...Why do they matter? And how do antibodies switch isotypes? What is an isotype? An isotype is a class of ...Antibodies for a refresher). There are five antibody isotypes that each have a unique heavy-chain constant region...region, and variable region.   Why are antibody isotypes important? To your immune system, an antibody’... help destroy and remove a pathogen. Different isotypes also appear at different stages of an immune response...constant regions of antibodies, although not all isotypes have the same ability to activate each of these...recognize the Fc portion of different antibody isotypes. Binding to complement system proteins, which ...immunocytochemistry, ELISAs, and Western blotting.  The five isotypes of antibodies Differences in their heavy chain...

...and can transduce (infect) a wide range of cell types with a high efficiency. However, gamma-retrovirus...cells, making it conducive to targeting all cell types. Altogether, AAV has many excellent features for...as in mouse experiments. AAV also has multiple serotypes (12 naturally occurring and more synthetic capsids...from, which can target the virus to specific cell types of interest. This is a particularly nice feature...been identified in humans to date. Over fifty serotypes of human-infecting adenovirus have been identified...efficiently with adenovirus and AAV.   Table 1: Types of viruses and their features Choosing a virus...

...opposite: AAV serotypes with varying tissue tropism, allowing them to target particular cell types. ...from one another. Common serotypes We’ll cover the most commonly used serotypes in this post. However, ...vector’s genetic material, and variations between serotypes can change how the viral particle sneaks its way... way into cells. Generally, AAV serotypes have a primary cellular receptor and sometimes one or multiple...coreceptors, which may be present on different cell types and sometimes vary between target species or even...how you count, there are up to thirteen natural serotypes of AAV identified so far, numbered AAV1, AAV2,...addition, researchers have created many engineered serotypes by mixing, matching, and modifying capsid and ...

...signal is spilling over into the primary detector for PE. In order to correct for this, compensation has to... 1: The emission spectra and filters for FITC and PE on a conventional flow cytometer.   Spectral...similarity index. In figure 3, we can see that PerCP and PE/Cy5 have a similarity index of 0.87; therefore, two...difficulty when trying to resolve those populations. PE/Cy7 and BB515, on the other hand, have a similarity...especially sensitive to batch effect. For example, when a PE molecule is conjugated with a Cy7 molecule, there...difficulty in unmixing if your sample is stained with a PE/Cy7 antibody from a batch that is not the same as..., the identification and isolation of rare cell types. In recent years, full spectrum flow cytometry (...

...Figure 1. For example, the chart tells us that PE and PE-Cy7 are "very bright" when they are excited by... Blue (488 nm) BD Horizon™ BB515BD Horizon™ PE-CF594Pe-CyBD™5 PEPE-Cy7 FITC Alexa Fluor 488PerCP-CY5.5... PerCP Yellow/Green (561 nm) PEBD Horizon™ PE-CF594PE-Cy5PE-Cy7       Red (640 nm) ...488 nm (Table 1), which is near a local maximum of PE's excitation spectrum (dotted line, Figure 2). The... 561 nm, which is close to the global maximum of PE's excitation spectrum where the excitation efficiency... Figure 2: Excitation and emission spectra for PE. The excitation spectrum shows two maxima, one local...

...compensation between APC and APC-Cy7; PE and PE-Cy7; APC-Cy7 and PE-Cy7; or BV421 and BV51. It is a good...flow cytometer reads out the fluorophores FITC and PE on the same laser, you will need to compensate between...

...editing in dicots By Emily P. Bentley Prime editing (PE), initially developed in human cells, has been uniquely...dicots. But Jae-Yean Kim’s lab recently "broke the PE efficiency barrier in tomatoes" by combining several...Their optimized strategy uses new combinations of PE protein components (Figure 1), an altered epegRNA...platform to assay dozens of GPCRs across many cell types in varying conditions, revealing context-dependent...

...GFP-LC3 is conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and recruited to autophagasomal membranes, which... The RFP-LC3∆G, however, can not be conjugated to PE due to a C-terminal glycine deletion, so it remains...

