...experience and to build upon your existing skills.  2. Find your niche Identify and develop an area of expertise...seekers to use online applications with significant character limits for the written portion of the grant application...

...externally fertilized, transparent progeny (Figure 2). These features give it a leg up (or a fin up?) over...time and space, and was also used to precisely characterize developmental defects in the one-eyed pinhead...

...based antiviral method to degrade RNA from SARS-CoV-2 sequences and live influenza A virus. It was demonstrated...stuck in inclusion bodies. Takayuki Iwaki, Kimiko Hara, and Kazuo Umemura have described a simple method...

...rate of 10-55% - the PASTE system.     Fig. 2: Schematic of programmable gene insertion with PASTE...and Discovery As part of their quest to find, characterize, and develop new CRISPR systems and technologies...

...two visible blue or magenta chromoproteins (Figure 2) (Liljeruhm et al., 2018). This system is a nice confirmation...tested their expression under both rhamnose- and arabinose-inducible promoters. Tight control of toxin expression...escape). The rhamnose induction system is well-characterized and quite tight (Giacalone et al., 2006). The...though Khetrapal et al. also demonstrated that the arabinose promoter worked too. Rhamnose induction relies...References Espah Borujeni, Amin, Anirudh S. Channarasappa, and Howard M. Salis. "Translation rate is controlled...

... iRFP713, % Oligomeric state Photo-stabilityc, t1/2, s pKa Brightness in HeLa cells vs. iRFP713, % d ...and multicolor NIR imaging.  Small miRFPnano A separate class of NIR FPs, named miRFPnanos, were derived...developed based on mIFP6. Learn more about the characteristics, performance, and applications of near-infrared... found to be a dimer3,15. ND-not determined in parallel assays with other FPs.   We hope that this post...

...can still record the signal separately for each target.   Figure 2: Examples of simultaneous multiplex...or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, methanol- or paraformaldehyde-fixed cell samples...samples, or other preparations. Sequential IF For a sequential IF experiment (Figure 1A), you’ll block, add...different color fluorophore that you can image separately on your microscope. Abcam's sample protocol is...different antibodies, blocking, washing, and sample preparation steps, in order to ensure your antibodies are...Ilangovan, V., Lo, H., Olson, M., Mohamed, S. Y., Sarabipour, S., Varma, A., Walavalkar, K., Wissink, E. M...

...variety of environmental conditions, and double every 2 hours. Yeast are also the first eukaryotic genome ...as Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is primarily characterized by protein misfolding that leads to a build-...23594743. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3703927. Jennings, Barbara H. "Drosophila–a versatile model in biology & medicine...

...become a valuable asset yourself.     Fig 2: A diagram of the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Model, courtesy...favorite books, Michael Ende’s Momo, the title character endears herself to the nearby village (and to ...or how completely different teams are tackling comparable conflicts. Is this level of domain knowledge ...

...There are approximately 2-4 million proteins per cubic micron in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells...proteins can then be purified using streptavidin and separated via flow cytometry.  Find plasmids for EXCELL ...

... Watch Joanne give her "Not" Networking 101 Talk 2. Tailor every talk to the occasion Don’t just plan...come up with clear and concise answers. This preparation will help you avoid giving only yes or no answers...

...PubMed PMID: 3459152. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC323600. 2. Chester, Nicholas, and Daniel R. Marshak. "Dimethyl...small difference in size, the fragments should be separated on a high percentage agarose gel (~3%). Note that...

... from damage (Abe & Lim, 2024).    Figure 2: A) When proteins (blue) interact with the air-water...RvLEAMshort (1:6 molar ratio) with 10 minutes of glutaraldehyde crosslinking: representative micrograph (C)...allowed the authors to determine structures at comparable or higher resolution than using more complex ...buffer additive MgCl2 and the crosslinking agent glutaraldehyde. Adding RvLEAMshort to the sample before plunge...

...Pluronic-F68 NaCl MgCl 2 KCl Centrifugal filter units (MWCO 100 kDa) Reagent Preparation 1 M NaCl/PBS-MK buffer...Add 5 mL of Buffer B and 2 mL of 5 M NaCl to 43 mL PBS Procedure Preparation and loading of the iodixanol...purification. Workflow Timeline Day 1: Purify Day 2: Buffer exchange and concentration Note: Both steps...buffer Dissolve 5.84 g of NaCl, 26.3 mg of MgCl 2 and 14.91 mg of KCl in 1× PBS in a final volume of 100...at 4 °C. 1X PBS-MK buffer Dissolve 26.3 mg of MgCl 2 , and 14.91 mg of KCl in 1× PBS in a final volume ...need more time, you can alternatively centrifuge for 2 h at 200,000 x g at 18 °C. Carefully take the QuickSeal...interface of the 60% and 40% gradient (see Figure 2) with an 18 ga needle. Place the first microcentrifuge...

