...conjugate or conjugation process. Sodium azide, an antimicrobial agent, can block some amines needed for conjugation...In those cases, thimerosal can be used as an antimicrobial agent. Other chemical interferences with conjugating...measurable light or color in response to a specific stimulus, can be conjugated to antibodies in order to allow...produces a colored product that accumulates over time which is relative to the amount of enzyme present...purchased already conjugated, which can save significant time in the lab. However, if the antibody you want is...ubiquitously expressed protein such as GAPDH or tubulin (sometimes referred to as housekeeping genes). This allows...protein or protein interactions in a specific timeframe or context. Immunoprecipitation (IP) IP uses immobilized...

...neurons upon exposure to light through direct stimulation of ion channels. Naturally occurring channelrhodopsins... nonspecific cation influx into the cell when stimulated. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), the first widely ...been created via genetic point mutations, codon optimization, and chimeric fusion of domains from two different...engineered with enhancements such as: Human codon optimization Example: Halo Increased photocurrent amplitude...activate different neural populations at distinct times. Temporal considerations. Temporal precision is ...and promoter system used, there is an incubation time (days to weeks) until peak expression of the opsin...fused to Cry2 and the other half to CIB1, light-stimulated heterodimerization can reconstitute the protein...

... an optimized gRNA for your application (see: Plan Your Experiment ). In addition to an optimized gRNA... currently no defined measure of fidelity, so sometimes they will be referred to as increased fidelity...structured motif to enhance pegRNA stability PEmax - optimized PE architecture; increased synergy between PE ...compared to HDR. Prime editing requires more optimization and typically has lower efficiency (< 50%) than...integrase landing site ( attB ) and the other to stimulate DNA repair. This can result in more efficient .... gRNA design for CRISPR libraries is usually optimized to select for gRNAs with high on-target activity...activators and targeting promoter regions. You might sometimes see these referred to together as CRISPRi/a. dCas9...

...field of recombinant DNA technology have been optimized for their use of studying and manipulating genes...bacterial cell division is reduced (i.e., it takes more time to copy this extra DNA). Because of this reduced...form of another antibiotic resistance gene (this time, under the control of a non-bacterial promoter) ...origin of replication, and MCS. They are small and optimized to help in the initial cloning of a DNA fragment...developed the process termed Sanger sequencing, sometimes referred to as chain-termination sequencing or...Sanger sequencing requires a lot of DNA because the ultimate goal is to have a fluorescently tagged nucleotide...captures the fluorescent color that is emitted each time a base is added. Again, each base (A,C,T, or G) ...

... over the years to move around pieces of DNA. Oftentimes several approaches will work for any specific...specific DNA sequence, which can make it difficult at times to identify compatible restriction enzymes, that...behind a short scar in the DNA sequence and can be time consuming compared to other cloning methods. You...simplifying the process and reducing the amount of time required for cloning. To utilize this approach, ...proteins. Thus, you can clone your gene of interest one time into a donor plasmid (or acquire one that already...polymerase used, and the single A overhangs degrade over time, further reducing ligation efficiency. TOPO® ready...

...putative target sites have been identified, it is time to choose which site is likely to result in the ...Using validated gRNAs can save your lab valuable time and resources when carrying out CRISPR experiments...Once you have selected your target sequences it is time to design your gRNA oligos and clone these oligos...proceeding with your experiment, it may be necessary to optimize your delivery conditions. Learn more about CRISPR... gRNA and Cas enzyme to your target cells, it is time to validate your genome edit. CRISPR editing produces...

...vector into which one ultimately wants to ligate the insert. Often times it is less time consuming and easier...experiment, the important component to consider and optimize is the transfer plasmid. 2nd generation lentiviral...post‐transcriptional regulatory element; sequence that stimulates the expression of transgenes via increased nuclear...

... indicating the optimal serotype(s) for transduction of a given organ. Tissue Optimal Serotype CNS AAV1...al. , 2015 from the Zhang Lab to find plasmids optimized for use in AAV, or containing Staphylococcus aureus...

...post‐transcriptional regulatory element; sequence that stimulates the expression of transgenes via increased nuclear...

...RNA polymerase transcribes DNA to mRNA which is ultimately translated into a functional protein. Thus the...

...G-protein and activate neuronal firing through stimulating phospholipase C, which releases intracellular...