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...equal. Some work better than others. There are a variety of resources online to guide you in gRNA design...

...being used in any genetic background, but require variable amounts of experimental manipulation and screening...

... their function. Their migration is induced by various types of interactions with their environment. These...

...Research Associate in the lab of Arlene Sharpe at Harvard Medical School. His projects include investigating...

...These synthetic RNAs can also be purchased from various other suppliers with a typical turnaround time ...

...genetically-encoded FRET donors (Fig. 1). Scores of FP variants have been created, thereby enabling a broad spectrum...

...Inhibitory (Hyperpolarizing) ChR Variants Alternatively, ChR variants that inhibit neurons have been created... these variants result in the hyperpolarization of neurons. Examples of anion channel variants from other...Mac and its variants allow for inhibition of neurons using blue-green light. Mac variants have been engineered... eMac3.0 Glossary of Microbial Opsin Variants Opsin Type Variant Description Peak Response Spectra (nm...Phobos Blue-shifted iC++ variant 467 Aurora Red-shifted anion-selective ReaChR variant 517 Halorhodopsins Jaws... out of the cell. Scientists have identified a variety of naturally occurring microbial opsins that respond...wavelengths of light, like blue or yellow light. These various opsins also initiate different electrochemical ...

...binding) SpCas9 VRER variant 3' NGCG SpCas9 EQR variant 3' NGAG SpCas9 VQR variant 3' NGAN or NGNG xCas9...LbCpf1) 5' TTTV AsCpf1 RR variant 5' TYCV LbCpf1 RR variant 5' TYCV AsCpf1 RVR variant 5' TATV Campylobacter...out target genes in various cell types and organisms, but modifications to various Cas enzymes have extended...available with multiple Cas9 variants, including high fidelity Cas9s, Cas9s with various PAM requirements, and...Species/Variant of Cas9 PAM Sequence* Streptococcus pyogenes (SP); SpCas9 3' NGG SpCas9 D1135E variant 3' ...understanding of CRISPR biology, introduce the various applications of CRISPR, and help you get started...use, and there are several to choose from. Many variations of Cas9 exist, along with other Cas enzymes like...

...Single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) contain only the variable heavy chain and variable light chain regions... way to produce antibodies, with the highest variability in antibodies produced. Cells - Antibodies can...cells). The genetic reorganization that creates variety in the antibody allowing for their extreme specificity...large amounts of a single antibody with little variation. Recombinant plasmids - Antibodies can be produced...the plasmid. This produces the least amount of variation between antibodies, allows for the antibody’s ...easily confirmed via sequencing, and enables the variable region and constant regions of the antibody to.... The tips of the Fab fragments contain highly variable regions, shown in light blue and light orange,...

...fusion site in between. MoClo can be used for a variety of applications—like building synthetic genetic...constitutive promoters, T7 expression, RBS strength variants, synthetic terminators, protein purification tags...fluorescence proteins for use in E. coli for a variety of applications. EcoFlex MoClo Extension, Volume...including 11 inducible promoters, 16 RBS strength variants, 8 tag-compatible RBSs, 2 secretion tags, 6 CDSs...6 destination vectors for use in E. coli for a variety of applications. CIDAR MoClo Parts Kit Bacterial...designed to quickly and efficiently build a wide variety of gene expression constructs using the CIDAR-standard...plasmid vectors for working in cyanobacteria. Cultivarium POSSUM Toolkit Bacterial Expression, Fungal Expression...

...CTZ) or chemical variations thereof (hCTZ), or furimazine (Fz) or chemical variations thereof (FFz, CFz...GPCRs have been shown to be involved in a wide variety of biological processes, including initiating signaling...κ-opioid G αi SALB Decrease cAMP Neuronal inhibition Vardy et al., 2015 * For a discussion of alternative DREADD...respond specifically to the anti-smoking drug varenicline. This PSAM carries mutations at L131G, Q139L,...and is termed PSAM4 (or PSAM 4 ). Additional varenicline analogs, termed ultrapotent PSEMs (or uPSEMs)...Effect Outcome (in neurons) Reference PSAM4 Gly Varenicline, uPSEM 792, uPSEM 817 Cl - influx Neuronal inhibition...inhibition Magnus et al., 2019 PSAM4 5HT3 Varenicline, uPSEM 792, uPSEM 817 Na + , K + influx Neuronal...

...feature can be harnessed for stable delivery of various genes, mutations, or treatments into cells, and...aspects that make them useful research tools in a variety of cell types and models, such as stable long-term...This means that lentiviruses can infect a greater variety of cell types than retroviruses. Both lentiviruses...vectors are produced in just a few days. Another variant, Phoenix-gp, contains only gag-pol and enables ...Protocols References Coffin, J. M., Hughes, S. H., & Varmus, H. E. (Eds.). (1997). Principles of Retroviral...journal.pone.0154070 PMID: 27097319 LaFave, M. C., Varshney, G. K., Gildea, D. E., Wolfsberg, T. G., Baxevanis...

...vectors. AAV Types Serotypes AAV serotypes are AAV variants that differ in their tropism — that is, the types...determined by naturally occurring differences in the variable regions of the virus capsid. Thirteen human and...vectors for in vivo applications. Other Engineered Variants Hybrid capsids Hybrid capsids are engineered capsids...successfully employed to engineer new rAAV capsid variants, such as systemic capsids. A systemic capsid is...also been employed to engineer an rAAV serotype variant able to display neuronal retrograde transport, ...D. V., & Karpova, A. Y. (2016). A designer AAV variant permits efficient retrograde access to projection...

... window from the PAM sequence, and base editor variants often have different optimal editing windows. ... and gRNA(s) in your target cells. There are a variety of ways to deliver and express these components...delivery . As mentioned above, CRISPR efficiency will vary based on the method of delivery and the cell type.... A mixed population will contain cells with a variety of modifications and will likely contain a subset...subset of wild type cells. If you are screening a variety of gRNAs or a new type of Cas enzyme, validating...

...— Plasmids can drive gene expression in a wide variety of organisms, including plants, worms, mice, and... coding gene function, they are now used for a variety of studies used to investigate promoters, small...Plasmid Elements Plasmids come in many sizes and vary broadly in their functionality. In their simplest...produced. Expression vectors can drive expression in various cell types (mammalian, yeast, bacterial, etc.),...is a group of newly synthesized DNA strands of varying lengths whose last nucleotide is labeled. These...

...feature can be harnessed for stable delivery of various genes, mutations, or treatments into cells, and...aspects that make them useful research tools in a variety of cell types and models. Lentiviral vectors can...This means that lentiviruses can infect a greater variety of cell types than retroviruses. Both lentiviruses...processes by surveying a pool of genetic mutants for various phenotypes. These screens involve hundreds to even...j.biopha.2020.110276 PMID: 32502836 Johnson, N. M., Alvarado, A. F., Moffatt, T. N., Edavettal, J. M., Swaminathan...

...selection markers, and fluorescent proteins to fit a variety of experimental conditions. Read more in our Gateway...vector yourself. Additionally, the efficiency can vary depending on the polymerase used, and the single...

...following guides to help you start learning about various scientific concepts related to our plasmid collection...

... controlled in both bacteria and eukaryotes by various DNA regulatory sequences, including enhancers, ...

... species (A to G). Different serotypes exhibit varying tissue tropisms, meaning they preferentially infect...