...DNA concentration. It’s important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of each method and when...using UV absorbance to quantify DNA Fluorescence dyes Another way to quantify DNA would be to use fluorescent...electrophoresis Quantifying DNA using capillary electrophoresis is similar to quantifying DNA using gel ...fragments are quantified first before larger fragments. Figure 1: The quantification of a RNA ladder...Some last reminders about quantifying DNA In choosing your DNA quantification method there’s many things...UV absorbance is one of the most common ways to quantify DNA. This method involves measuring the absorbance...your DNA prep and whether there are any other contaminants. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) absorb maximally...

...-type. However, variants such as the P.1 (Gamma variant) and the B.1.351 (Beta variant) were much less...B.1.351 variant neutralization escape The lab saw that the B.1.351 variant was very resistant to vaccine...differed depending on the variants (Garcia-Beltran et al., 2021). Antibodies from individuals who received...vaccine could neutralize many variants, including the B.1.1.7 (Alpha variant), B1.1.298, and B.1.429 (Epsilon...on the variant. The lowest levels of cross-neutralization occurs in the P.1 and B.1.351 variants tested...circulating variants. This allowed us to create pseudoviruses that represent lineages and variants that are... distinct from SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Yet, the B.1.351 variant, which has only 9 different mutations...

...Many Benefits of Recombinant Antibodies Recombinant antibodies offer numerous advantages over polyclonal...Fvasconcellos.     How are Recombinant Antibodies Made? To make recombinant antibodies, you first need to know...definition of recombinant antibodies are essential for good reproducibility. Non-recombinant antibodies are notorious...I predict a similar revolution for antibodies. Recombinant antibody technology makes it easy for scientists...the scientific toolbox. What are Recombinant Antibodies? Antibodies are used by scientists around the...Bottom) Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are encoded in plasmids and produce a single antibody recognizing...recognizing one epitope.   Recombinant antibodies are monoclonal antibodies that are generated in vitro ...

... infected by antibiotic resistant bacteria. Even when researchers develop new antibiotics, the onset of...there is no antibiotic strategy available to target only virulent or antibiotic resistant bacteria, and... fight against antibiotic resistance. Advantages of CRISPR over traditional antibiotics The potential ...CRISPR antimicrobials successfully resensitized a beta-lactam resistant population to the antibiotic, despite... the antimicrobial must reach essentially every cell or else small pools of antibiotic resistant cells...bacteria that are antibiotic resistant. Once these bacteria have been killed, antibiotics can be used to ...resensitize bacteria to antibiotics. A lysogenic phage infects antibiotic resistant bacteria, causing them...

...commercially conjugated antibodies available, that never guarantees the antibody you need will be conjugated... the methods for antibody conjugation can be quite variable from antibody to antibody or batch to batch...research antibodies. Lysine residues are found throughout antibody sequences, up to 80 per antibody (Mueller...abundance targets with significant multiplexing potential. You will find antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates... conjugate antibodies directly to beads for purification purposes.  Coupling up - antibody conjugation...mechanisms. Most take advantage of chemical groups intrinsically present on antibodies, such as the primary...disulfide bonds between antibody chains. 3) Endogenous carbohydrates added to antibodies post-translationally...

...about antibodies? Our latest animation is here to help! Join Abi as they explain what antibodies are, ...role in the immune response, and the different antibody isotypes found in mammals.      Subscribe to...

...does not guarantee recognition of the target antigen. You want to make sure that your antibody binds to... a great antibody signal in the non-mutant line but no signal in the mutant line! Recombinant Strategies... an antibody.  Antibodies and Reproducibility First, let’s review why validation is so important. Antibodies...expression of antibody-independent approaches to your antibody-dependent approach. Antibody-independent ...by your antibody. You perform immunocytochemistry on these mutant cells as well as a non-mutant line and...means, such as through antibody databases like Antibodypedia or through your antibody provider(s) if they...choose an antibody? Check out our Selecting an Antibody blog post! Learn more about Antibodies and their...

