...Brenner, M. (2004). Expression specificity of GFAP transgenes. Neurochemical Research, 29(11 SPEC. ISS.), 2075...

...interpret. Check out (Jambor et al., 2021) for more guidelines for creating clear and informative figures. Pro-tip...

... comb, run the gel on the slower side, and skip lanes between samples. In addition to a DNA ladder standard...

...of these decisions is complex, here are a few guidelines to help you evaluate projects:   If all of your...

...constructs have facilitated the creation of mouse lines that can be used in fate mapping experiments. Immune...

...plasmid purification is always an option, let’s be honest — kits are quick, easy, and don’t involve phenol-chloroform...

...article). The group first tested photocaging various lysines in Cas9 to determine which best deactivated the...

...repress, visualize, and isolate genes. Activation or Repression of Target Genes Figure 9: Overview of CRISPRi... and a user-defined ∼20-nucleotide spacer that defines the genomic target to be modified. You can therefore...CRISPR was originally employed to knock out target genes in various cell types and organisms, but modifications... ability to selectively activate/repress target genes, purify specific regions of DNA, image DNA in live...Multiplexing applications include editing multiple genes at once; using dual nickases to generate a knockout... used to knock out, activate, or repress target genes when paired with the appropriate Cas enzyme. Specific...CRISPR specificity. SpCas9 (from Streptococcus pyogenes ) is the most popular Cas endonuclease, with many...

...used to make stable cell lines? Lentiviruses can be used to make stable cell lines in the same manner as ...packaging plasmid encoding the Gag, Pol, Rev, and Tat genes. The transfer plasmid contains the viral LTRs and...: Uses 3 separate plasmids encoding various HIV genes. Safer. Replication incompetent and always SIN: ...systems: express the HIV gag, pol, rev, and tat genes all from a single packaging plasmid such as psPAX2...standard retroviruses use the gag, pol, and env genes for packaging; however, they are different viruses...that survive can be expanded to create stable cell lines, which have incorporated the lentiviral genome and... most often integrate into actively transcribed genes, and that this preference is conserved across target...

...Protocols Origins of Molecular Genetics The concept of genes as carriers of phenotypic information was introduced...significant discoveries lead to the conclusions that genes encode proteins and reside on chromosomes, which...fragments of double-stranded DNA that typically carry genes and can replicate independently from chromosomal...used to study DNA fragments of interest, such as genes. Creation of recombinant DNA Molecular Cloning Plasmids...optimized for their use of studying and manipulating genes. For instance, most plasmids are replicated in E...information as the parental cell, and are thus termed clones of the original cell. The plasmid DNA is similarly...scientists to break chromosomes down to study their genes, marking the birth of molecular genetics. Today,...

...adenovirus has two genes deleted: E1 and E3. E1 is supplied by the adenovirus packaging lines 293 or 911; its...adenoviral vector and the early genes found in the packaging cell lines creates a wildtype adenovirus. ...genome are i nverted t erminal r epeats (ITRs). Genes are divided into early (E1-4) and late (L1-5) transcripts...33Kb adenoviral plasmid containing the adenoviral genes necessary for virus production. The shuttle vector...suitable for most purposes. For especially long transgenes, the use of pAdEasy-2 can increase the capacity...however, AAV requires the presence of adenoviral genes E1, E4, E2a and VA for replication. For more information...replication deficient? Typically yes, because the early genes necessary for replication have been deleted from...

... multiple genes at once. A well-designed screen can help you begin to understand what genes are important...genetic screening, or identifying previously unknown genes that contribute to a phenotype. At their simplest... backbone, but they express or target different genes. Some libraries cover the majority of the genome... if they are designed to cover only a subset of genes, or very large (e.g. the Toronto KnockOut (TKO) ...Sequence those cells that pass (“win”) Get a list of genes involved in the selection NEGATIVE screen: Apply...generally very robust, and tens of thousands of genes that were initially present may be narrowed down...screen, negative screens are often used to identify genes that are essential for growth/survival under certain...

