro screening for the best gRNA Figure 1: Validation of double strand break (DSB) mediated ...plasmid using standard cloning techniques (The XX indicates where your target is inserted, disrupting the ...effective ones to increase your chances of gene modification in vivo. Find Plasmids for Testing Your gRNAs...et al., 2014). The plasmid is sturdier than the delicate RNA and therefore there has less chance of contamination... the validation assay should give an accurate indication of how many pups will contain a mutation and ...

...Full "Applying for a Faculty Position" eBook Here 1. Have a competitive CV You don't necessarily need ...that people would agree is important to understand. (1-2 sentences). For example: Distinguishing correctly... What will be the focus of your first grant? (1-2 sentences) Simply stated, what are your aims... do need multiple first/corresponding author publications in quality journals. It helps to come from the...a job. The currency of scientific success is publications and grants. 2. Write succinct and easy to understand...humbling. My conviction that I had a flair for communication was rapidly dispelled. She would ask me, "Is...succinct. Slide decks leads to the opposite and can suffocate an exciting idea in a swamp of unnecessary details...

...Check out Addgene's New Viral Service! References 1. Hay, R.J., Macy, M.L. & Chen, T.R. “Mycoplasma infection...contaminations.” Methods in Molecular Biology 946 (2013). 1-13. Pubmed PMID: 23179822. 5. Segura, M.M., Kamen,...Production, concentration and titration of pseudotyped HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors."Nature protocols 4.4 (2009...positively charged polycation, polybrene. Interestingly, one study found that alternative polycations such as DEAE-dextran... freshly collected lentivirus for downstream applications. While this ensures that the highest titer virus...lentivirus may want to consider testing a variety of cation and serum sources to ensure the best possible transduction...establishes the best conditions for specific applications, stick with them! Changes in such variables ...

...animal will repeatedly nose-poke at the active hole [1, 2].    Place preference/place aversion also models... can be explained primarily in two different ways 1) your hypothesis is wrong or 2) there is some problem...follow him on Twitter @derekpsimonphd.    References 1. Stuber, Garret D., et al. "Excitatory transmission...EthoVision. Consult the literature to find all the applications of optogenetics relevant to your field. Ultimately...Inhibition of neuronal activation is a little more complicated since basal neuronal activity in your brain region...technology is improving and may one day reach the sophistication of mouse transgenics. Everything that has been... and memory in opioid addiction and science communication/science writing. Derek is also a pianist and...

...and is recommended for use in western blots (Figure 1). If you prefer to produce your own antibody or want...are also available from Addgene!   Figure 1: Experimental validation for Anti-V5 [IPI-SV5-Pk1]...biophysical studies of protein degraders. Nat Commun., 15(1), 8885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52871-9...performs well in many different antibody-based applications.  IPI’s recombinant version is a fusion of mouse...with additional cofactors or using significantly truncated forms that limit its functionality. To make biophysical...cellular processes in C. elegans: mScarlet3 for applications needing intense brightness (such as low-expression...luciferase fragment (expressed separately) assemble and catalyze the luminescence reaction (Figure 5). The researchers...

...sequencing. DNA replication by PCR has error rates that range from roughly 1 per 500bp to roughly 1 per 10 million...not cut within your insert Are in the desired location in your recipient plasmid (usually in the Multiple...amplify and design primers that will bind to and replicate it. The following image shows the ends of the ...Forward Primer will use the sequence 5'-ATGTGGCATATCTCGAAGTAC-3' for the region that binds the ORF and...primer, making our Forward Primer 5'-GAATTCATGTGGCATATCTCGAAGTAC-3'. Many restriction enzymes do not cut...final Forward Primer sequence of 5'-TAAGCAGAATTCATGTGGCATATCTCGAAGTAC-3'. For the Reverse Primer, the design...need to use the reverse complement to get PCR amplification. We can start similarly, taking the final 18...

...your budget, you should take the following steps: 1. Define your timeline Start with your thesis in mind...these decisions in the following order of importance: 1. First make decisions based on experimental timelines... several factors aren’t taken into consideration. 1. Always focus on the science When negotiating finances.... After identifying all the major equipment, categorize all of your minor tools, like pipets, or mini-centrifuges...titles in the regions where the host institute is located. For example, salaries in Kansas versus salaries... most start-up P.I.’s. It doesn’t have to be complicated, or difficult to create this list. Start BEFORE...discounts, collaborations, access to internal award applications, etc. If this is the institute that can help...

.../nmeth.2641. Epub 2013 Sep 1. PubMed. Find plasmids from this publication at Addgene. Scalable and...sequences are inserted into the genome. Figure 1: Self-excising cassette schematic from Dickinson et...genomic modifications, is very robust in C. elegans, and the methods for HDR-mediated modification continue...After self-excision, the resulting loxP scar is located in this synthetic intron, and only the fluorescent...use and highly efficient for C. elegans genome modification. Figure 2: Schematic from Dickinson et...permission from the Genetics Society of America. Applications of this system Dickinson et al. have developed...system could be used to make many other genome modifications, including targeted mutations. SEC-based systems...