... and orange photons while PE emits yellow and orange photons. If FITC and PE were being used together ...fixation-sensitive fluorochromes such as phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin. If assaying a secreted protein...contribution of yellow and orange from FITC and that from PE. During compensation the signal arising from a specific...help you overcome these challenges and make these types of experiments easier and faster to perform. Introduction...thus preserving the protein structure and keeping epitopes intact. It does not, however, permeabilize cells...the cell membrane. In some cases, this can mask epitopes such that immune complexes will no longer recognize... differences in size and complexity, these cell types will separate into distinct populations on a FSC...

.... You don’t want a super-bright fluorophore, like PE, on an abundant target, as you risk getting so much...much signal that you’ll flood out other signals. But PE can be very helpful if you're trying to find a relatively...

...specific applications! Delivering prime editors (PEs) via engineered virus-like particles (eVLPs) offers...than other viral delivery methods, allowing all the PE components to be delivered in a single package. In...genetic disease phenotype in an animal model. Find PE-eVLP plasmids here! The lab’s other recent deposit...nervous system is composed of myriad cell types and subtypes, and a familiar challenge for anyone who ....2021.03.025.    Recombinant antibodies for marking cell types in the nervous system By Ashley Waldron The mammalian...as well as antibodies for identifying other cell types in the nervous system!  Find recombinant anti-GFAP...

... to evolve a range of specialized prime editors (PEs). PE6a and PE6b are small prime editors with RT domains...Tf1 and M-MLV RT enzymes, respectively, to obtain PEs small enough to deliver with AAVs but still efficient...Figure 2: Decision tree for selecting a PE6 variant. PE = prime editor; RTT = reverse transcriptase template... only a minority of those variants in most cell types. But prime editing, a CRISPR technique developed...Anzalone et al., 2019). Plus, it can combine different types of edits with one another. All of this is possible...

...doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006508 Vicens Q, Bourne PE (2007) Ten Simple Rules for a Successful Collaboration...

...prime editing enzyme with a fully active Cas9 enzyme. PE-Cas9 comprises an active Cas9 fused to the reverse...mutations in a variety of target genes and cell types. Their Nature Biotechnology paper showcases an improved...

...KK, Fadai-Ghotbi B, Natelson B, Tsiang H, Ceccaldi PE. Spread and pathogenic characteristics of a G-deficient...modified to only infect user-defined starter cell types, as well as to only spread monosynaptically from...RABV is an enveloped virus. In general, viral envelopes dictate infection of target cells through their...

...by filtration through a 0.45 µm polyethersulfone (PES) membrane. The preparations are then aliquoted, frozen...

...mScarlet plasmids here!   Cao W.X., Merritt D.M., Pe K., Cesar M., Hobert O. (2024) Comparative analysis...studies of E3 ligase cereblon By Mike Lacy Several types of drugs target the ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon...

... license.   Find pYtags plasmids here!   Farahani PE, et al. pYtags enable spatiotemporal measurements...pAAV-CAG-SomaGCaMP6f2 (AAV9) Plus, additional AAV serotypes of the most recent jGCaMP8 calcium sensors: pAAV-hSynapsin1...

...the main Cas effector; types are based on main function and composition; subtypes and variants are typically...origin. There are currently two classes, six types, 33 subtypes, and 17 variants. Figure 1: Overview...Cas3. Type I is further subdivided into subtypes A–G. These subtypes have similar compositions and mechanisms...immunity. Within type III, there are six subtypes, A–F. All subtypes use Cas10 as the primary effector complex...like me!) of CRISPR types — weird and poorly understood. There are three subtypes, A–C, and they are grouped...’t carry out the same types of adaptive immune functions that other CRISPR types do, due to a lack of ...still edit genomes. Understanding the different types of CRISPR systems can be as confusing as reading...

... many tissue types, it has low expression in several brain regions where other serotypes may perform better...largely due the ability of different serotypes to infect different cell types. In the CNS, it has been shown...infect other cell types not within the vicinity of the injection. Examining serotypes 1, 8 and 9, not ... tools to investigate the roles of certain cell types in locomotion. We have relied heavily upon AAV vectors...tissue? What is commonly known is that different serotypes have different tropisms but, as you can see, AAVs...serotype? Keep asking questions!  Table 1: AAV Serotypes and Tropism Experiment  Detection Method ... instance, there are marked differences among serotypes in their efficiency at transducing different brain...