...projections of molecularly defined dopamine neuron subtypes using intersectional genetic approaches. Nat Neurosci...

...monkey ( C. sabaeus ) Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus (KSHV) Cow ( B. taurus ) Library Size Genome-wide...

...scale. This will provide more accuracy as these types of scales display more decimal places. Pro-Tip If...

..., and thaw cell lines. There are many different types of water baths that exist as scientists work with...

...four levels is to distinguish between different types of hazards and to provide protective measures for...

...together and reducing cell stress. There are four types of cell junctions: adherens junctions, gap junctions...

...Microscope slide Anti-fade mounting medium Laboratory wipes 15 mL conical tubes 50 mL conical tubes Before Starting...

... Pipette Tips Although there are many different types of pipettes that have different mechanisms to disperse...

...should kill most potential contaminants, certain types of spores will stubbornly survive even under the...

...editing and transcriptional regulation Plant Three types of plasmids available for use in this Golden Gate...

...Supermix for Probes), the target names and target types. When the plate layout is complete, select 'Run'...

...the main Cas effector; types are based on main function and composition; subtypes and variants are typically...origin. There are currently two classes, six types, 33 subtypes, and 17 variants. Figure 1: Overview...Cas3. Type I is further subdivided into subtypes A–G. These subtypes have similar compositions and mechanisms...immunity. Within type III, there are six subtypes, A–F. All subtypes use Cas10 as the primary effector complex...like me!) of CRISPR types — weird and poorly understood. There are three subtypes, A–C, and they are grouped...’t carry out the same types of adaptive immune functions that other CRISPR types do, due to a lack of ...still edit genomes. Understanding the different types of CRISPR systems can be as confusing as reading...

... many tissue types, it has low expression in several brain regions where other serotypes may perform better...largely due the ability of different serotypes to infect different cell types. In the CNS, it has been shown...infect other cell types not within the vicinity of the injection. Examining serotypes 1, 8 and 9, not ... tools to investigate the roles of certain cell types in locomotion. We have relied heavily upon AAV vectors...tissue? What is commonly known is that different serotypes have different tropisms but, as you can see, AAVs...serotype? Keep asking questions!  Table 1: AAV Serotypes and Tropism Experiment  Detection Method ... instance, there are marked differences among serotypes in their efficiency at transducing different brain...

... brain where many different cell types, or even different phenotypes of the same cell type, are intermingled...: Flow chart depicting a) steps for selecting serotypes and promoters to test in your AAV system and b... b) steps for testing and optimizing your serotypes, titer, and promoter. Note that several steps in testing...are effected by multiple AAV variables.    Serotypes Serotype refers to the different protein compositions...determine how a virus enters the cell. Different serotypes utilize a number of different receptors, co-receptors...usually recommend testing more than one.  Most AAV serotypes have broad tropism (the ability of a virus to ...your AAV.  Figure 2: Comparison of AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 in two different brain regions...

...AAV Serotypes and their target tissues (adapted from Addgene's AAV guide)  Commonly used serotypes include...untreated (for review see Dietzschold et al., 2008). Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) also migrates through neurons...and VP3. To date several hundred variants, or serotypes, have been found naturally or have been genetically... animals that express Cre in only specific cell types, for example only dopaminergic neurons, neuronal...include AAV1 – 9, with most of these serotypes capable of entering neurons (see table 1)(Choi et al., 2005...anterograde intracellular transport of some AAV serotypes, but overall with rather low efficiency. Not all...Castle et al., 2014). Differences between AAV serotypes may be also linked to differences in viral uptake...

...only enters and delivers it cargo to certain cell types.  Botond Roska’s lab at the Institute of Molecular...existing promoters express in a broad number of cell types, such as inhibitory neurons, rods, cones, or retinal...that were transcriptionally active in retinal cell types in mice. Figure 1: The four strategies used...and 14% had targeted expression in specific cell types (ex: rods or cones) or cell classes (ex: photoreceptors...restricting AAV transgene expression to particular cell types or classes, these synthetic promoters have a few... few synthetic promoters targeted specific cell types, pairs of synthetic promoter can be used to restrict...a single cell type based on the overlap in cell types both promoters expressed in. The lab tested this...

...specific cell and tissue types. The combination of serotypes and psuedotypes means you can customize your...preference to infect specific cell or tissue types. Using serotypes that have a known tropism for your cells...BioRender.com. Beyond the identified serotypes, AAV also has psuedotypes. Psuedotyping is the process of making...capsids. To date, at least 12 different capsids, or serotypes, have been identified in nature, while many more...Figure 2: Visual representation of common AAV serotypes used for different tissues. Created with BioRender.com...capsid of another. Researchers have used these psuedotypes to further improve the tropism of AAV vectors...library to a significant degree using different types of AAV. Expression Another advantage of AAV vectors...

...Universal. Can generate all adult cell types. Limited. Only specific cell types can be produced Ethical concern... Press reviews journal. Stem cells are special types of cells that can develop or “differentiate” into...cells’ ability to differentiate into multiple cell types makes them useful models for developmental processes...capability to differentiate into specialized cell types [2]. We general speak of 4 levels of stem cell ...including the embryonic and extraembryonic cell types. In mammalian development, cells found in the zygote...When a cell can differentiate into multiple cell types of the same lineage. Blood (hematopoietic) stem ... cells Stem cells are classified into two broad types according to their source: Embryonic stem cells...

...Supermix for Probes), the target names and target types. When the plate layout is complete, select 'Run'...

...are each suited to different types of modern day fluorescence microscopes (see Table 1). Thin dynamic ...Therefore these are sometimes call Epi-fluorescence microscopes. (See left image above for an example image)....by pixel is slow; therefore, certain confocal microscopes use parallelization to enhance performance. In...and a reduction in signal intensity. 2-Photon microscopes restrict excitation (and bleaching) to a single... scanning as is done in confocal or 2-photon microscopes. Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRF) ...most difficult characteristic to capture in these types of samples is their fast movements. Depending on... with an evanescent energy field. Lightsheet microscopes that project ultra-thin sheets of excitation ...