...those ideas and build from those.   Figure 1: Virtual lab meeting? No problem! You can still creatively... on it – so it is important to take breaks. After 1 hour (or another designated time) of meeting, someone...Collaboration and creativity are pivotal in writing publications/grants too. As described by several works (Wuchty...backgrounds.” This work outlines the need for clear communication, fair credit through authorship, and acceptance...remotely. The authors stress the fact that “miscommunication, a lack of leadership, and inappropriate tools...approaches can lead to frustration, delay of publication, or even the termination of a project.” Take ...setting. Check out the blog post “Fostering Communication in Remote Collaborations” to get more ideas....

... are not required to initiate the reaction. Table 1 compares some general advantages and disadvantages...disadvantages of luminescence versus fluorescence.  Table 1: Properties of Luminescence versus Fluorescence   ...Luciferases are a class of enzymes capable of catalyzing chemical reactions in living organisms resulting...gene, such as luciferase, usually serves as an indicator of transcription within cells, where detection...photon emission is measured resulting from the catalysis of a chemical reaction requiring luciferin, ATP...Background Lower Higher Post-translational Modification Not Required Required Photobleaching/Phototoxicity...blue light with a peak emission at 480nm upon catalyzing a chemical reaction with the substrate coelenterazine...

... from mutations in the gene, and whether any publications have mentioned the gene. The Bloomington Drosophila...

...sequences were initially discovered in E. coli in 1987 (1), the concept that these clustered repeat sequences...neutralize CRISPR/Cas. Earlier this year, expression of 1 of 5 anti-CRISPR genes were found to inactivate the...distinct types and subtypes using polythetic classification based on evolutionary similarity (5). Type ...2013 (7, 8). Nine months later, more than 1500 publications describe work to improve the tool’s specificity...various species and describe an assortment of applications. Despite the ubiquity of CRISPR/Cas toolkit,... multiple plasmids used for various platform applications. For more information on CRISPR/Cas, check out...for your research. Do you have a cool idea or application that involves CRISPR/Cas technology? Let us know...

...processed since the declaration, only a small fraction (<1%) of authors have asked for advice about the scope...where readers may locate data supporting the research reported in PLOS publications. The policy was not... is founded on the principle that scientific publications must contain enough information (or links to...probable to some extent - but that is the price of publication. Who is to say that the initial data-generating...logically annotated and arranged, as in an actual publication and not require interaction with the data authors...likely, at least in part, due to our inadequate cataloguing of how results were obtained and this alone is... Nature Publishing Group recently launched a publication called Scientific Data, which aims to act as ...

...distinguish between your two targets.    Figure 1: In the isotype conversion process the variable regions...natural isotype to that of a different group (Fig. 1). This process, called isotope conversion, gives users...published, knockout validated, and work in your application. But…they are the same isotype and therefore ...are identical for antibodies within certain classification groups called isotypes.  Why does isotype matter...

...restriction digests are comprised of 2 separate steps: 1) incubating your DNA with restriction enzymes which...The resulting gel image includes a 1kb ladder (lane 1) that has bands ranging from about 500bp to 10kb, ... I hope these tips demonstrate that plasmid verification is not just necessary but also an easy process.... Please vist Addgene's resource for plasmid verification to find additional tips and detailed protocols...

...activity degrades the displaced strand.   Figure 1: EvolvR consists of an error-prone polymerase (PolI...mutation rate and extend the editing window of EvolvR: (1) two additional mutations to PolI3M generated PolI5M...potential applications. Challenges of existing mutagenesis methods Several continuous diversification methods... challenging for users to achieve targeted diversification of all nucleotides within a defined region ...Chang Lab have created methods that introduce diversification by targeting a site of interest with dCas9 ...level of variation that can be introduced.   Diversification is limited due to the integration of oligonucleotide...increasing the standard mutation rate seen during DNA replication by 120-fold over background. Due to its modular...

...sticks out and can be considered a linker (figure 1). In fact, for several FRET biosensors (yellow cameleon...fluorescent protein are relatively close together (figure 1). Where should the fluorescent protein be inserted...fluorescent protein database." Nature methods (2019): 1. PubMed PMID: 30886412. Mastop, Marieke, et al. "A...study its function is one of the most popular applications of fluorescent proteins. These fusion proteins...steric hindrance. For instance, GFP may occlude catalytic sites or obstruct binding sites or motifs that...that are necessary for post-translational modifications. Despite these potential issues, GFP has been used...linker sequence short In the early days of GFP applications, many were concerned with steric hindrance by...

...overcomes many of those limitations (Figure 1). Figure 1: Opto-katanin induces fast, localized microtubule...GTPase Signaling Toolbox. ACS Synthetic Biology, 11(1), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.1c00604...efficiency constructs are great for in vitro biocatalytic applications where toxicity doesn’t matter. Plus, for... binding of the plasma membrane. In previous publications, they described tools to control formation of.... Restricting the effect to a specific time or location can be critical when, say, the gene is essential...that trap the fusion protein away from its usual location, preventing it from carrying out its proper function...) and to introduce unnatural head groups for applications like fluorescent labeling via click chemistry...