...performs a chemiluminescent reaction in the presence of several different substrates. The luminescence produced...Recombinant antibodies are created by cloning antibody genes from specific hybridoma cells into plasmids. Plasmids...region is a stable part of the antibody, which determines the isotype of the antibody. B cells, the immune...tears, saliva, mucus) where it protects mucosal membranes Dimer with a valency of 4 IgA1; IgA2 IgD Coexpressed... epitope, or polyclonal, meaning there are many clones that are specific to multiple epitopes on one antigen...Sodium azide, an antimicrobial agent, can block some amines needed for conjugation reactions and should be ... tubulin (sometimes referred to as housekeeping genes). This allows for relative comparison of expression...

...general transcription factor proteins and histones can bind. Histones are proteins found in eukaryotic cells...transcription of genes. There are three types of RNA polymerases that all transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase...like operons. Operons are a cluster of different genes that are controlled by a single promoter and operator...repressor or activator can bind, and the structural genes that are transcribed together. Operon regulation...polymerase I transcribes genes encoding ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which is a main component of a cell’s ribosome...translation of a protein. RNA polymerase III transcribes genes encoding transfer RNAs (tRNA), the adaptor molecules...

...requires a helper plasmid containing genes from adenovirus. These genes (E4, E2a and VA) mediate AAV replication...affect the expression of transgenes, as well as the expression of neighboring genes. The short coding sequences...AAV particles. Rep/Cap and the adenovirus helper genes may also be combined into a single plasmid; the ...channelrhodopsins, halorhodopsins, and other optogenetic genes enables them to be packaged in AAVs. Click here ...AAV viruses would no longer be limited to small transgenes, enabling the development of further AAV applications...

...MSCV (Murine Stem Cell Virus) sequences. Packaging genes (viral Gag-Pol): Gag is a structural precursor protein...tropisms. Packaging using helper-free packaging cell lines This method utilizes a packaging cell line that ...and/or Env, eliminating the need to deliver these genes in trans by specific plasmids. This method, therefore...standard γ-retroviruses use the Gag, Pol, and Env genes for packaging; however, they are different viruses...replication incompetent? Yes, as with lentiviruses, the genes required for γ-retroviral packaging and transduction...element; sequence that stimulates the expression of transgenes via increased nuclear export. LTR Subcomponents...

...more effective than dCas9 alone for mammalian cell lines. Activate (CRISPRa) Increase expression of an endogenous...cells, or selection marker to generate stable cell lines (for details, see Plasmids 101: Mammalian Vectors...and/or gRNA in a wide variety of mammalian cell lines Useful for difficult to transfect cell types, can...Protocol for genomic deletions in mammalian cell lines Select Your Target Sequence and Design Your gRNA...subcloning into a plasmid, and screening individual clones. PCR amplification and next-generation sequencing...

... PSAM plasmids ! LMOs Luminopsins (LMOs), or luminescent opsins, are opto-chemogenetic fusion proteins... LMOs a versatile option. Coupling brighter bioluminescent modules, such as luciferase-fluorescent protein... a single molecule driven by FRET-modified bioluminescence. Neurophotonics. 11:021005. PMID: 38450294 ...Manipulation for Ameliorating Huntington's Disease Pathogenesis. iScience , in press. Magnus CJ, Lee PH, Atasoy...Inhibitory luminopsins: genetically-encoded bioluminescent opsins for versatile, scalable, and hardware-independent...

... chimera 470 ChIEF, ChEF, ChD Engineered by chimeragenesis of ChR1 and ChR2 450-470 C1V1 ChR1-VChR1 chimera...injection site. Optical Switches Researchers have harnessed plant and bacterial photoreceptors to create protein...improve upon previous tools through directed mutagenesis - use Addgene's Optical Switch Plasmid Table ... sequester and release proteins from cellular membranes using light. light-induced protein dissociation...

...molecular cloning scientists can amplify and manipulate genes of interest and then insert them into plasmids for...putting it under a variety of promoters and into backbones with different selection cassettes). Although ...disadvantage of TOPO® cloning is that very few plasmid backbones are available TOPO® ready, and it is not feasible...

...CRISPR Viral Vectors Plasmid Technology Career Readiness Molecular Biology Learn about plasmids, sequencing...

... backbone, but they express or target different genes. Some libraries cover the majority of the genome...