... 95 10 2 1 Denaturation 95 0.5 2 50 Annealing/Extension 60 1 2 50 Signal Stabilization 98 10 2 1 Hold ...should decrease by a factor of 2 across the dilutions. In the example below, 2-fold serial dilutions of a ... considered biosafety level 1 but may require BSL-2 handling depending on the insert. Please ensure that...single channel pipette 1–10 µL multichannel pipette 2–50 µL multichannel pipette 20–200 µL multichannel ...20X): 5 µL in 95 µL 1X PCR buffer (1:20) Dilution 2 (20X): 5 µL in 95 µL 1X PCR buffer (1:400) Dilution... DG8 cartridge into the cartridge holder. Using a 2–50 µL multichannel pipet, load 20 µL of the reaction...Hold 4 ∞ 2 1 After PCR is complete, transfer the plate to the Droplet Reader. Open the QuantaSoft software...

...Activation 95 10 2 1 Denaturation 94 0.5 2 40 Annealing/Extension 60 1 2 40 Enzyme Deactivation 98 10 2 1 Hold ...diploid cells, thus the reason for multiplying by 2. $$V = 2*{copies\ RRE \over copies\ RPP30}$$ Use the viruses...diluted 2-fold serially, the concentration of RRE positive droplets should decrease by a factor of 2 across...Lentivirus is generally considered biosafety level 2+. Please ensure that you are in compliance with your...channel pipette 200–1000 µL single channel pipette 2–50 µL multichannel pipette 20–200 µL multichannel ...Detach cells by incubating with 200 µL TrypLE for 1–2 min. Resuspend cells in 500 µL DMEM complete and transfer... DG8 cartridge into the cartridge holder. Using a 2–50 µL multichannel pipet, load 20 µL of the reaction...

...430825, 175 cm 2 Cellstack 5, Corning 3319, 3180 cm 2 Cellstack 2, Corning 3269, 1272 cm 2 Heat-inactivated...: 50 mM Tris HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl 2 Add the following to the 2 L sterile bottle: 1836 mL deionized... solution can be stored at 4 °C for up to 2 months. After 2 months, discard the tube and thaw a new working... mL of PBS. Aspirate PBS and add 2 mL of 0.05% Trypsin/EDTA. Wait ~2 min. Neutralize trypsin by adding...buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2) Reagent Preparation DMEM Complete : 10% v/v FBS and 4 mM...Cell-Stack (CS5) (Link opens in a new window) (3,180 cm 2 - the same surface area as 21 x T-175 flasks). Cell...flasks. Workflow Timeline Day 0: Seed cells in CS2 Day 2: Seed cells in CS5 Day 3 (am): Transfect cells Day...

...biology 14.6 (2004): 757-764. PubMed PMID: 15582400. 2. Tomkinson, Alan E., et al. "DNA ligases: structure...the ligation junction were represented. Sixteen separate pools were prepared, each with a different complement...applications such as routine cloning or DNA library preparation. However, when a method relies on accurate ligation... 19329793. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2719376. 5. Barany, Francis. "Genetic disease detection and DNA amplification...PMID: 1986365. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC50775. 6. Barany, Francis, and David H. Gelfand. "Cloning, overexpression...PMCID: PMC208194. 8. Luo, Jianying, and Francis Barany. "Identification of essential residues in Thermus...76.2 (1989): 245-254. PubMed PMID: 2753355. 12. Barany, Francis. "The ligase chain reaction in a PCR world...

...experience in cancer research After graduating with a 2:1 BSc in Molecular Biology (roughly a B average in...really passionate about during my degree. I loved parasitology. However, when I enquired about roles in this...end of my three months, I fully understood why parasitology roles in the field require experience. Working...beginning of 2010, I explored options for going into parasitology but another major factor held me back; I do ...

...Nutr, 129 (2009a): 477–484. PubMed PMID: 10064313. 2. Chapman-Smith, A., & Cronan, J. E. “The enzymatic...Forster, A. C., Skingle, D. C., & Symons, R. H. “Preparation and uses of photobiotin.” Methods in Enzymology...

