...arePharmacologically Selective Actuator Modules (PSAMs, pronounced SAMs). PSAMs are engineered α7 nicotinic acetylcholine...Figure 3: PSAM4-based ligand-gated ion channels, their effect, and outcome in neurons. Table 2. Descriptions...muscarinic receptor and has not been used in vivo . Figure 2: DREADDs, their ligands, and signaling properties.... Reference Rq(R165L) Human M3 muscarinic Arrestin-2/-3 CNO* Increase Arrestin translocation Arrestin signalling...hM1Dq hM5Dq Human M3 muscarinic G αq CNO* Increase Ca 2+ Neuronal burst firing Armbruster et al., 2007 rM3D...Forbes SL, Liggett SB (2001). Modification of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor to engineer a receptor-effector...varenicline. This PSAM carries mutations at L131G, Q139L, and Y217F and is termed PSAM4 (or PSAM 4 ). Additional...

...influx into the cell when stimulated. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), the first widely adopted optogenetic tool,... (Phy) interaction 660 Cryptochromes Cryptochrome 2 and CIB1 Blue-light–mediated induction of protein ...interactions based on Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome 2 and CIB1 450 LARIAT Inhibits protein function by reversibly...customizable TALE DNA-binding domain with cryptochrome 2 protein and its interacting partner CIB1 to control...transcription effectors OPTOSTIM PHR domain2 of cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) from Arabidopsis thaliana is fused to truncated... with single-spike temporal resolution. PLoS One. 2(3):e299. PMID 17375185 Kim B, Lin MZ. 2013. Optobiology...comparative analysis of microbial opsins. Nat Methods. 9(2):159-72. PMID 22179551 Saunders A, Johnson CA, Sabatini...

...indicates a virus containing the genome of serotype 2 packaged in the capsid from serotype 5. Use of these...neurons that are not efficiently transduced by AAV2/2, and is distributed more widely in the brain, indicating... pseudotyped with viral capsids from serotypes 1, 2, and 5 display differential efficiency and cell tropism...PJ, Mandel RJ, Muzyczka N. Mol. Ther. 2004 Aug;10(2):302-17. PubMed . From virus evolution to vector revolution...toolkit for human gene therapy. Wu Z, Asokan A, Samulski RJ. Mol. Ther. 2006 Sep;14(3):316-27. Epub 2006...independently of DNA synthesis. McCarty DM, Monahan PE, Samulski RJ. Gene Ther. 2001 Aug;8(16):1248-54. PubMed ...

...sites on the same chromosome. Most multiplex systems enable researchers to target anywhere from 2–7 genetic...protein, instead of a two-component system (Figure 9C) SAM activators - co-expression of dCas9-VP64 with a modified...left free to interact with the target DNA. Figure 2: Overview of the NHEJ repair mechanism Cas9 will only...Cas9 is included in the gRNA-containing plasmid, or 2-vector systems, in which Cas9 must be delivered separately...your experimental cell population (Figure 8E). In a 2-vector system, you’ll need to either co-infect with...the presence of infectious organisms (like SARS-CoV-2 ) and genetic mutations. Similar to Cas9 and Cas12...Cas enzymes? CasPEDIA is an encyclopedia of Class 2 CRISPR systems with wiki entries describing enzyme...

...cells; function is unknown Monomer with a valency of 2 IgE Protects against parasites and is responsible ...such as anaphylactic shock Monomer with a valency of 2 IgG The most abundant isotype in blood, also found...secondary immune response Monomer with a valency of 2 IgG1; IgG2; IgG3; IgG4 IgM Produced during the primary... ranging from antibody fragments (shown in Figure 2) to completely unrelated molecules. Examples include...used for assembling protein nanostructures. Figure 2: An antibody (IgG, far left) compared to alternative...application Collect and lyse samples to make proteins available. Tissue samples may need additional processing...culture samples to extract proteins. Homogenize (tissues only) and lyse. Cross-link the samples with formaldehyde...

...specific control of activity. Read More CRISPR Class 2 C lustered R egularly I nterspaced S hort P alindromic...plasmids. Plasmids within a given library have the same backbone, but they express or target different genes...

...different activators exist, including the multi-plasmid SAM system. Select Expression System To use CRISPR, you...either (1) a lack of gRNA and/or Cas9 expression or (2) a lack of efficient target cleavage in cells expressing...efficacious than gRNAs containing a C nucleotide at the same position in spite of being a perfect match for the...

...selection. Desfarges S, Ciuffi A. Viruses. 2010. Jan;2(1):111-30. PubMed . Altering the tropism of lentiviral...Nerhbass U, Montagnier L, Charneau P. Cell. 2000. 101(2): 173-185. PubMed . Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Posttranscriptional...Lentiviruses can be used to make stable cell lines in the same manner as standard retroviruses. That is, many lentiviral...

...indicated, the antibiotic powder can be dissolved in dH 2 0. Addgene recommends making 1000X stock solutions...daughter cells. These daughter cells contain the same genetic information as the parental cell, and are...