...s blog Antibodies 101: Immunoprecipitation  Antibodies 101: Polyclonal Antibodies Antibodies 101: Introduction...DNA Incubate your antibody, or antibodies, with your samples, and then use an antibody capture method such...Introduction to Antibodies Resources on Addgene.org Find plasmids encoding recombinant antibodies at Addgene... ChIP works by using antibodies to capture protein:DNA complexes with antibodies specific to your protein...mask the epitopes antibodies recognize. It is therefore best to either select antibodies validated for ChIP...incubate the sample with your antibody.  Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies can work well in ChIP. If...your antibody:protein:DNA complexes and finally (5) isolated the DNA from your antibody:protein:DNA complexes...

...primary antibody interfering with downstream assays. This is particularly advantageous if the antibody used...specificity of anti-epitope antibodies make this approach appealing, but the disadvantages must be carefully...Addgene's antibody posts  Resources on Addgene.org: Find plasmids encoding recombinant antibodies at ... the same basic strategy: immobilize the antibody or antibody-target protein immune complexes, wash away... this method, the free antibody is incubated with the protein mix and antibody-target protein immune complexes... the process of anchoring an antibody, often called the capture antibody, to agarose or magnetic beads...and isotype of their primary antibody. To circumvent this, a recombinant protein, Protein A/G, was developed...

...Why are antibody isotypes important? To your immune system, an antibody’s isotype is important because...by its heavy-chain constant region (see Antibodies 101: Introduction to Antibodies for a refresher). There...Transportation of antibodies to places they can’t reach on their own. The antibody’s heavy-chain constant domains... the same constant heavy chain domain as your primary antibody but doesn’t bind your antigen of interest...valency of 10 antigens. An extra constant domain replaces the hinge region in IgM antibodies. IgM has no...blog Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies Read about other techniques...that you can use antibodies for in our Intro to Antibodies post Check out our Antibodies 101: What is an...

...online Antibody Guide!    🎶On the fourth day of Antibody, Addgene gave to me…  A recombinant Anti-Arl13b...me… A recombinant Anti-PSD-95!    🎶On the seventh day of Antibody, Addgene gave to me… Antibodies developed...day of Antibody, Addgene gave to me…  A recombinant Anti-DYKDDDDK!   🎶On the ninth day of Antibody, Addgene...neuroscience antibody collection!   🎶On the tenth day of Antibody, Addgene gave to me…  A recombinant Anti-APP...day of Antibody, Addgene gave to me…  An Antibodies 101 eBook!  🎶On the second day of Antibody, Addgene...Addgene gave to me…  A recombinant anti-GFP!    🎶On the third day of Antibody, Addgene gave to me…  An online... of Antibody, Addgene gave to me… The Addgene Antibody Data Hub!    🎶On the sixth day of Antibody, Addgene...

...improve your grant writing and hopefully increase your success rate. 1. Submit your grant early! First... 2. Originality is essential for grant success The two most important things reviewers will be looking...in writing small travel grants to attend conferences and a seed funding grant for a proof-of-principal...ones. With grant applications there’s going to be an element of luck involved so it’s important not to throw...www.assaygenie.com. No matter what facet of academia you are in, grant writing can be the lynch pin that results in your...First off, and perhaps the most important bit of advice I can suggest, is to give yourself plenty of time..., give it back to you, and for you to make the relevant alterations before submitting - handing them your...

... developed Nano-lantern technology. Nano-lanterns contain a Renilla luciferase variant fused to an FP;...contexts. Improving Nano-lanterns In 2015, Takai et al. expanded the Nano-lantern color palette to include...producing a constant supply of substrate. Using this compound to excite the Nano-lanterns, Takai et al... Nano-lanterns (eNL) described in Suzuki et al. improve the brightness of previous Nano-lanterns by 2-...appropriate for use with Nano-lantern technology. Multicolor imaging using Nano-lanterns requires a linear unmixing... signals of various Nano-lanterns, but it does not isolate each Nano-lantern, so Takai et al. used a linear...explained further in Takai et al. Nano-lanterns and ready-made Nano-lantern biosensors are available from Addgene...

