... 2nd-generation systems, 4 for 3rd-generation systems). The components of both systems are as follows:...comprising the 2nd-generation lentiviral system. This system contains a single packaging plasmid encoding...in a few key ways. First, the packaging system is split into two plasmids: one encoding Rev and one encoding...packaging system that includes TAT Can be packaged by both 2nd and 3rd generation packaging systems Packaging...particles than 3rd generation systems. 2nd generation packaging systems: express the HIV gag, pol, rev...generation packaging systems DO NOT express tat. Third generation lentiviral systems are considered safer...packaged by retroviral packaging systems, and vice versa. Which bacterial strain should be used for cloning...

...containing Gal4 binding sites Bacterial Promoters Promoters in bacteria contain two short DNA sequences located...Operons Although bacterial transcription is simpler than eukaryotic transcription bacteria still have complex...elongation factor 1 alpha CAG Constitutive Strong hybrid mammalian promoter PGK Constitutive Mammalian promoter...this element controls the rate of transcription. Bacterial cells contain sigma factors which assist the RNA...complex systems of gene regulation, like operons. Operons are a cluster of different genes that are controlled...example of a positively controlled operon. Common Bacterial Promoters used in Research Promoter Expression...tryptophan operon Ptac Regulated like the lac promoter Hybrid promoter of lac and trp Types of RNA Polymerases...

...architectures in living mammalian cells. LITE Two-hybrid system integrating the customizable TALE DNA-binding...step-function opsins (SSFOs). Opsin delivery systems. Two factors determine which neuronal population ... have harnessed plant and bacterial photoreceptors to create protein systems controlled by light. These...These plasmids rely on the engineered two-component regulatory system YF1/FixJ. YF1 is a synthetic, photosensitive...broadly classified based on their functions into two groups: Actuators are genetically-encoded tools for...to study the physiology of the brain and nervous system to better map and understand neuronal circuits....optimization, and chimeric fusion of domains from two different ChRs. These ChR variants still function...

...assembled together. The advantage of type IIS systems are two-fold. First, the entire cloning step (digestion...overhangs (sticky ends), or no overhang (blunt ends). Two pieces of DNA that have complementary overhangs, ...already has your gene into it) and then using bacterial recombination easily move it into a series of ... TA cloning, is a method that relies on the hybridization of the complementary base pairs adenine (A) ... designed to be cloned into. A drawback of this system is that Gibson assembly works best when combining...Type IIS Assembly (Golden Gate & MoClo) Type IIS systems, such as Golden Gate and Modular Cloning (MoClo...retained. A disadvantage of type IIS assembly cloning systems is that like restriction enzyme sites, type IIS...

... is made up of four protein chains: two large heavy chains and two small light chains. These four domains... number of antibodies multiplied by two, as each antibody has two binding sites. Isotype Description Configuration...proteins. Antibodies, produced as part of the immune system’s response to foreign bodies, are the most commonly...Y-shaped proteins, naturally produced by the immune system to recognize and bind foreign bodies. Antibodies...produced in animals make use of the animal’s immune system. The antigen of interest is introduced to the animal...together to form a “Y” shape, as shown in Figure 1. The two arms of the Y structure are responsible for binding... variable region. Isotypes The mammalian immune system produces five classes of antibodies, known as isotypes...