...method 1) or the volume of virus (method 2): Method 1 Method 2 $$T = {N*F*D\over V_T}$$ Where: T = Titer...Lentivirus is generally considered biosafety level 2+. Please ensure that you are in compliance with your...Day 0: Seed 293T cells Day 1: Transduce cells Day 2 (am): Remove media, replace with fresh media Day 4...Biological Safety Cabinet 0.5–10 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel... 200–1000 µL single channel pipette Ice bucket CO 2 incubator Pipet controller Hazardous waste container...complete. Mix well by pipetting or inverting. Aliquot 2 mL of cell suspension into each well of the 6-well...conical tubes, VWR 21008-216 Lentivirus preparation Reagent Preparation DMEM Complete: 10% v/v FBS and 4 mM...

...iBlot 2 PVDF Mini transfer stack. Set the Top Stack to one side and discard the white separator. Keep ...transfer, block, incubate with primary antibody Day 2: Incubate with secondary antibody Video Watch this... Microcentrifuge 0.5–10 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel...Heat block Mini gel tank chamber Power supply iBlot 2 Gel Transfer Device Roller Spatula Platform shaker...running buffer Prestained protein ladder Ethanol iBlot 2 PVDF Mini Stack, Thermo Fisher IB24002 20X TBS Tween...immediately or store at -80 °C until ready to use. Section 2: Determine the total protein concentration and prepare...in deionized water. To prepare 20% ethanol, dilute 2 mL of ethanol into 8 mL of deionized water and mix...

...either (1) a lack of gRNA and/or Cas9 expression or (2) a lack of efficient target cleavage in cells expressing...present in a single lentiviral transfer vector or separate transfer vectors May contain reporter gene (e....

...PCR tube Ice Bucket 2 μL Template DNA (10 ng-500 ng) 5 μl 10X Taq buffer with MgCl 2 1 μl dNTP mix (10 ... reagents on ice): 2 μL Template DNA (10 ng-500 ng) 5 μl 10X Taq buffer with MgCl 2 1 μl dNTP mix (10 ...normally sterile dH 2 O. To make a 100uM stock of any primer, add a number of µl of dH 2 O equal to the number...annealing temperature step-wise by 1-2°C. The rate of DNA synthesis is ~1-2 kb/min. The extension time can ...work adequately. Divalent cations such as Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ stabilize the buffer solution. These cations...72°C. Run 2 μL on a gel to check size and concentration of PCR product. Master Mix Preparation Multiply...(PCR). Basic PCR Program Initial Denaturation for 2 minutes at 94°C: This initiation step heats the double...

... 10 90 2 x 10 8 10 of 2 x 10 8 dilution 90 2 x 10 7 10 of 2 x 10 7 dilution 90 2 x 10 6 10 of 2 x 10 6...6 dilution 90 2 x 10 5 10 of 2 x 10 5 dilution 90 2 x 10 4 10 of 2 x 10 4 dilution 90 2 x 10 3 Pro-Tip...molecules/μL To obtain a solution at 2 x 10 9 molecules/μL: 1.59 x 10 11 / 2 x 10 9 = 79.8X dilution ...your standard curve plasmid (2 x 10 9 stock made in step #1): Volume of 2 x 10 9 stock or previous dilution...stock 45 uL 10X 10X Dilution 2 5 uL Dil. 1 95 uL 20X 200X Dilution 3 20 uL Dil. 2 80 uL 5X 1000X Dilution ...time required: ~3 h Workflow Timeline Plate set-up: 2 h qPCR run: 1.5 h Data analysis: 30 min Equipment ...single channel pipette 1–10 µL multichannel pipette 2–50 µL multichannel pipette 20–200 µL multichannel ...

...effective recovery of knock-ins, but did result in 1-2 kilobases of additional sequence being introduced....brilliantly and irreverently illustrated in the parable of the Geneticist vs the Biochemist, we geneticists...selection allowed me to optimize a range of editing parameters: oligo repair templates with homology arms of... template design The Meyer lab meticulously characterized several aspects of editing. First, they devised...doi.org/10.17912/DDVH-BG64 Tzur YB, Friedland AE, Nadarajan S, Church GM, Calarco JA, Colaiácovo MP (2013)...

...follows: Figure 2 Using the box tool, draw a box around the entire first gel lane (as in Figure 2). Select Analyze... Example for AR0018 (lane 2 in Figure 1): Sample Peak 1 (contaminant) Peak 2 (contaminant) Peak 3 (HC)...choose Use Equation . Select the Show R 2 checkbox. Pro-Tip The R 2 of the trendline should be between 0.95...Equipment Heat block 1–10 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel... Add 5 µL of 4X sample buffer to each sample. Add 2 µL 10X reducing agent to each sample. Spin the sample...bottom part of the gel where dye is visible. Section 2: Staining the Gel Place the gel in a plastic tray .... Figure 1 Recombinant antibody preps should have 2 clear bands at ~50 kDa and ~25 kDa corresponding to...