...which antibody to request for your experiment!  Addgene’s Antibody Data Hub Addgene’s Antibody Data Hub...Updated AAV Data Hub Antibodies 101: Validation Antibodies 101: Selecting the Right Antibody...the Addgene antibody collection can look at user-deposited data detailing how an antibody performed in...Figure 2: Search options in the Antibody Data Hub. Data reports  Each antibody submission is used to create...immunocytochemistry experiment performed with the anti-Lhx6.1 antibody.    For a more detailed understanding of... the antibody performed.  Figure 5: Results for the data report shown in Figure 3. The antibody is rated...requesting an Addgene antibody, the Data Hub can help you decide if an antibody is a good candidate for...

...reagents, such as recombinant or hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies. It is also important to seek out ...Synaptotagmin-1 antibodies and corresponding Multi-rAb CoraLite® Plus 647 secondary antibodies. Antibody staining...0.35 µg/mL (1/100). * = monoclonal antibody, ** = recombinant antibody. Figure adapted from Biddle et al...multiple antibody clones targeting the same protein (independent antibodies). If two antibodies, that recognize...Good Antibodies, with significant input from Michael Biddle, PhD, also from Only Good Antibodies. The ...2023). Scaling of an antibody validation procedure enables quantification of antibody performance in major...Antibody validation is to confirm (or refute) that the antibody is selectively detecting the target-of-interest...

...regions of the antibody that actually bind antigens.      Figure 1: IgG antibody structure with...portion of the antibody. Fab fragments are useful when you just need an antibody’s antigen binding function...   Why Fabs?  Antibody fragments have a handful of advantages over full antibodies. Their smaller size...as primary antibodies, you can make your own antibody fragments as needed.  In contrast, anti-IgG antibodies...secondary antibody recognizes endogenous antigens. In these cases, even though one full antibody may be ...Prospects of Antibody Fragments. Antibodies 8(2):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib8020028    Wessel GM...However, sometimes you want a tool that is a little more compact — more of an antibody fragment rather than...

...your samples with multiple antibodies, the fluorescent probes on the antibodies may have similar emission...Introduction to Gating in Flow Cytometry Antibodies 101: Flow Cytometry Antibodies 101: Conventional vs. Spectral...this handy emission spectra chart to find your antibody's spectra). Your cytometer will therefore record...BioLegend’s Fluorophore Guide Chart.  Pro tip! Some antibodies go by different names depending on your flow ...

...heavy-chain only antibodies in the serum of a camel and soon after found similar antibodies in llamas and...Comparison of a heavy-chain only antibody and single-domain antibody, under the commercial "Nanobody" ...to other antibodies and affinity reagents. But for a quick refresher, some of the advantages of sdAbs ...conventional primary antibodies, and there are unique benefits to using sdAbs as secondary antibodies. sdAbs, however...single-domain antibodies genetically fused to fluorescent proteins and used to visualize target antigens in living...single-domain antibodies without the need for a species that naturally produces heavy-chain only antibodies. (A)...heavy chain only antibodies) (B) Nanomice express hybrid heavy-chain only antibodies that are the source...

...resources on the Addgene blog Antibodies 101: Introduction to Antibodies New Antibody Animation ...bite-sized portions of antibody concepts. Each short video answers an Antibodies 101 question, like "what...what is an antibody?" or "what is an IgE isotype?"  @addgene Ready to learn about antibodies? Our new ...new antibodies animation has all the information! Link in bio. #STEM #antibodies #molecularbiology #science...Our popular Antibodies 101 animation is becoming a TikTok series! Follow @addgene on TikTok for bite-...

...their recombinant antibodies. Since recombinant antibodies are a newer technology, it is important to show... blog Antibodies 101: ValidationSelecting the Right AntibodyPlasmid-based Recombinant Antibodies    ...and cost-effective) antibody for my experiment – the “goldilocks antibody.” Antibodies are one of the most... the antibody crisis, one must corral and corner the goldilocks antibodies. A goldilocks antibody is highly... popular and useful antibodies are, they are in a midst of a crisis. The “antibody crisis” came to light...light as antibodies became commercialized, revealing the unreliability of antibodies. There are three main...ability – i.e., the antibody can no longer bind to the target). Unreliable antibodies cause research that...