...behavior is not done in response to any specific stimulus. While the escape response neural pathway is well...narrow down the possible specific neurons responsible for the response based on the overlap between groups....subsequent effects on behavior. The system is an especially powerful tool for in vivo behavioral studies ...photostimulation in order to drive the full symmetrical response.  The function of Kolmer-Agduhr cells had previously...

...low salary I might add). You have a right and responsibility to choose a lab where you can thrive and do...spend a day or two hanging out around the lab and especially try to attend a lab meeting. Observe how the ...the lab members treat one another (especially those low on the totem pole). Can you see yourself enjoying... hope to grow.  Find mentors who take their responsibility to train you seriously. Why work for someone...allocation of meaningless tasks, removal of responsibility, repeated reminders of blunders, setting target...signs while interviewing: Lab members speak disrespectfully of supervisors and/or each other. You are not...equipment quotes? Understand administrative responsibilities? Is the work (topic and/or technical aspects...

...antibody as well as the role it plays in an immune response. But what is an isotype? How many are there? Why...isotypes also appear at different stages of an immune response. There are three main pathogen clearing functions...This isotype is produced during a primary immune response because all B cells begin by expressing IgM. IgM... predominant isotype during a secondary immune response, which is when the immune system encounters  an...IgM and IgD antibodies, but later in an immune response, the variable region of an antibody is paired ...helps B cells adapt during the course of an immune response since it also changes the effector function of...

...CRISPR systems can be as confusing as reading Shakespeare for the first time. The discovery and application... systems now seem neatly organized into their respective categories, arriving at a consensus was not as...hierarchy: class to type to subtype to variant. Despite the seemingly complicated steps to arrive at this...largely underutilized compared to Class 2. Class 1 Despite their incredible abundance, Class 1 CRISPR systems...accessory Cas proteins in the Cascade complex. Despite a tenuous grasp on how type III systems function... III-E effector was developed, called Cas7-11. Despite being in Class 1, Cas7-11 is a single protein effector...Harrington, L. B., Burstein, D., Chen, J. S., Paez-Espino, D., Ma, E., Witte, I. P., Cofsky, J. C., Kyrpides...

... of known concentration and measure a specific response as a function of the concentration. You then plot... the concentration of the standards versus the response and use that information to extrapolate the concentration...create a standard curve, you graph the measured response of the serially diluted standard as a function...concentration of the unknown sample based on its measured response. An example of this is shown in Figure 2.   ...limits of the instrument being used to measure the response. The dynamic range needs to be wide enough to ...concentrations but suffers from decreased specificity, especially as it approaches the minimum and maximum thresholds...

...effects of ART. Why can’t the body mount an immune response to destroy these reservoirs? Essentially, the ...system doesn’t see any threat to which it should respond. Latently infected cells evade immune detection...die, either through cytotoxicity or the immune response. The second strategy is the simple removal of ... apoptosis, indicating a true “shock and kill” response. Cutting HIV-1 out of the genome with CRISPR/Cas9... all of the target cells. This goal may prove especially difficult given that the viral reservoir spans...strategy may be a better option than direct cleavage. Despite the potential difficulties in translating these...

...Boyden et al., 2005; Deisseroth et al., 2006). Despite its relatively recent development, the history ...cell membranes and maintain membrane potential in response to visible light (Zhang et al., 2011). What do...expression and low ability to induce innate immune responses (Fenno et al., 2011). However, rAAVs lack the ...defined recognition sites (i.e., loxP and FRT, respectively) (Abremski and Hoess, 1984; Van Duyne, 2001;... is inserted in the antisense orientation with respect to the promoter to prevent its expression, and ... "Diversity of dopaminergic neural circuits in response to drug exposure." Neuropsychopharmacology 41.10...

...of fluorescent responses. Studies on the kinetics of these sensors showed rapid response (60 or 130 ms ...submicromolar) DA affinity and high-magnitude responses (increases in fluorescence) at low concentrations... or 2.5 s off, for mouse or human receptors, respectively). Using GRABDA sensors in experiments The Li...neuron in vivo in Drosophila Detect DA dynamics in response to a threatening looming stimulus in vivo in transgenic...

... call for applications. We had an overwhelming response and were excited to see the many creative uses...variants have been found that affect the body’s response to warfarin. “These novel methods will be instrumental... the human population can affect drug and dose response. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are frequently...fluorescent proteins under the control of promoters responsive to water or nutrient levels can help him determine...reporter can also be used to track how one population responds to a second population. Last, Bernach will simultaneously...

...R bodies can repeatedly extend and contract in response to changing pH, and they can rupture E. coli spheroplasts...that can extend and retract over many microns in response to pH changes without the need for ATP or other...polymerization states. Instead, R body monomers respond to pH changes by undergoing local conformational...like vasculature or extracellular matrices) in response to pH changes. Beyond these applications, purified...enzymes for use as a scaffold that changes shape in response to environmental conditions. More speculatively...