...Single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) Figure 2: Comparison between the IgG antibody and scFv. ...the surface of extracellular pathogens such as parasites or microbes, or to proteins expressed on the surface...containing a mixture of proteins. The proteins are separated based on molecular weight by SDS-PAGE, and are...

... glacial acetic acid 57 mL of dH 2 O Store Solution III at 4°C Grow 2 mL overnight cultures from single...Resuspension buffer Denaturing solution Renaturing solution 2 mg/mL RNase A TE or water-saturated phenol-chloroform...100 μL of cold Solution I. Vortex the solution for 2 min or until all bacteria are fully resuspended. Add...pipetting or carefully pouring. Optional: Add 5 μL of 2 mg/mL RNase A to the supernatant in the new tube and... to the recovered aqueous DNA layer. Repeat steps 2-4. Note: Phenol-chloroform is a hazardous waste - ...: Ethanol Precipitation To your DNA solution, add 2-2.5 volumes 95% or 100% ethanol and 1/10 volume of...pellet the bacteria before proceeding with DNA preparation. Pro-Tip If your entire overnight culture cannot...

...Workflow Timeline Day 0: Seed and transduce cells Day 2: Replace media with fresh media containing selection...Biological Safety Cabinet 0.5–10 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel... 200–1000 µL single channel pipette Ice bucket CO 2 incubator Pipet controller Hazardous waste container...the appropriate antibiotic. Incubate the cells for ~2 weeks. All of the cells in the untransduced (negative...disturb the colonies. Count the colonies for at least 2 of the dilutions. Pro-Tip The higher dilution wells...stained with 0.1% crystal violet and counted. Figure 2: A549 cells were transduced with the indicated serial...conical tubes, VWR 21008-216 Lentivirus preparation Reagent Preparation DMEM Complete: 10% v/v FBS and 4 mM...

...Reagent Preparation 1 M sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaH 2 PO 4 ∙H 2 O), pH 7.0 138 g NaH 2 PO ...dibasic (NaH 2 PO 4 ), pH 7.0 142 g of NaH 2 PO 4 ∙H 2 O 1 L deionized water Adjust pH to 7.0 Autoclave...monobasic monohydrate (NaH 2 PO 4 ∙H 2 O) 610 mL of sterile sodium phosphate dibasic (NaH 2 PO 4 ) Store up to...recombinant antibody. Section 2: Buffer exchange Choose Option 1 or Option 2 based on the concentration ...antibodies. Workflow Timeline Day 1: Purify antibody Day 2 or later: Buffer exchange Equipment Class II, Type...conical tubes NanoDrop spectrophotometer 37 °C, 5% CO 2 incubator with shaking platform set to 120 rpm 37 ... channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette Reagents Aspirating pipette...

...BSL-1 and BSL-2 Labs Learn how to best protect yourself when working in BSL-1 and BSL-2 labs Watch the...Two (BSL-1 and BSL-2) Safety measures for laboratories operating at BSL-1 and BSL-2 Watch the Video! Water...cloning, and titering and testing your viral preparations. Addgene...Protocols for titering and testing your virus preparations. Antibodies Protocols for common antibody applications...Learn about selecting and using a centrifuge to separate different components in a liquid sample Using ...restriction enzymes Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Separate DNA by size on an agarose gel Watch the Video!...Ultracentrifugation Purify adeno-associated virus from a preparation produced in mammalian cells Watch the Video! ...

... solution can be stored at 4 °C for up to 2 months. After 2 months, discard the tube and thaw a new working... transfected using 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:6 µg of pRosetta :µg of PEI. The 1:2 and 1:3 ratios provided high... for viral production) Day 1: Transfect Cells Day 2 (am): 18 h post transfection - Remove media, replace...Biological Safety Cabinet 0.5–10 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel... 200–1000 µL single channel pipette Ice bucket CO 2 incubator Pipet controller Hazardous waste container... use. Thawed aliquots should be discarded after 1–2 months. 1 mg/mL polyethylenimine, linear MW 25,000...times a week: Monday: Plate 1x10 6 cells in a 75 cm 2 flask in a volume of 15 mL. Wednesday: Plate 1x10 ...

...agarose concentrations (e.g., 2 g of agarose in 100 mL of TAE will make a 2% gel). Mix agarose powder with...concentrations of 0.7% to 2% depending on the size of bands needed to be separated - see FAQs below . Simply...concentration of approximately 0.2-0.5 μg/mL (usually about 2-3 μl of lab stock solution per 100 mL gel). EtBr binds...allows you to gauge how far the DNA has migrated; 2) it contains a high percentage of glycerol that increases... typically used to separate 5 - 500 bp fragments. How do you get better separation of bands? If you have...electrophoresis, including tips to improve resolution and separation of bands. Protocols...electrophoresis is the standard lab procedure for separating DNA by size (e.g., length in base pairs) for ...