...engineered human uracil DNA glycosylase. Nature Communications, 15(1), 4897. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024...engineered uracil-DNA glycosylase. Nature Communications, 15(1), 6397. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024...a glossary at the end of this post! Figure 1: Base transitions are edits between the purine bases...Red arrows indicate a conversion directly catalyzed by the base editor. Black arrows indicate natural cellular...researchers can now select the best tool for their application from among many options.  Conclusion With these...

...antibodies as research tools, you may find “Chapter 1: What is an Antibody” quite useful. If you’re looking...resource for anyone looking to use antibody-based applications in their research.  Like all our eBooks, the...through the process. If you’re confident in your application and protocols, but can’t quite seem to find an...for Your Experiment.” Whatever your antibody application question, the Antibody 101 eBook is a great place...

...bacteria with superior performance. Nature Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04899...oxygen. Additionally, its status as a Biosafety Level 1 microbe makes it a perfect candidate for introductory...Transport, biofilms, and much more. Because of it’s BSL-1 status, E. coli can be used as a model to relate these...studying genetic modification for their ease of manipulation and their ability to be replicated. Because E...., 2004). Additionally, breakthroughs in gene modification tools and methods such as CRISPR have vastly...Escherichia coli as a Model Organism and Its Application in Biotechnology. In Escherichia coli - Recent...Physiology, Pathogenesis and Biotechnological Applications. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/67306 Koornneef...

...blotting, named for its inventor Edward M. Southern (1), can be used to detect DNA identity, size, and abundance...hours at low cost with restriction mapping (Figure 1). Though some labs may prefer to send DNA directly... serotonergic system and behavior.     References 1. Southern, Edwin Mellor. "Detection of specific sequences...comparison to a control sample. Southern blotting applications range from confirming the results of cloning...interest by recording DNA abundance throughout the amplification process, rather than just at the end as in standard...experiments allowed researchers to identify the location of genes. With this knowledge, researchers were...was added and when. Compiling the identity and location of a given nucleotide, a researcher (or a simple...

... There are two methods of neuronal tracing (Fig. 1): one to visualize neurons that send information to...significantly updated in 2023 by Jason Nasse.  References 1. Tervo, D. Gowanlock R., et al. "A designer AAV variant...Tracers are typically delivered to a particular location and they either trace downstream from the soma...Others have noted a lack of transduction in catecholamine pathways from the spinal cord (Wang, 2018, Metcalfe...not yet understood, one thing is clear: this application opens a lot of doors in neuroscience. The retrograde...retrograde serotype also has promising therapeutic applications; it can enhance therapeutic delivery across ...

... to be aware of the April 1 deadline for companies to submit an application on their behalf.  If an individual...and non-profit organizations do not have the April 1 H-1B queue process or quota like industry, these organizations... National Interest Waiver. The three prongs are: (1) The foreign national’s proposed work endeavor must...-1B, you need to prove 3 threshold requirements: (1) that you have international recognition for your ...higher education nonprofit entities related to or affiliated with institutions of higher education nonprofit...for self-sponsorship of the I-140 application meaning that the category does not require a foreign national.... NIW requirements stress “educational background, expertise, publications, and plan for future activities...

...immunogenicity score (Mattei et.al., 2022).    Figure 1: Generation of immunogenicity scores by predictive...antibodies for the treatment of diseases. J Biomed Sci 27, 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z  ...silico approach The in silico approach cannot replicate the complexity of antigen processing events that...This system would somewhat act like a 2-step verification. All approaches have their own limitations. ... together can inform decisions about in vivo application and clinical testing. This would pave the way...

...restriction digest and colony PCR.   Fig. 1: (A) Schematic of cloning, expression and validation... doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038313. Epub 2012 Jun 1. PMID: 22675541; PMCID: PMC3365890....cDNA, which  was used as a template for PCR amplification with a degenerate primer set to amplify IgG ...  While screening by IF-ICC worked well for identification of the correct clones, it was determined that...through functional assays. Following functional verification, the R-mAb expression plasmids were DNA sequenced...

...modified slightly with either a 1-7 base poly(U)tail in tRNA-gRNA constructs or a 1-4 base tail from the second...biological pathways;  to observe a phenotype, the modification of multiple genes is often necessary. Guide ...recognition and cleavage. This sequence flexibility indicates that gRNAs could be incorporated into these constructs...the 5’ end. PTG construct schematics. Scissors indicate cleavage sites. After confirming gRNA cleavage...) How many loci can Cas9 modify? To test the application of this system to gRNA multiplexing, Xie et al...deletion with 4-20% frequency at the four loci, indicating that Cas9 can be guided to at least 8 distinct...multiplexing further illustrates the potential of PTGs. Applications of PTGs The major advantage of the PTG system...