...RNAzol®, QIAzol® (for Protocol Option #2) Water-saturated Phenol 2 M Sodium Acetate pH 4 Chloroform/Isoamyl...sample(s) for 2-3 minutes on ice and centrifuge for 15 minutes at 12,000 × g at 4°C to separate RNA from the....5% (wt/vol) N-laurosylsarcosine (Sarkosyl) 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol TRIzol® or similar product such as...recipe). If using TRIzol®, jump down to the Option #2 - TRIzol® Protocol section below. Homogenize or lyse...following sequentially to 1 mL of lysate: Add 0.1 mL of 2 M sodium acetate (pH 4.0), mix thoroughly by inversion...aliquots of it and storing those in -80°C. Option #2 - TRIzol® Protocol Homogenize or lyse tissues or cells...sample(s) for 15 minutes at 12,000 × g at 4°C to separate RNA from the rest of the tissue/cell lysate. Pro-Tip...

...materials D.2 Screening for inserts E. Producing Lentiviral Particles E.1 Recommended materials E.2 Protocol...Published articles H.2 Web resources I. Appendix I.1 Sequence of pLKO.1 TRC-Cloning Vector I.2 Recipes I.3 Warranty...VWR: #7177-48-2. Use at 100 μg/mL. Carbenicillin VWR: #80030-956. Use at 100 μg/mL. C.2 Annealing Oligos...oligo 5 μL Reverse oligo 5 μL 10x NEB buffer 2 35 μL ddH 2 O Incubate for 4 minutes at 95°C in a PCR machine...buffer 1 1 μL AgeI add ddH 2 O to bring to 50 μL final volume Incubate at 37°C for 2 hours. Purify with Qiaquick...buffer for EcoRI 1 μL EcoRI 14 μL ddH 2 O Incubate at 37°C for 2 hours. Run digested DNA on 0.8% low melting... For a standard T4 ligation, mix: 2 μL annealed oligo from step C.2 20 ng digested pLKO.1 TRC-cloning ...

...Warnings HEK293 cells are considered biosafety level 2. Please ensure that you are in compliance with your... 18, 2022 Workflow Timeline Day 1: Seed cells Day 2: Transfect cells Day 3-6: Feed cells Day 7: Harvest...conical tubes Automated cell counter 37 °C, 5% CO 2 incubator with shaking platform set to 120 rpm 37 ...250 mg Benzamidine 25 mL Aprotinin saline solution (2 mg/mL) Mix well and sterilize through a 0.2 µm PES... a 500 mL vented flask.Incubate in a 37 °C, 5% CO 2 incubator on a shaking platform set to 120 rpm. Pro-Tip... not use cells that are over 30 passages. Section 2: Transfection Check the cell density and viability...the culture. Pro-Tip Culture should be between 1.5–2 x 10 6 cells/mL with >95% viability to proceed with...

... solution can be stored at 4 °C for up to 2 months. After 2 months, discard the tube and thaw a new working...μg total DNA to μg PEI ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:6. The 1:2 and 1:3 total DNA:PEI μg ratios provided...packaging cells Day 1 (pm): Transfect packaging cells Day 2 (am): 18 h post-transfection. Remove media, replace...Biological Safety Cabinet 0.5–10 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel... 200–1000 µL single channel pipette Ice bucket CO 2 incubator Pipet controller Hazardous waste container...culture plates. Incubate the cells at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 for ~20 h. Prepare a mixture of the three transfection...plasmid using a variety of ratios. Check the cells 1-2 days after transfection to determine what ratio gives...

...coverslips HeLa cells 24-well plate 4% Paraformaldehyde 5 mg/mL 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) Bovine serum...Fluorescent microscope 0.5–10 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel...grow to the desired density before labeling. Section 2: Fixing and permeabilizing cells Gently aspirate the...of the diluted antibody to the wells and incubate 2 h at RT . Remove the primary antibody and dispose ... of cold 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS on ice for 15 min . Pro-Tip While 4% Paraformaldehyde fixation works...primary antibodies raised in a mouse. Reagent Preparation Permeabilization buffer: Dilute 20 µL of Triton...be better for some applications. Remove the paraformaldehyde and follow your institution's laboratory safety...

...ask new and interesting questions in your own lab. 2. Seek multiple mentors during your postdoc At the ...corresponding author publications (published, not in preparation) A history of successful funding (fellowship ...